accurate and self-consistent ocean color algorithm:simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical properties and chlorphyll concentrations

A new algorithm has been developed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical properties and chlorophyll concentrations in case I waters. This algorithm is based on an improved complete model for the inherent optical properties and accurate simulations of the radiative transfer process in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. It has been tested against synthetic radiances generated for the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) channels and has been shown to be robust and accurate. A unique feature of this algorithm is that it uses the measured radiances in both near-IR and visible channels to find that combination of chlorophyll concentration and aerosol optical properties that minimizes the error across the spectrum. Thus the error in the retrieved quantities can be quantified.

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid using palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers modified electrode

Palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers (Pd/CNFs) were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment processes. Pd/CNFs modified carbon paste electrode (Pd/CNF-CPE) displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities towards dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The oxidation overpotentials of DA, UA and AA were decreased significantly compared with those obtained at the bare CPE. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for the simultaneous determination of DA, UA and AA in their ternary mixture.

Simultaneous determination of dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid with electrospun carbon nanofibers modified electrode

A novel carbon-nanofiber-modified carbon-paste electrode (CNF-CPE) was employed for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) with good selectivity and high sensitivity. The CNFs were prepared by combination of electrospinning technique with thermal treatment method and were used without any pretreatment. In application to determination of DA, AA and UA in the ternary mixture, the pristine CNF-CPE exhibited well-separated differential pulse voltammetric peaks with high catalytic current. Low detection limits of 0.04 mu M, 2 mu M and 0.2 mu M for DA, AA and UA were obtained, with the linear calibration curves over the concentration range 0.04-5.6 mu M, 2-64 mu M and 0.8-16.8 mu M, respectively.

Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid-liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection

Amphetamines including methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were separated and detected by CE using simultaneous electrochemical (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection (CE-EC/ ECL). Factors that influenced the separation and detection performance, such as the detection potential, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage and the pH of the detection buffer, were investigated.

Simultaneous determination of pethidine and methadone by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection of tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)

In this paper, we described a simple and rapid method, capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence (CE-ECL) detection using tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)), to simultaneously detect pethidine and methadone. Analytes were injected to separation capillary of 67.5 cm length (25 mu m i.d., 360 mu m o.d.) by electrokinetic injection for 10 s at 10 kV.

Simultaneous synthesis of polyaniline nanotubules and gold nanoplates

This paper describes a facile route for simultaneous synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) nanotubules and gold nanoplates. The inner diameter of PANI nanotubules was less than 10 nm and the length was several micrometers. At the same time, uniform single-crystal gold nanoplates with thicknesses of tens of nanometers were obtained.

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid at single-walled carbon nanohorn modified glassy carbon electrode

Single-walled carbon nanohorn modified glassy carbon electrode (SWCNH-modified GCE) was first employed for the simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA). The SWCNH-modified GCE displayed excellent electrochemical catalytic activities. The oxidation overpotentials of UA, DA, and AA decrease significantly and their oxidation peak currents increase dramatically at SWCNH-modified GCE. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was used for the simultaneous determination of UA, DA, and AA in their ternary mixture. The peak separations between UA and DA, and DA and AA are large up to 152 mV and 221 mV, respectively.

A novel technique for NACE coupled with simultaneous electrochemiluminescence and electrochemical detection for fast analysis of tertiary amines

A simultaneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemical (EC) detection scheme for NACE was presented for fast analysis of tertiary amines. Both ECL and EC signals were generated at the same Pt electrode. Triethylamine (TEA), tripropylamine (TPrA), chlorpromazine, promethazine, and dioxopromethazine (DPZ) were selected to validate NACE-ECL/EC dual detection strategy. The linear ranges for TEA and TPrA were 0.01-500 and 0.01-10 mu M with the detection limits of 8.0 and 5.0 nM (S/N=3), respectively. The RSDs (n = 6) of the migration time and the ECL intensity for 1 mu M TEA and 0.5 mu M TPrA were 0.1 and 2.8%, and 0.2 and 1.8% with theoretical plate numbers of 180 000 and 700 000 per meter, respectively. These two analytes could be separated within 92 s and the Pt electrode did not need reactivation during the experiments.

Removal of Cr(III, VI) by quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids functionalized silica materials

A series of silica-based organic–inorganic hybrid materials were prepared by the sol–gel process for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) adsorption. These silica materials generally had high surface areas, good physical–chemical stability and high thermal stability. Trialkylmethylammonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate ([A336][C272]) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) were explored as porogens to prepare porous silica and as extractants to extract chromium ions. Cyphos IL 104 and [A336][C272] functionalized silica sorbents (SG-2, SG-5) can be effectively used for the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by adjusting pH values, whereas trialkylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) functionalized silica sorbents (SG-3, SG-4) can only be used for the removal of the single chromium species, Cr(VI) or Cr(III).

Simultaneous blue, green, and red emission from diblock copolymer micellar films: a new approach to white-light emission

White-light emission is achieved from a single layer of diblock copolymer micelles containing green- and red-light-emitting dyes in the separate micellar cores and blue-light-emitting polymer around their periphery, in which fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorophores is inhibited due to micelle isolation, resulting in simultaneous emission of these three species.

Combining chemical reduction with an electrochemical technique for the simultaneous detection of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cd(II)

This work herein reports the approach for the simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions including cadmium (Cd(II)), lead (Pb(II)), and chromium (Cr(VI)) using a bismuth film electrode (BFE) by anodic stripping voltammertry (ASV). The BFE used was plated in situ. Due to the reduction of Cr(VI) with H2O2 in the acid medium, on one hand, the Cr(III) was produced and Cr(VI) was indirectly detected by monitoring the content of Cr(III) using square-wave ASV. On the other hand, Pb(II) was also released from the complex between Pb(II) and Cr(VI). Furthermore, the coexistence of the Cd(II) was also simultaneously detected with Pb(II) and Cr(VI) in this system as a result of the formation of an alloy with Bi. The detection limits of this method were 1.39 ppb for Cd(II), 2.47 ppb for Pb(II) and 5.27 ppb for Cr(VI) with a preconcentration time of 120 s under optimal conditions (S/N = 3), respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this method can be improved by controlling the deposition time or by using a cation-exchange polymer (such as Nafion) modified electrode.

Characterization of procaine metabolism as probe for the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme investigation by simultaneous determination of procaine and its metabolite using capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection

Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescene detection was used to characterize procaine hydrolysis as a probe for butyrylcholinesterase by in vitro procaine metabolism in plasma with butyrylcholinesterase acting as bioscavenger. Procaine and its metabolite N,N-diethylethanolamine were separated at 16 kV and then detected at 1.25 V in the presence of 5.0 mM Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), with the detection limits of 2.4 x 10(-7) and 2.0 x 10(-8) mol/L (S/N=3), respectively. The Michaelis constant K-m value was 1.73 x 10(-4) mol/L and the maximum velocity V-max was 1.62 x 10(-6) mol/L/min. Acetylcholine bromide and choline chloride presented inhibition effects on the enzymatic cleavage of procaine, with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 6.24 x 10(-3) and 2.94 x 10(-4) mol/L.