N2O fluxes from the native and grazed semi-arid steppes and their driving factors in Inner Mongolia, China

This paper presents results of 2 years (from January 2005 to December 2006) of measurement of N2O fluxes from the native and grazed Leymus chinensis (LC) steppes in Inner Mongolia, China using the static opaque chamber method. The measurement was at a frequency of twice per month in the growing season and once per month in the non-growing season. In addition, the possible effect of water-heat factors on N2O fluxes was statistically analyzed. The results indicated that there were distinct seasonal patterns in N2O fluxes with large fluxes in spring, summer, and autumn but negative fluxes in winter. The annual net emission of N2O ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 kg N2O-N ha(-1) and from 0.06 to 0.26 kg N2O-N ha(-1) from the native and grazed LC steppe, respectively. Grazing activities suppressed N2O production. In the growing season, soil moisture was the primary driving factor of N2O fluxes. The high seasonal variation of N2O fluxes was regulated by the distribution of effective rainfall, rather than precipitation intensity. Air temperature or soil temperature at 0, 5, and 10 cm depth was the most restricting factor of N2O fluxes in the non-growing season.

Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of quaternary alkaloids in Coptis-scute herb couple by Electrospray mass Spectrometry

A practical solution of qualitatively analyzing quaternary alkaloids in coptis-scute herb couple by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS) was developed. Without the complicated pretreatment of sample, the active ingredients including berberine, palmatine, coptisine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine, and columbamine were identified and some relative content changing rules of alkaloids in coptis-scute couple were summarized in this article. The overall profiles of the complex extracts were obtained.

Electrospinning of multicomponent ultrathin fibrous nonwovens for semi-occlusive wound dressings

This work describes the design and assembly of multifunctional and cost-efficient composite fiber nonwovens as semi-occlusive wound dressings using a simple electrospinning process to incorporate a variety Of functional components into an Ultrathin fiber. These components include non-hydrophilic poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) as fibrous backbone, hydrophilic poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)iodine (PVP-I), TiO2 nanoparticles, zinc chloride as antimicrobial, odor-controlling, and antiphlogistic agents, respectively. The process of synthesis starts with a multicomponent solution Of PLLA, PVP, TiO2 nanoparticles plus zinc chloride, in which TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by in situ hydrolysis of TiO2 precursors in a PVP Solution for the sake of obtaining the particle-uniformly dispersive solution. Subsequent electrospinning generates the corresponding composite fibers. A further iodine vapor treatment to the composite fibers combines iodine with PVP to produce the PVP-I complexes. Experiments indicate that the assembled composite fibers (300-400 nm) possess the ointment-releasing characteristic and the phase-separate, core-sheath structures in which PVP-I residing in fiber Surface layer becomes the sheath, and PLLA distributing inside the fiber acts as the core.

Nanoelectrode ensembles based on semi-interpenetrating network of carbon nanotubes

A method for preparing nanoelectrode ensembles based on semi-interpenetrating network (SIN) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on gold electrode through phase-separation method is initially proposed. Individual nanoelectrode owns irregular three-dimensional MWNTs networks, which is denoted as SIN-MWNTs. On the as-prepared SIN-MWNTs nanoelectrode ensembles, the assembled MWNTs clusters in nanoscale serve as individual nanoelectrode and the electroinactive lipid networks located on the top of alkanethiol monolayer are used as a shielding layer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the as-prepared SIN-MWNT nanoelectrode ensembles. Experimental results indicate that the well-defined nanoelectrode ensembles were prepared through self-assembly technology. Meantime, sigmoid curves in a wide scanning range can be obtained in CV experiments. This study may pave the way for the construction of truly nanoscopic nanoelectrode arrays by bottom-up strategy.

Conducting polyaniline confined in semi-interpenetrating networks

Communication: Conducting semi-interpenetrating network composites with low conductivity percolation threshold were synthesized from waterborne conducting polyaniline (cPAn) and melamine-urea resin, A perfect network of cPAn in the composite was observed by means of TEM (see Figure). The conductivity stability of cPAn in water was improved by confining the chain mobility of cPAn via in-situ crosslinking of melamine-urea resin. Cyclic voltammetry of the composites reveals electrochemical activities and reversibilities similarly to those of pure cPAn.

聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯／聚苯乙烯IPN的玻璃化转变行为

用ＤＳＣ和动态弹粘谱（ＤＭＳ）研究了聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯／聚苯乙烯互穿聚合物网络［ＰＵ（ＰＥＣＨ）／ＰＳＩＰＮ］的玻璃化转变行为发现，当ＩＰＮ中聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）含量大于２０％（质量分数）时，ＩＰＮ是不相容体系，有两个玻璃化转变ＰＳ交链度的增加，对应于ＰＵ的玻璃化转变（ＴｇⅠ）不变，对应于ＰＳ的玻璃化转变（ＴｇⅡ）向高温方向移动，转变越来越不明显，加入氨酯反应催化剂时，Ｔｇ明显内移，ＴｇⅡ内移超过２０℃，相容性增加。

聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯／聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯－苯乙烯）IPN的研究

改变聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯－苯乙烯）（Ｐ（ＭＭＡ－ｃｏ－Ｓｔ）中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的含量（Ｗ_（ＭＭＡ）），通过一步法合成出聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯（ＰＵ（ＰＥＣＨ）／Ｐ（ＭＭＡ－ｃｏ－Ｓｔ）ＩＰＮ．ＤＳＣ、ＴＥＭ和动态粘弹谱研究结果表明：当Ｐ（ＭＭＡ－ｃｏ－Ｓｔ）中Ｗ_（ＭＭＡ）大于０．６时，ＩＰＮ仅有一个Ｔｇ；当Ｗ_（ＭＭＡ）小于０．４时，ＩＰＮ有２个Ｔ_ｇ，ＴＥＭ上出现相区，Ｐ（ＭＭＡ－ｃｏ－Ｓｔ）溶度参数（δ）及δ的氢键作用分量（δｈ）与相态、力学性能有密切关系。

PU软段结构对PU／PMMA IPN中两组分相容性的影响

用同步法合成了４种聚氨酯／聚甲基两烯酸甲酯互穿聚合物网络（ＰＵ／ＰＭＭＡＩＰＮ），利用ＤＤＣ、ＴＥＭ和动态力学谱（ＤＭＳ）等手段综合研究了ＩＰＮ中两组分的相容性和相态结构，用基团贡献加和方法计算了各种ＰＵ和ＰＭＭＡ的溶度参数δ，结合ＰＵ软段链结构讨论了各种ＩＰＮ呈现不同相容性和相态结构的原因。

聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯／聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯IPN力学性能

利用改变组成比、聚氨酯ＰＵ软段（端羟基聚环氧氯丙烷）的分子量、Ｒ值（ＮＣＯ／ＯＨ）、异氰酸酯和两网络各自交联剂含量合成出５个系列的聚环氧氯丙烷聚氨酯／聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯互穿聚合物网络（ＰＵ／ＰＭＭＡＩＰＮ），利用ＩＰＮ中交联、互穿、缠结程度的不同，并结合ＤＳＣ、ＴＥＭ、动态粘弹谱讨论了ＩＰＮ力学性能。

互穿聚合物网络（IPN）形成过程的动力学研究进展

本文评述了目前在互穿聚合物网络（ＩＰＮ）形成过程的动力学研究方面所取得的成果和存在的不足。认为ＦＴ－ＩＲ是一研究复杂的ＩＰＮ体系动力学的有效手段。阐述了几种ＩＰＮ体系的形成动力学行为及其特点。

CSM/PBMA/EP三组分IPN形态及性能研究

本文用同步-分步结合的方法合成了氯磺化聚乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯/环氧树脂(CSM/PBMA/EP)三组分IPN,对其形态及性能进行了研究。结果表明:随组成比的改变可以得到相容性不同的IPN,当CSM/PBMA/EP=40/40/20时,在动态力学谱上出现一个加宽的T_g转变峰;EP含量为9％时,得到相容性比较好的IPN。用分步染色的方法不仅可以观察三组分IPN的相区尺寸变化,也可以了解三相的相容程度。

增韧环氧树脂/蓖麻油聚氨酯IPN的性能研究

研究了端羧基丁二烯-丙烯腈共聚物增韧环氧树脂(TER)与蓖麻油聚氨酯(PU)组成的互穿聚合物网络(IPN)的应力-应变行为、密度和溶胀行为。结果表明,在TER嵌段共聚物/PU(质量比)值为某一定值时,IPN表现出补强弹性体行为,它既有较高的强度,又有很高的伸长率,断裂能也达到最大值;IPN的密度高于按共混物加合法则计算的值,溶胀度则低于计算值,说明网络间存在着互穿。

In vitro antioxidative activities of extract and semi-purified fractions of the marine red alga, Rhodomela confervoides (Rhodomelaceae)

The methanol-chloroform extract of the marine red alga, Rhodomela confervoides, was measured for antioxidant activity, using the alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging assay and the beta-carotene-linoleate bleaching assay systems, and compared with those of the positive Controls of butylated hydroxytoluene, gallic acid and ascorbic acid, The active extract was further purified by liquid-liquid partition to afford four fractions, of which the ethyl acetate-soluble (EA) fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in both assay systems. This fraction was further divided into seven subfractions, designated as EA1-EA7, by silica gel vacuum liquid chromatography. in most cases, EA1 and EM Were found to possess the strongest activity. The total phenolic contents and reducing powers of the extract, fractions, and subfractions were also determined. Significant associations between the antioxidant potency and the total phenolic content, as well as between the antioxidant potency and the reducing power, were found for the tested fractions and subfractions. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Species identification in salted products of red snappers by semi-nested PCR-RFLP based on the mitochondria 12S rRNA gene sequence

A molecular approach was developed to distinguish species of red snappers among commercial salted fish products. The specific fragments of the mitocliondrial 12S rRNA gene, which were about 450 bp, were obtained using the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested PCR). Subsequently, PCR amplicons were sequenced, aiming to select restriction endonucleases that generated species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles. Discrimination of red snappers Lutjanus sanguineus, L. erythopterus from L. argentintaculatus, L. malabarius and other morphologically similar fishes such as Lethrinus leutjanus and Pinjalo pinjalo was feasible by one restriction digestion reaction with three endonucleases Hae III, Sca I and SnaB I, however, for differentiation of L. sattguineus and L. erythopterus, another restriction digestion reaction with single restriction endonuclease Mae II was needed. The seminested PCR-RFLP was demonstrated to be reliable in species identification of salted fish products in this study. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Species identification in salted products of red snappers by semi-nested PCR-RFLP based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence

A molecular approach was developed to distinguish species of red snappers among commercial salted fish products. The specific fragments of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, which were about 450bp, were obtained using the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested PCR). Subsequently, PCR arnplicons were sequenced, aiming to select restriction endonucleases that generated species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles. Discrimination of red snappers Lutjanus sanguineus, Lutjanus erythopterus from Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Lutjanus malabarius and other morphologically similar fishes such as Lethrinus leutjanus and Pinjalo pinjalo was feasible by one restriction digestion reaction with three endonucleases Hae III, Sca I and SnaB I, however, for discrimination of L. sanguineus and L. erythopterus, another restriction digestion reaction with single restriction endonuclease Mae II was needed. The semi-nested PCR-RFLP was demonstrated to be reliable in species identification of salted fish products in this study. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.