Lu-Hf同位素的MC-ICP-MS实验方法及其在华北克拉通典型火山岩研究中的应用

Over past ten years, a great development has been made in the Lu-Hf isotopic system with the advent of MC-ICP-MS. Based on a comprehensive review of available references in the related field, a novel analytical protocol of three exchange chromatographies after one mixed acid attacking geological samples was developed in this work, which not only avoids common multiple sample treatments for natural inhomegeneous samples, but also is useful for Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopic system simultaneously, especially for the garnet- and apatite-bearing rocks for the Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf geochronology. An analytical procedure for the Lu and Hf concentration in geological samples determined by by ID-MC-ICP-MS was detailedly investigated. The Hf yield is > 90 % and total procedural blank is less than. 50 pg for Hf and 10 pg for Lu, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of Lu and Hf concentrations for USGS geological materials. A one-column procedure for Hf purification in geological samples using common anion exchange chromatography and its isotopic analyses by MC-ICP-MS were also established. Multiple analyses of Standard Reference Materials demonstrate that this method was simple, time-saving, cheap and efficient, especially suitable for the Hf isotopic compositions of young samples. Finally, the measurements of Sr and Nd isotopic compositions using Neptune MC-ICP-MS were described briefly, which indicates that Neptune MC-ICP-MS can precisely measure Sr and Nd isotopic compositions as the TIMS does, even more efficient and less time-consuming than the TIMS method. The Hf isotopic characteristics of typical volcanic rocks (Cenozoic Changle-Linqu basalts, Mesozoic Fangcheng basalts, Mesozoic Jianguo basalts, Mesozoic Wulahada high-Mg andesite, Cenozoic Fanshi, Zuoquan and Xiyang-Pingding basalts of the Taihang Mountains, Paleozoic diamondiferous Menyin and Fuxian Kimblites) from the North China Craton were firstly studied in this work. Coupled with Nd isotopic compositions, it shows that the Hf isotopes could be a better tracer for mantle sources than the Nd isotopes. Individual kimberlite fields from both the Mengyin and Fuxian regions have quite uniform Hf isotopic compositions, similar to the situation for the Nd isotopes.

环渤海花岗岩体地下油库建设的工程地质力学研究

As a kind of strategic resource，petroleum play an very important role in current social stability, economic development and state safety. Since 1993 China has turned from a net oil exporter into a net oil importer, the figure of imported oil increased from then on. In 2004 China's total energy consumption exceeded Japan’s, and ranked in the second place, just inferior to America. Today China is the world’s third-largest importing nation, accounting for 6% of world imports and 8% of world consumption. Comparing with other strategic petroleum reserve schemes, underground oil storage possess many advantages, such as security, economy, less pollution, save land, suited for strategic reserve and so on, so it is the most ideal form for strategic petroleum reserve. In the background of China Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program started just now, this paper choose Circum-Bo sea region as a study area, and do some system study on the underground oil storage caverns constructed in inter-large granite rock masses in Circum-Bo sea region. On the foundation of a great amount of information come from both home and abroad, firstly this paper analysed the principle, economy, cavern shape, profile dimension, and gain some cognizances and logos, as follows: ①Hard rock mass such as granite is the major rock, in which underground oil storage are constructed; ②Unlined underground oil storage caverns had been wide spread used as a sort of oil storage form abroad, there already exist a suit of skilled experience and technologies to prevent oil product from leaking; ③Compared with surface tanks, underground oil storage cavern possess predominance in economy clearly. In general, it will be more economical when the storage capacity exceed 50000m3. The quality of rock mass is the most important factor for underground storage cost, however such as hydrogeology, storage capacity, the number of storage galleries, the length, storage product, mechanical equipments, geographic location also influent the cost. In designed depth of the underground storage, the rock mass of Jinzhou mainly belong to class Ⅱ, but parts with dykes, clayization alteration, and dense joints are Ⅲ, Ⅳ; ④Now, there are few underground oil storages span more than 25m in both abroad and home. The examples of some ancient underground works and modern underground excavation with wide span surely give us many precious elicitations to construct more great unlined storage caverns, when the rock mass quality is good, cavern shape and construction method also are proper, it is quite possible to construct underground oil storage cavern with span more than 30m . The main axis orientation of Jinzhou underground oil storage cavern is NW direction, the cavern's elevation locate between -53msl and -76msl. The storage's total volume is about 3×106m3, composed of 8 parallel galleries with 950m length, the pillars between them are 45m, and every two of galleries form one unit, which can deposit 75×104m3 for each unit. The product will be stored are Saudi light and Saudi medium crude oil, the main cavern's section is 411.5m2, with 23m height and 19m width. According to the principle and technique of engineering geomechanics, this study supply a sort of system scientific thinking and method for sitting location of underground oil storage in granite region: ① On the foundation of the earth crust stability sub-zone appraise of Circum-Bo sea region, farther research concerning granite distribution, genesis, geological period and fault structure are conducted in stable areas, generally, this paper select Liaoxi, east shore of Liaotung peninsula and Jiaotung peninsula as target areas for underground oil storage regions, where Mesozoic granite is magnitude; ②After roundly comparison in facts of geologic structure, engineering geology, hydrogeology, topography, transportation and so on of three granite distributed areas, at last, selecting Jingzhou granite zone in Liaoxi out as an ideal construction area; ③ Detailed investigation is conducted in the southeast of Baimashi in Jingzhou development district, the final field. Ultrasonic Borehole Television, as a major way to collect original information of borehole rock mass were used, which is very effective to appraise the quality of deep rock mass; ④ According to the field data of tectonic stress, rock mass quality, the spatial distribution of fracture water, some optimum designs in cross section, axial direction and cavern span have been designed for the underground oil storage cavern layout in Jinzhou. To understand the characteristics of swelling alteration rock in Jinzhou granite mass, collected abundant swelling alteration rock engineering examples in granite, which study them in detail, concluded the swelling alteration rock distribute nearly everywhere in China, intruded medium-basic dykes alteration, along discontinuities and mineral hydrothermal alteration with genesis of granite are three main forms clayization alteration rock in granite rock mass. In Jinzhou field, from macro to micro studied the swelling rock which induced by mid-basic dyke intrusion, with weak swelling. In conclusion, this paper conclude the distribution rule and features of expansion alteration rock in filed, and advise some technical suggestions for excavation at swelling alteration rock part. The main features of this paper: ①In the process of site selection, investigation and design, a suit of technique and method of engineering geomechanics metasynthesis were formed, which is significative to guide the large scale underground oil storage cavern sitting location, investigation and design in granite rock mass; ②The detailed discussion on the engineering geology problems in granite mass, such as weathering crust, faults, dykes and clayization alteration rock, are useful for other projects in aspects of site selection, engineering geology evaluation and stability estimation; ③The summary and integration of the genesis, type, countermeasure relate to swelling alteration rock, also is likely to be used for other underground oil storage caverns constructed in swelling alteration granite. In conclusion, this study is meaningful for guiding the large scale underground oil storage for site selection, investigation and design in granite rock mass.

均衡重力异常计算与综合解释——以黄海地区为例

Petroleum and Natural Gas is an important strategic resources. The reserves of Petroleum and Natural Gas can’t meet the need of our country, which also blocks the development of economy and threatens the safety of national. Therefore, it makes a great sense to bring “the second round of oil & gas exploration” into effect and study the exploration of oil and gas of Pre-Cenozoic residual basins in China. The integrated geophysical exploration is the main way to research the Pre-Cenozoic residual basins. Gravity exploration is one of the most important exploration methods, which has played an important role in oil and gas prospecting, such as compartmentalizing geotectonic elements, delineating the distribution range of sedimentary basins, searching oil and gas structure, abstracting oil and gas information, and so on, from its naissance. The isostatic gravity anomalies is significant for exploration, which can help us research deep crustal structure, the equilibrium state of earth, the geologic structure of shallow crust, the basement shape of sedimentary basins and the genetic evolution of sedimentary basins. In the paper, we stress the implication and physical meanings systemically, and discuss the calculation theory. On the basis of previous work, we test different isostatic compensation models and parameters to find out their influences to the result of isostatic gravity anomalies. In addition, we improve the method of isostatic gravity anomalies calculation and give a system of isostatic gravity anomalies calculation which is proved has satisfying effect. From the research above, we find that the results of Platt model and Airy model are consistent, which have similar form and almost the same value. However, by contrast, the Airy model is proved has better adaptability than Platt model. The two main parameters——crust thickness and density difference of crust and mantle, both have influence to the isostatic gravity anomalies, but the latter have more. Finally, we adopt the regional field extending edge method to make the result more of actual geologic condition. On the methods above, we calculate the isostatic gravity anomalies field in Yellow Sea area from the Bouguer gravity anomalies and the water depth and altitude data. And then the isostatic gravity anomalies character is analyzed and the integrated geological-geophysical interpretation is made on the basis of summarizing the previous research result systemically and analyzing other geophysical data and geological information. From the research, we find that the Yellow Sea area belongs to continental type crust equilibrium regions, where the isostatic gravity anomalies field is placid and has less fluctuation values, which implies that the area is in equilibrium state to different extends.

中国西部大气和雪冰黑碳及其传输过程研究

Glaciers in west China are the sources of the major great rivers in Asia, and the solid water resources are crucial to China and South Asia. Black carbon (BC) results in very complex climate effects not only in the atmosphere, but accelerates the melting after its deposit on the surface of snow/ice. As the main distributed area of glaciers in China, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Xinjiang region are abutted by South Asia, Central Asia, and Russia, and east China, and the atmospheric environment would be influenced by the BC emitted from these regions. Whereas, the BC’s temporal and spatial distributions for concentration in the mid and top troposphere in west China, its transport, and its radiative forcing after deposited on the snow/ice surface are not well understood at the present. In the field, we collected samples from surface snow, snow pits, ice core, and aerosol in the glaciers, analyzed BC content mainly by the thermo-oxidized method in the laboratory, and discussed temporal and spatial distributions for BC concentrations in glaciers, the transport, and its impacts on the environment. Several conclusions were derived as follows: 1_Spatial distribution and the impact on albedos for BC concentrations in snow/ice: the BC concentrations in the surface snow for the investigated glaciers could be placed in areas, the Tianshan Mountains ＞ the central TP ＞ the Pamirs ＞ the Qilian Mountians ＞ the Himalayas. This distribution could be attributed to the elevation of the glaciers, the topography of the TP, and more regional emissions. Probably significant impacts on the albedos of the glacier surface could be caused by BC deposits, and the estimated reduced albedos on the glaciers are 9.8% (the Zhadang glacier), 8.7% (the Miao’ergou Riverhead No.3 glacier), and 6.8% (the Kuitun River Haxilegen No.48 glacier), and 6.2% (the Dongkemadi glacier), and 5.3% (the La’nong glacier), and 4.2% (the Muztagata glacier), etc. 2_The temporal variance of BC concentrations in ice of the East Rongbuk Glacier (ERG) and its climatic implications: major cations and anions (e.g., SO42- and Ca2+) concentrations in aerosols during summer monsoon seasons showed their close relationships with the sources of air masses, in which the variance of SO42- concentrations suggested the atmospheric environment over the ERG was significantly influenced by the aerosols from South Asia. BC record based on an ice core suggested its deposit was dominantly transported by monsoons in summers and by westerlies in other seasons, and the BC from South Asia in summers dominated the varying trend of its concentrations in the ice core and caused higher concentrations in summers than those in other seasons. In the past 50 yrs, BC concentrations showed fluctuations, whereas showed an increasing tread in the most recent decade, and exceeded 50 μg kg-1 in the summer of 2001; correspondingly, the radiative forcing caused by BC showed an increasing trend since 1990s, and exceeded 4.5 W m-2 in the summer of 2001. 3_Cabonaceous aerosols in the Nam Co region: organic carbon (OC) concentration accounted for ～95% and BC for ～5% in the total carbonaceous aerosol concentration, which was significantly influenced by summer precipitations. OC was dominantly derived from fossil fuel burning and BC from both fossil fuel and biomass burning. Trajectory analysis and aerosol optical depth suggested the atmospheric environment in the Nam Co region was most probably influenced by the emissions from South Asia. The potential source regions of air pollutants in the Nam Co regions in summers might be Bangladesh and east India, and in winters might be the Indo-gangetic basin. The scavenging ratio of atmospheric BC by rainfalls was less than those at other sites. West China is a less-developed region for industry, where BC concentrations in the atmosphere and snow/ice could be significantly influenced by the emissions from the abutted regions with rising industries (South Asia, Central Asia, and Russia). For example, snow/ice BC concentrations in the glaciers of the Parmirs, the Tianshan Mountains, and the Qilian Mountains in the northeast margin of the TP might be more influenced by the emissions from Centrial Asia (transported by the westerlies), those in the glaciers of the Himalayas might be more influenced by the emissions from South Asia (transported by the monsoons and the westerlies), and atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols might also be more influenced by the emissions from South Asia (transported by the monsoons and the westerlies). The BC concentrations in some glaciers might cause significant impacts on the albedos for the glaciers, and therefore enhanced the radiative forcings, for example, the ERG. The research on the relationships among atmospheric and snow/ice BC and its radiative forcing, variance of snow cover, mass balance of glaciers, and climate forcing would be needed in future.

地震层析成像与天山地区的壳幔深部结构研究

The Tien Shan is the most prominent intracontinental mountain belt on the earth. The active crustal deformation and earthquake activities provide an excellent place to study the continental geodynamics of intracontinental mountain belt. The studies of deep structures in crust and upper mantle are significantly meaningful for understanding the geological evolution and geodynamics of global intracontinental mountain belts. This dissertation focuses on the deep structures and geodynamics in the crust and upper mantle in the Tien Shan mountain belt. With the arrival time data from permanent and temporal seismic stations located in the western and central Tien Shan, using seismic travel time tomographic method, we inversed the P-wave velocity and Vp/Vs structures in the crust and uppermost mantle, the Pn and Sn velocities and Pn anisotropic structures in the uppermost mantle, and the P-wave velocity structures in the crust and mantle deep to 690km depth beneath the Tien Shan. The tomographic results suggest that the deep structures and geodynamics have significant impacts not only on the deformations and earthquake activities in the crust, but also on the mountain building, collision, and dynamics of the whole Tien Shan mountain belt. With the strongly collision and deformations in the crust, the 3-D P-wave velocity and Vp/Vs ratio structures are highly complex. The Pn and Sn velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath the Tien Shan, specially beneath the central Tien Shan, are significantly lower than the seismic wavespeed beneath geological stable regions. We infer that the hot upper mantle from the small-scale convection could elevate the temperature in the lower crust and uppermost mantle, and partially melt the materials in the lower crust. The observations of low P-wave and S-wave velocities, high Vp/Vs ratios near the Moho and the absences of earthquake activities in the lower crust are consistent with this inference. Based on teleseismic tomography images of the upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan, we infer that the lithosphere beneath the Tarim basin has subducted under the Tien Shan to depths as great as 500 km. The lithosphere beneath the Kazakh shield may have subducted to similar depths in the opposite direction, but the limited resolution of this data set makes this inference less certain. These images support the plate boundary model of converge for the Tien Shan, as the lithospheres to the north and south of the range both appear to behave as plates.

龙游石窟洞室群稳定性分析及最佳旅游路线选择

The large ancient underground rock caverns in Longyou is an important component of grotto cultural. Current task facing the long-term preservation of these unmovable cultural relics is arduous and challenging. The deformation failure of the caverns' surrounding rock is deteriorating. The weathering velocity of these caverns is accelerating. With the strength of caverns' surrounding rock worsening, critical rocks were generated in local regions of the caverns' vault and posing a threat to the security of people passing by. Selection of a maximum-security route and construction a aisle in the caverns might be an efficient way to ensure the security of tourists and reach the target of long-term preservation. The deformation and destruction of the ancient underground caverns is primarily dominated by geological conditions and the special structure of caverns. Based on field investigation, several fundamental conditions for deformation and failure are recognized, and nine deformation and fracture patterns of the Longyou grotto are proposed. In order to judge the stability of caverns’ surrounding rock, the element safety coefficient method is presented. An explicit explanation for the meaning of the method is deduced using Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion. Numerical analyses are carried out in the dissertation through FLAC3D code. Through numerical analysis, the stress distribution regularities of the caverns’ roofs, piles and public side wall are analysed, and the stability properties of caverns’ surrounding rock are also assessed. At the same time, the element safety coefficient method is introduced to contrast the stability degree of different regions in caverns. The above analyses are bases for choosing the optimal tourism routes in the caverns of Longyou grotto. The impact of surface load on the stability of shallow buried cavities in Longyou grotto is evaluated, the results show that building load has significant influence on the stability of the No.1 cavern’s roof, pile and public side wall between the No.1 cavern and the No.2 cavern, pedestrian load has less impact on the stability of surrounding rock than building load. The principles for choosing the optimal tourism routes in the caverns are discussed. With these principles, the dissertation makes a systematic research on the geological analytic method, numerical analytic method and meeting tourism requirements method, which are used in selecting the optimal tourism routes in the caverns. In order to achieve the best effect in the process of tourism routes selection, the above three method are integrated through Theory of Engineering Geomechanics Meta-system(EGMS). According to field investigations, numerical analyses, tourism requirements and expert experiences, the optimal tourism routes through No.1 to No.5 cavern are determined preliminarily. The obtained results from the research work are useful for the security aisle's construction, they also have reference value to other projects in practice.

中国北方草本植物及表土有机质碳同位素组成

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems. Among them, δ~(13)C value is mainly determined by the surface vegetation, while vegetation is directly related to climate, therefore, carbon isotope ratio in soil organic matter and pedogenic carbonate has been employed as an important paleoecological indicator. In order to test the paleoecological information extracted from stable isotope ratios in terrestrial depositional systems, it is necessary to study the relationships between δ~(13)C value in standing terrestrial plants and today climate, as well as between δ~(13)C value in modern surface soil organic matter and standing vegetation. Thus, these relationships were studied in this paper by means of analysing δ~(13)C in standing plants and modem surface soil organic matter in North China. The main results and conclusions are presented as following: 1. According to their δ~(13)C values, 40 C-4 species represent about 16% of the 257 plant species sarnpled from the North China. C-4 photosynthesis mainly occurs in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Chenopidaceae families, and percentage representation of C-4 photosynthesis is up to 56% in Poaceae family. 2. The δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in North China vary from -21.7‰ to -32.0‰ with an average of -27.1‰, and 93% focus on the range of -24.0‰ ～ -30.0‰; δ~(13)C values of C-4 plant species in North China are between -10.0‰ ～ -15.5‰ with an average of -12.9‰, and 90% concentrate on the range of -11.0‰ ～ -15.0‰. 3. The δ~(13)C composition of C-3 plant species collected from Beijing, a semi-moist district, mainly vary between -27.0‰ ～ -30.0‰, and the average is -28.7‰; the δ ~(13)C values of plants in the semi-arid district, east and west to the Liu Pan Moutain, focus on the range of-26.0‰ ～ -29.0‰ and -25.0‰ ～ -28.0‰, respectively, with the mean value of -27.6‰ and -26.6‰, respectively; the δ~(13)C composition in the arid district dominantly vary from -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.2‰, and among them, the δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species in deserts are often between - 22‰ ～ -24‰; the δ~(13)C values in the cold mountain district concentrate on the range of -24.0‰ to -29.0‰, with the average of -26.3‰. 4. The main range of δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species, derived from Beijing, a semi-moist district, are -13.0‰ ～ -15.5‰; the semi-arid district, -11.0‰ ～ -14.0‰; the arid district, -11.0‰ ～ -14.0‰. The mean values of them are -14.0‰, -12.4‰,-12.7‰, respectively. 5. From east to west in North China, δ~(13)C values of C-3 plant species increase with longitude. The correlation between δ~(13)C ratios of C-3 plant species and longitude is linear. Changing temperate and precipitation and changing atmosphere pressure are spossible explanations. 6. Almost all C-3 plant species have the trends that their δ~(13)C values gradually increase with decreasing precipitation, decreasing temperature and increasing altitude. Our results show the increases of the δ~(13)C value by 0.30 ～ 0.45‰, 0.19 ～ 0.27‰ and 1.1 ～ 1.2‰ per 100 mm, I℃ and 1000 m, respectively, for all C-3 plant species together. 7. The δ~(13)C values of all C-3 plant species together and a part of C-3 species show highly significant linear correlation with the mean annual temperature, the mean annual precipitation and the altitude, and the results suggest that they can be used as proxies of these environmental variables, while, those without highly significant correlation, may be not suitable as the proxies. 8. The extent, which of responses of δ~(13)C composition to environmental variables, is different for each C-3 plant specie. 9. The δ~(13)C variations along altitude and longitude may be non-linear for C-4 p1ant species in North China. The mean annual temperature may be not important influential factor, thus, it suggests that the δ~(13)C composition of C-4 plant species may be not suitable as the proxy of the mean annual temperature. The influences of summer temperature on δ~(13)C values are much bigger than that of annual temperature, among them, the influence of September temperature is biggest. The mean annual precipitation may be one of the dominant influential factors, and it shows a highly significant non-linear relationship with δ~(13)C values, and the result indicates that δ~(13) C composition of C-4 plant species can be employed as the proxy of the mean annual precipitation. 10. The variations of δ~(13)C ratios do not show systematic trends along longitude, latitude and altitude for modern surface soil organic in Northwest China. ll. The δ~(13)C ratios of modern surface soil organic do not exhibit systematic patterns with temperature and precipitation in Northwest China, it suggests that, unless soil organic is transferred from pure C-3 or C-4 vegetation, the δ~(13)C composition of soil organic may be not used as proxies of climatic variables. 12. The δ~(13)C values of modem surface soil organic are heavier than that of standing vegetation, and the difference ofrnean δ~(13)C between them is -2.18‰. 13. Without considering the δ~(13)C difference between vegetation and soil organic, as well as the δ~(13)C drift in various enviromnent, we may not obtain the valuable information of C-3, C-4 relative biomass in vegetation. 14. The C-4 biomass contribution in vegetation increase with decreasing latitude, increasing longitude and decreasing altitude in Northwest China. The C-4 biomass almost are zero in those regions north to 38 ° N, or west to 100°E, or above 2400 m. 15. The C-4 relative biomass in vegetation increase with growing temperature and precipitation. and, C-4 plants are rare at those regions where the mean annual temperature is less 4 ℃, or the mean annual precipitation is less 200 mm, and their biomass contribution in vegetation are almost zero. Both the mean annual temperature and the mean annual average precipitation may be the important influential factors of C-4 distribution, but the dominant factors.

三维油藏数值模拟正反演算法研究

The dynamic prediction of complex reservoir development is one of the important research contents of dynamic analysis of oil and gas development. With the increase development of time, the permeabilities and porosities of reservoirs and the permeability of block reservoir at its boundaries are dynamically changing. How to track the dynamic change of permeability and porosity and make certain the permeability of block reservoir at its boundary is an important practical problem. To study developing dynamic prediction of complex reservoir, the key problem of research of dynamic prediction of complex reservoir development is realizing inversion of permeability and porosity. To realize the inversion, first of all, the fast forward and inverse method of 3-dimension reservoir simulation must be studied. Although the inversion has been widely applied to exploration and logging, it has not been applied to3-dimension reservoir simulation. Therefore, the study of fast forward and inverse method of 3-dimension reservoir simulation is a cutting-edge problem, takes on important realistic signification and application value. In this dissertation, 2-dimension and 3-dimension fluid equations in porous media are discretized by finite difference, obtaining finite difference equations to meet the inner boundary conditions by Peaceman's equations, giving successive over relaxation iteration of 3-dimension fluid equations in porous media and the dimensional analysis. Several equation-solving methods are compared in common use, analyzing its convergence and convergence rate. The alternating direction implicit procedure of 2-dimension has been turned into successive over relaxation iteration of alternating direction implicit procedure of 3-dimension fluid equations in porous media, which possesses the virtues of fast computing speed, needing small memory of computer, good adaptability for heterogeneous media and fast convergence rate. The geological model of channel-sandy reservoir has been generated with the help of stochastic simulation technique, whose cross sections of channel-sandy reservoir are parabolic shapes. This method makes the hard data commendably meet, very suit for geological modeling of containing complex boundary surface reservoir. To verify reliability of the method, theoretical solution and numerical solution are compared by simplifying model of 3-dimension fluid equations in porous media, whose results show that the only difference of the two pressure curves is that the numerical solution is lower than theoretical at the wellbore in the same space. It proves that using finite difference to solve fluid equations in porous media is reliable. As numerical examples of 3-dimension heterogeneous reservoir of the single-well and multi-well, the pressure distributions have been computed respectively, which show the pressure distributions there are clearly difference as difference of the permeabilities is greater than one order of magnitude, otherwise there are no clearly difference. As application, the pressure distribution of the channel-sandy reservoir have been computed, which indicates that the space distribution of pressure strongly relies on the direction of permeability, and is sensitive for space distributions of permeability. In this dissertation, the Peaceman's equations have been modified into solving vertical well problem and horizontal well problem simultaneously. In porous media, a 3D layer reservoir in which contain vertical wells and horizontal wells has been calculated with iteration. For channel-sandy reservoir in which there are also vertical wells and horizontal wells, a 3D transient heterogeneous fluid equation has been discretized. As an example, the space distribution of pressure has been calculated with iteration. The results of examples are accord with the fact, which shows the modification of Peaceman's equation is correct. The problem has been solved in the space where there are vertical and horizontal wells. In the dissertation, the nonuniform grid permeability integration equation upscaling method, the nonuniform grid 2D flow rate upscaling method and the nonuniform grid 3D flow rate upscaling method have been studied respectively. In those methods, they enhance computing speed greatly, but the computing speed of 3D flow rate upscaling method is faster than that of 2D flow rate upscaling method, and the precision of 3D flow rate upscaling method is better than that of 2D flow rate upscaling method. The results also show that the solutions of upscaling method are very approximating to that of fine grid blocks. In this paper, 4 methods of fast adaptive nonuniform grid upscaling method of 3D fluid equations in porous media have been put forward, and applied to calculate 3D heterogeneous reservoir and channel-sandy reservoir, whose computing results show that the solutions of nonuniform adaptive upscaling method of 3D heterogeneous fluid equations in porous media are very approximating to that of fine grid blocks in the regions the permeability or porosity being abnormity and very approximating to that of coarsen grid blocks in the other region, however, the computing speed of adaptive upscaling method is 100 times faster than that of fine grid block method. The formula of sensitivity coefficients are derived from initial boundary value problems of fluid equations in porous media by Green's reciprocity principle. The sensitivity coefficients of wellbore pressure to permeability parameters are given by Peaceman's equation and calculated by means of numerical calculation method of 3D transient anisotropic fluid equation in porous media and verified by direct method. The computing results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the direct method, which shows feasibility of the method. In the dissertation, the calculating examples are also given for 3D reservoir, channel-sandy reservoir and 3D multi-well reservoir, whose numerical results indicate: around the well hole, the value of the sensitivity coefficients of permeability is very large, the value of the sensitivity coefficients of porosity is very large too, but the sensitivity coefficients of porosity is much less than the sensitivity coefficients of permeability, so that the effect of the sensitivity coefficients of permeability for inversion of reservoir parameters is much greater than that of the sensitivity coefficients of porosity. Because computing the sensitivity coefficients needs to call twice the program of reservoir simulation in one iteration, realizing inversion of reservoir parameters must be sustained by the fast forward method. Using the sensitivity coefficients of permeability and porosity, conditioned on observed valley erosion thickness in wells (hard data), the inversion of the permeabilities and porosities in the homogeneous reservoir, homogeneous reservoir only along the certain direction and block reservoir are implemented by Gauss-Newton method or conjugate gradient method respectively. The results of our examples are very approximating to the real data of permeability and porosity, but the convergence rate of conjugate gradient method is much faster than that of Gauss-Newton method.

高斯束射线追踪

Using the approximate high-frequency asymptotic methods to solve the scalar wave equation, we can get the eikonal equation and transport equation. Solving the eikonal equation by the method of characteristics provides a mathematical derivation of ray tracing equations. So, the ray tracing system is folly based on the approximate high-frequency asymptotic methods. If the eikonal is complex, more strictly, the eikonal is real value at the rays and complex outside rays, we can derive the Gaussian beam. This article mainly concentrates on the theory of Gaussian beam. To classical ray tracing theory, the Gaussina beam method (GBM) has many advantages. First, rays are no longer required to stop at the exact position of the receivers; thus time-consuming two-point ray tracing can be avoided. Second, the GBM yields stable results in regions of the wavefield where the standard ray theory fails (e.g., caustics, shadows zones and critical distance). Third, unlike seismograms computed by conventional ray tracing techniques, the GBM synthetic data are less influenced by minor details in the model representation. Here, I realize kinematical and dynamical system, and based on this, realize the GBM. Also, I give some mathematical examples. From these examples, we can find the importance and feasibility of the ray tracing system. Besides, I've studied about the reflection coefficient of inhomogeneous S-electromagnetic wave at the interface of conductive media. Basing on the difference of directions of phase shift constant and attenuation constant when the electromagnetic wave propagates in conductive medium, and using the boundary conditions of electromagnetic wave at the interface of conductive media, we derive the reflection coefficient of inhomogeneous S-electromagnetic wave, and draw the curves of it. The curves show that the quasi total reflection will occur when the electromagnetic wave incident from the medium with greater conductivity to the medium with smaller conductivity. There are two peak, values at the points of the critical angles of phase shift constant and attenuation constant, and the reflection coefficient is smaller than 1. This conclusion is different from that of total reflection light obviously.

油气藏自然电位异常与油气赋存的相关性研究

The Stack Spontaneous Potential (SSP) is a direct hydrocarbon location technology and a new hydrocarbon detection method with independent intellectual property. A subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation associated with the upward hydrocarbon micro seepage induces a relatively strong negative potential abnormal zone, of which the anomaly can be measured on the surface with specially designed instruments through careful field measuring procedures. With special software programmed according to a unique geochemical and geophysical model, the original data are analyzed, processed and interpreted on the computer, and then on a series of resulting anomaly distribution maps and/or profiles, the favorable surface locations of the hydrocarbon accumulations can be easily identified. The study of the SSP has been started since 1989, and especially from 1996 to 1997, both profile and area tests were conducted in the Daqing Oilfield. On the testing line of 15kms, there are 6 wells in total, among which some are oil-producing wells, and some are water-producing wells. The final matching ratio of the favorable oil well locations and the possible water well locations predicted by the SSP to those of known wells was up to 83 percent. In the area test, of which the acreage is 800 km2, the matching ratio compared with the existing wells was 87 percent; furthermore, regarding to wells subsequently drilled after the test, the matching ratio was 85 percent. The matching ratio in the development area is more about 10 percent than those of in exploration area. The reason is that, comparing the exploration area, the development area acreage is less and the container rocks are more simplex. In development area there is not so much interference of SSP also. Since 1997 the SSP has been tested and applied all over China to a number of hydrocarbon bearing basins and known oil fields, including the Daqing, Jiangsu, Changqing, Shengli, Nanyang, Jianghan and Zhongyuan Oilfields, only to name a few. The SSP surveys in total areas of over 10,000km2 in more than 30 regions in China so far have been completed in various exploration and development stages, the satisfactory outcomes of which have further evidenced that the dependence between the SP anomaly and abundance of hydrocarbon. Up to date, a substantial amount of successful tests and actual surveys finished in exploration and development practices have evidenced that the SSP is significantly more reliable in comparison with any other similar direct hydrocarbon indication technique generally known to the oil industry, such as the Redox. The SSP can be applied to search for almost all kinds of hydrocarbon accumulations, regardless of the type of traps, such as structural, stratigraphic, buried hill traps, and so on; however, it is interesting to be noted that the SSP seems to be particularly effective in detecting the stratigraphic oil traps according to our practices. On the other hand, there is virtually no surface geographical constrains in terms of field data acquisition, except for those water covered areas, because of the inherent characteristics of the technology itself. Furthermore, utilizing the SSP requires no special considerations to subsurface geological conditions in regard to formation resistivity, since the SSP measurements will not be influenced by either overly high or overly low resistivity of formations lying above the hydrocarbon accumulations. There are two kind of theory, of which, as we know one is called hypbyssal theory such as "Redox"[61 the other is call plutonic theory such as cracking of hydrocarbon [8][9] and natural polarization [3], to describe the mechanism of SP anomaly of oil reservoir and to indicate that the dependence between the SP abnormality and abundance of hydrocarbon has be existed theoretically/The quantitative dependence, which has not been founded due to the complicity of container rocks, be discovered during the exploration and development practices is the crux to the quantitative analysis of SP Anomaly processing. Based on the thorough study of the complex of collector rocks, every kind of thickness of collector rock can be conversed to be a standard effective thickness; the thickness is called apparent effective thickness (AET). The conversation coefficient (ai, 1=1,2,3) could be determined by the variety of every collector rock storability (CRS). The discoveration of quantitative: dependence between AET and the amplitude of SSP, in the practices of exploration and development, is a promotion for the SSP supplied in the oil exploration, and make the data analysis forward to the quantitative stage.

人口统计信息空间可视化系统研究

Population research is a front area concerned by domestic and overseas, especially its researches on its spatial visualization and its geo-visualization system design, which provides a sound base for understanding and analysis of the regional difference in population distribution and its spatial rules. With the development of GIS, the theory of geo-visualization more and more plays an important role in many research fields, especially in population information visualization, and has been made the big achievements recently. Nevertheless, the current research is less attention paid to the system design for statistical-geo visualization for population information. This paper tries to explore the design theories and methodologies for statistical-geo-visualization system for population information. The researches are mainly focused on the framework, the methodologies and techniques for the system design and construction. The purpose of the research is developed a platform for population atlas by the integration of the former owned copy software of the research group in statistical mapping system. As a modern tool, the system will provide a spatial visual environment for user to analyze the characteristics of population distribution and differentiate the interrelations of the population components. Firstly, the paper discusses the essentiality of geo-visualization for population information and brings forward the key issue in statistical-geo visualization system design based on the analysis of inland and international trends. Secondly, the geo-visualization system for population design, including its structure, functionality, module, user interface design, is studied based on the concepts of theory and technology of geo-visualization. The system design is proposed and further divided into three parts: support layer, technical layer, user layer. The support layer is a basic operation module and main part of the system. The technical layer is a core part of the system, supported by database and function modules. The database module mainly include the integrated population database (comprises spatial data, attribute data and geographical features information), the cartographic symbol library, the color library, the statistical analysis model. The function module of the system consists of thematic map maker component, statistical graph maker component, database management component and statistical analysis component. The user layer is an integrated platform, which provides the functions to design and implement a visual interface for user to query, analysis and management the statistic data and the electronic map. Based on the above, China's E-atlas for population was designed and developed by the integration of the national fifth census data with 1:400 million scaled spatial data. The atlas illustrates the actual development level of the population nowadays in China by about 200 thematic maps relating with 10 map categories(environment, population distribution, sex and age, immigration, nation, family and marriage, birth, education, employment, house). As a scientific reference tool, China's E-atlas for population has already received the high evaluation after published in early 2005. Finally, the paper makes the deep analysis of the sex ratio in China, to show how to use the functions of the system to analyze the specific population problem and how to make the data mining. The analysis results showed that: 1. The sex ratio has been increased in many regions after fourth census in 1990 except the cities in the east region, and the high sex ratio is highly located in hilly and low mountain areas where with the high illiteracy rate and the high poor rate; 2. The statistical-geo visualization system is a powerful tool to handle population information, which can be used to reflect the regional differences and the regional variations of population in China and indicate the interrelations of the population with other environment factors. Although the author tries to bring up a integrate design frame of the statistical-geo visualization system, there are still many problems needed to be resolved with the development of geo-visualization studies.

中国北方典型生态区表土孢粉组合特征及其与现代植被和气候的关系

Surface pollen assemblages and their relationhips with the modern vegetation and climate provide a foundation for investigating palaeo-environment conditions by fossil pollen analysis. A promising trend of palynology is to link pollen data more closely with ecology. In this study, I summarized the characteristics of surface pollen assemblages and their quantitative relation with the vegetation and climate of the typical ecological regions in northern China, based on surface pollen analysis of 205 sites and investigating of modern vegetation and climate. The primary conclusions are as follows:The differences in surface pollen assemblages for different vegetation regions are obvious. In the forest communities, the arboreal pollen percentages are more than 30%, herbs less than 50% and shrubs less than 10%; total pollen concentrations are more than 106 grains/g. In the steppe communities, arboreal pollen percentages are generally less than 5%; herb pollen percentages are more than 90%, and Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are dominant in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations range from 103 to 106 grains/g. In the desert communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 5%. Although Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia still dominate the pollen assemblages, Ephedra, Tamaricaceae and Nitraria are also significant important in the pollen assemblages; total pollen concentrations are mostly less than 104grains/g. In the sub-alpine or high and cold meadow communities, arboreal pollen percentages are less than 30%. and Cyperaceae is one of the most significant-taxa in the pollen assemblages. In the shrub communities, the pollen assemblages are consistent with the zonal vegetation; shrub pollen percentages are mostly less than 20%, except for Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides communities.There are obvious trends for the pollen percentage ratios of Artemisia to Chenopodiaceae (A/C), Pinus to Artemisia (P/A) and arbor to non-arbor (AP/NAP) in the different ecological regions. In the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region, the P/A ratios are generally higher than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 2 and the AP/NAP ratios higher than 0.3. In the temperate steppe regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios higher than 1 and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1. In the temperate desert regions, the P/A ratios are generally less than 0.1, the A/C ratios less than 1, and the AP/NAP ratios less than 0.1.The study on the representation and indication of pollen to vegetation shows that Pinus, Artemisia, Betula, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, Selaginella sinensis etc. are over-representative in the pollen assemblages and can only indicate the regional vegetation. Some pollen types, such as Quercus, Carpinus, Picea, Abies, Elaeagus, Larix, Salix, Pterocelis, Juglans, Ulmus, Gleditsia, Cotinus, Oleaceae, Spiraea, Corylus, Ostryopsis, Vites, Tetraena, Caragana, Tamaricaceae, Zygophyllum, Nitraria, Cyperaceae, Sanguisorba etc. are under-representative in the pollen assemblages, and can indicate the plant communities well. Populus, Rosaceae, Saxifranaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae etc. can not be used as significant indicators to the plants.The study on the relation of pollen percentages with plant covers shows that Pinus pollen percentages are more than 30% where pine trees exist in the surrounding region. The Picea+Abies pollen percentages are higher than 20% where the Picea+Abies trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Larix pollen percentages vary from 5% to 20% where the Larix trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Betula pollen percentages are higher than 40% where the Betula trees are dominant in the communities" but less than 5% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Quercus pollen percentages are higher than 10% where the Quercus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants sparse or absent. Carpinus pollen percentages vary from 5% to 15% where the Carpinus trees are dominant in the communities, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Populus pollen percentages are about 0-5% at pure Populus communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the Populus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Juglans pollen accounts for 25% to 35% in the forest of Juglans mandshurica, but less than 1% where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Pterocelis pollen percentages are less than 15% where the Pterocelis trees are dominant in the communities, but cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Ulmus pollen percentages are more than 8% at Ulmus communities, but less than 1% where the Ulmus plants mixed with other trees in the communities. Vitex pollen percentages increase along with increasing of parent plant covers, but the maximum values are less than 10 %. Caragana pollen percentages are less than 20 % where the Caragana plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent. Spiraea pollen percentages are less than 16 % where the Spiraea plant are dominant in the communities, and cannot be recorded easily where the parent plants are sparse or absent.The study on the relation of surface pollen assemblages with the modern climate shows that, in the axis 1 of DCA, surface samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual precipitations, and the highest determination coefficient (R2) is 0.8 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions. In the axis 2 of DCA, the samples scores have significant correlation with the average annual temperatures, average July temperatures and average January temperatures, and the determination coefficient falls in 0.13-0.29 for the fitting result of the third degree polynomial functions with the highest determination coefficient for the average July temperature.The sensitivity of the different pollen taxa to climate change shows that some pollen taxa such as Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus, Juglans, Spiraea, Oleaceae, Gramineae, Tamariaceae and Ephedra are only sensitive to the change in precipitation.

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳形成地球化学过程、对比及年代学研究Geochemical Processes, Comparison and Dating for the Weathering Crusts in Karst Regions of Guizhou Province

由于缺乏相应的沉积地层，贵州新生代地质、环境演化恢复一直是学术界的难点问题。夷平面研究的兴起，为陆地地壳抬升、地貌演变等反演提供了理论基础，而风化壳正是夷平面研究的重要替代对象，尤其是对各类沉积地层不发育的地区。因而，贵州高原各级台地上发育有较为广泛的红色风化壳自然地、就成了主要研究载体。然而一与其它岩类不同，碳酸盐岩风化成土作用过程研究并没有得到同等重视，其研究范围和程度均很不充分。显然，要想利用碳酸盐岩风化壳进行夷平面等地质、地貌意义研究，就必需详细了解贵州或中国南方碳酸盐岩风化成土的基本过程。也只有如此，才能明确各种对比指标的使用条件和范围，才能明确各种测年结果的具体意义，才能真正地通过贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳获取全省地质、环境演化信息。本论文通过对贵州省岩溶台地碳酸盐岩石灰土、红色风化壳剖面形成地球化学过程的剖析，开展石灰土与红色风化壳之间的关联和差异性综合对比、红色风化壳之间发育程度的比较，以及风化壳剖面尝试性的侧年等方面研究，取得了以下儿点认识：1、石灰土形成地球化学过程及对比通过矿物组成、粒度分布特征、地球化学方法判别，确定了本文所选石灰土剖面物质来源于下伏碳酸盐岩中的酸不溶物，是碳酸盐岩风化后酸不溶物原地残余堆积的结果。石灰土形成的地球化学过程都遵循碳酸盐岩风化成土之两阶段模式：母岩－酸不溶物，大量可溶性物质Ca、Mg、Mn、P、Na淋失，而Si、K·Fe、Al、Ti则相对富集。该过程的矿物组成变化表现为，伴随碳酸盐矿物（方解石、白云石等）的溶解、迁移，硅酸盐相矿物（长石、2:1型粘土矿物等）残余、累积。酸不溶物，土层或土层的演化，K、Si（长石、伊利石）不断淋失，而Al（伊利石、高岭石、三水铝石）、Fe（针铁矿、赤铁矿等）逐渐富集，体现出脱硅、富铝（铁）过程。我们强调碳酸盐岩风化成土分为两个阶段，但也认识到风化作用是综合的、复杂的：在碳酸盐矿物大量淋失过程中，同时也进行着酸不溶物的风化。石灰土分为原生和次生两种成因类型。原生石灰土的风化程度总体较低，剖面中还残留一定量的CaCO3，剖面从下到上矿物组成、地球化学各种指标具有逐渐演化的过渡特征。原生石灰上土层演化过程显示出正风化序列，从下到上风化程度逐渐增大、可溶性物质逐渐减少、稳定和相对稳定组分（Al、Fe．、REE）含量不断增大。另外，主量元素的质量迁移系数在剖面中的变化与风化程度呈明显的相关性。而次生石灰土不但具有很高的风化程度，而且剖面无过渡特征，显示可能是由遭受强烈风化作用的物质直接转变形成的。剖面中也含有一定量后期加入的碳酸盐，但与高CIA值特征不相匹配；SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3组分具有不同的变化特征，与）成化程度无明显关联；REE在剖面岩一上界面出现富集层。2、碳酸盐岩红色风化壳形成地球化学过程及其与石灰土的对比红色风化壳形成的地球化学过程也遵循碳酸盐岩风化成土之两阶段模式：母岩一酸不溶物，大量可溶性物质Ca、Mg、Mn、P、Na淋失，而Si、K、Fe、Al、Ti则相对富集。该过程的矿物组成变化表现为，伴随碳酸盐矿物（方解石、白云石等）的溶解、迁移，硅酸盆相矿物（长石、2:1型粘土矿物等）残余、累积。酸不济物一土层或上层的演化，K、Si（长石、伊利石）不断淋失，而Al（伊利石、高岭石、三水铝石）、Fe（针铁矿、赤铁矿等）逐渐富集，体现出脱硅、富铝（铁）过程。石灰土与红色风化壳之间既存在共性，又有一定的差异性。红色风化壳与原生石灰土一样都具有过渡特征，但后者仅在剖面下部出现一定的过渡层位；原生石灰士的城化程度远低于红色风化壳，仅与后者底部土层相当；原生石灰土不具有红色风化壳之岩-土REE（超常）富集层。总体上，原生石灰土可以作为红色风化壳的前身。次生石灰土与红色风化壳在矿物组成、风化程度等各种地球化学指标等都十分接近（略低），显示与红色风化壳之间存在某种关联：由红色风化壳物质直接转变，或由酸不溶物已强烈风化的（白云岩）岩粉、碎裂岩风化形成。3、碳酸盐岩风化成土母岩差异性碳酸盐岩风化成土存在母岩差异性，石灰土母岩差异性较为明显，而红色风化壳的母岩差异性较弱，体现出红色风化壳的均一化特征。石灰土母岩差异性体现为：母岩为灰岩的石灰土剖面主量元素含量变化特征较为一致，而白云岩则具有不同的变化；灰岩石灰土Fe3＋、Al具有不同的富集、亏损特征，且具有富集层的补偿亏损层，而白云岩石灰上两组分都呈现无补偿层位的相同富集态势；灰岩石灰土剖面出现负Eu异常和具以Gd为中心的倒“V”型MREE稀土富集特征（母岩标准化），而白云岩石灰土无明显Eu异常和具L既E或HREE稀士．富集特征；灰岩和白云岩石灰土的微量元素富集、亏损特征也有所不同，前者从上到下逐渐富集，而后者无明显变化趋势。红色风化壳形成的基本过程、主量元素地球化学行为无明显的母岩相关性，没有如石灰土剖面灰岩和白云岩之间存在的差异性，显示出红土化作用的均一化过程；微量元素中受重矿物影响的元素与母岩类型有一定的关联，但大多数元素的亏损、富集等与具体剖面的微环境关系密切。4、碳酸盐岩红色风化壳发育程度的对比及意义多利指标对比显示所选红色风化壳的风化程度有一定的强弱差别：平坝剖面＞湖潮剖面＞天龙剖面、大兴剖面＞花溪剖面、新蒲剖面，但这种差异性不足以否定各剖面隶属于贵州山盆期广泛夷平面的基本推测。各剖面之间的微弱差异是红色风化壳形成时纬度分带和垂向分带的体现。低纬度的平坝、湖潮、天龙剖面经历的风化作用强于高纬度的新蒲、大兴剖面；高海拔的新蒲剖面风化程度低于海拔低的大兴剖面。5、红色风化壳次生石英裂变径迹测年红色风化壳次生石英裂变径迹方法测年尝试，得到一定的结果和认识：晶形相对较好的石英，是次生的，与母岩中碎屑及成岩阶段没有关联；各剖面上部与中、下部次生石英的诱发裂变径迹的密度有着明显的区别，可能暗示它们的形成环境不同；名一剖面石英的形成或退火年龄分布较为分散，1.2-25.2Ma，同一剖面的石英年龄也不均一，变化较大；从下到上，年龄值呈现出逐渐减小的规律性，与风化作用的正常序列相反。如果能确切其成因，次生石英裂变径迹年代学研究将是确定风化壳形成时代及揭示主要风化作用信，却钩有利武器。