细沟侵蚀过程与细沟水流水力学参数的关系研究

利用供沙土槽和试验土槽的双土槽径流小区 ,定量研究了在不同降雨强度下上方来水来沙对陡坡地细沟侵蚀产沙过程和细沟水流水力学参数的影响及其细沟水流水力学特征参数与细沟侵蚀产沙量的关系。结果表明 :坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主 ,坡上方来沙不仅被径流全部搬运 ,且上方来水在坡下方引起了另外的侵蚀产沙量 ,其值随上方来水含沙量的减少和降雨强度的增加而增大。上方来水的汇入或降雨强度的增大可使细沟水流流态由层流转化为紊流。上方来水对细沟水流水力学参数 (流速、水力半径、雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数 )有重要影响。定量分析了细沟水流水力学特征参数 (流速、雷诺数和阻力系数 )与上坡来水引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量的关系 ,建立了净侵蚀产沙量与细沟水流流速、雷诺数和阻力系数统计模型。

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ) ,定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明 ,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运 ,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少 ,使 S值的增加更为显著

黄土区坡地降雨入渗产流过程中的滞后效应

利用黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域坡地天然降雨入渗 -产流的实测资料分别对考虑滞后效应与不考虑滞后效应的情况进行了模拟研究 ,结果表明 :在降雨入渗 -产流过程中 ,滞后效应加快入渗速率 ,减少径流量 ;滞后模型使土壤含水量、产流过程更加接近实测值。由此可见 ,土壤水滞后效应对土壤含水量、入渗速率、产流过程及产流量都有相当大的影响 ,因此在水量转化研究工作中考虑滞后效应的影响是必要的

水窖沉沙池结构形式试验设计

通过对单厢式矩形断面、单厢式梯形断面、迷宫式、旋流式等 4种结构形成的沉沙池沉沙效率对比试验表明 ,以迷宫式沉沙池效果最佳 ,平均沉沙效率可达 88.3%。此种结构形式的断面尺寸为 1m、宽 0 .4m ,迷宫室底部比集水渠低 0 .2 m,迷宫分成 5个小厢室 ,每个厢室长 0 .146 m,沉沙池首部的静水池深 0 .2 5 m

HEC和AAM添加剂对提高黄土集流效率的试验研究

基于西北地区黄土资源丰富、地形复杂、外源材料运输困难的实际状况 ,提出将 HEC(High Strength andWater Stability Earth Consolidator)和 AAM(Active Aluminate Mixture)材料添加剂与黄土混掺 ,以期提高其集流效率。通过室内人工降雨模拟试验 ,探讨了典型黄土与 HEC和 AAM材料添加剂分别混掺后集流效率和性能的变化过程。同时 ,对照其它几种集雨材料 ,对不同雨强、雨量及坡度下的起流历时、集流效率和材料性能进行了比较。结果表明 :黄土与 HEC和 AAM添加剂混掺后形成的黄土复合集流材料具有较强的抗拉、抗压能力 ,不同雨强和雨量等级范围均具有较高的集流效率 (>78% ) ,已达到混凝土的集流效果 ,其成本仅为混凝土的 1/ 3～ 1/ 2。

黄土高原森林植被水土保持机理研究

土壤侵蚀是造成环境退化的一个主要因素。长期以来因不合理的利用自然资源 ,日积月累的结果使得植被生存的环境受到极大的破坏 ,导致植被衰退 ,引发了严重的水土流失 ;水土流失的不断加剧 ,破坏了土地的生产力 ,土壤肥力降低 ,土壤蓄水能力减弱 ,植被生存的环境进一步恶化 ,如此以往使生态环境陷入恶性循环状态。黄土高原严重的水土流失与该区植被覆被率低有密切的关系。据“七五”统计 ,主要水土流失区现有森林面积约 2 5× 1 0 6ｈｍ2 ,其中人工林占 40 %左右 ,有林地森林覆盖率仅为 9 3% ,而且能发挥水土保持功能的森林覆被率仅为 7 0 % ,这些覆被率高的地区 ,地处六盘山、乔山、黄龙山等地 ,该区域人口密度较低 ,人为活动轻微 ,水土流失小 ;在黄土高原水土流失严重的地区 ,森林覆被率更低 ,仅 5 9% ,即使发挥水土保持功能 ,在宏观范围内仍然难以体现出保持水土的效益 (中共陕西省委研究室等 ,1 999;吴钦孝等 ,1 998)。森林植被有强大的水土保持功能 ,体现在下列几个方面 :植被冠层及地被物的截留作用 ,使大气降水的损失量较大 ,减小了产生径流的净雨量 ;地被物层对汇流的延长作用 ...

黄土高原沟沿线的廊道防蚀效应探析

在分析黄土高原地区的沟沿线、沟沿线上下沟间地和沟谷地土壤侵蚀特征、小流域泥沙来源、坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的基础上,结合廊道的生态功能和以往的研究结果,认为在沟沿线的上部建立草灌与整地工程措施相结合的植物廊道,来拦蓄阻截沟间地的来水来沙,可使流域的土壤侵蚀量减少54．5%～77．0%。

区域尺度降雨径流估算方法研究Ⅰ-算法设计

径流是区域水土流失的基础。基于已有试验研究和观测数据,结合GIS空间分析功能,初步提出了区域径流计算的基本思路,并对降雨径流产生的各个环节做出了算法设计,考虑的过程包括降水、植被截留、入渗、微地形存储、地表径流等。基于DEM将流域划分为规则网格并以此为基本计算单元,将月降水过程划分为若干时段作为计算迭代的基本单元,本算法可以计算出区域内每一网格单元任一时段末的地表径流量,为进一步建立区域水土流失模型奠定了基础。

Interactions Between Exogenous Rare Earth Elements and Phosphorus Leaching in Packed Soil Columns

Through leaching experiments and simulated rainfall experiments, characteristics of vertical leaching of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus (P) and their losses with surface runoff during simulated rainfall in different types of soils (terra nera soil, cinnamon soil, red soil, loess soil, and purple soil) were investigated. Results of the leaching experiments showed that vertical transports of REEs and P were relatively low, with transport depths less than 6 cm. The vertical leaching rates of REEs and P in the different soils followed the order of purple soil > terra nera soil > red soil > cinnamon soil > loess soil. Results of the simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h(-1)) revealed that more than 92% of REEs and P transported with soil particles in runoff. The loss rates of REEs and P in surface runoff in the different soil types were in the order of loess soil > terra nera soil > cinnamon soil > red soil > purple soil. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in runoff were significantly correlated.

Model analysis of dissolved inorganic phosphorus exports from the Yangtze river to the estuary

In this paper, we estimate the inputs of phosphorus (P) to the Yangtze River Basin and exports of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the river to the estuary for the period 1970-2003, by using the global NEWS-DIP model. Modeled DIP yields range from 2.5 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 1970 to 4.6 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 1985, and then dramatically increase to 14.1 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 2003. No significant difference between the modeled and measured values at the level of P = 0.05 is observed. The study also demonstrates variable source contributions of P to the modeled DIP during the period 1970-2003. Point sewage P input accounted for approximately 100% in the period 1970-1985 and substantially decreased to 24.8% in 2003. Chemical fertilizer contributed 25.4% of DIP yields in 1986 and increased continuously to 50.3% in 2003, while a stable trend in manure P contribution averaging 22.9% of DIP yields was shown in the same period. The study concludes that P inputs to the Yangtze River Basin and the river DIP export to the estuary have substantially increased during the study period consequence to human pressure.

Distribution of uranium isotopes in the main channel of Yellow river (Huanghe), China

Uranium isotopes were measured in waters and suspended particulate matters (SPM) of the main channel of Yellow River, China that were sampled during four field trips between August 2005 and July 2006. The results show that the concentration of dissolved U (2.04-7.83 mu g/l) and the activity ratio of U-234/U-238 (1.36-1.67) are much higher than the average U concentrations and activity ratios of global major rivers. Mass balance calculations using the results of simulated experiments and measurement data show that the section of the Yellow River between Lanzhou and Sanmenxia has its dissolved U derived from two sources: suspended sediments (68%) and groundwater/runoff from loess deposits (32%). Both sources are related to the heavy erosion of the Chinese Loess Plateau. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sedimentation rates and provenance analysis in the Southwestern Okinawa Trough since the mid-Holocene

As a high-sedimentation rate depocenter along the path of the Kuroshio Current, the southwesternmost part of the Okinawa Trough is a key area to understand the Kuroshio history and sediments transportation. A 34.17-m-long sediment core was obtained by the advanced piston corer of Marco Polo/IMAGES XII MARION DUFRESNE during the May 2005 from the Southern Okinawa Trough at site MD05-2908. The recovered sediments were analyzed by AMS C-14 dating, coarse size fraction (> 63 mu m) extraction and moisture content determination in order to study its sedimentation flux and provenance. The depth-age relationship of core MD05-2908 was well constrained by 17 C-14 dating points. The sediments span across the mid-Holocene (6.8 ka B.P.) and have remarkablely high sedimentation rates between 1.8 and 21-2 m/ka, which is well consistent with the modern observations from sediment traps. We identified five 70-200 a periods of abnormally rapid sedimentation events at 6790-6600 a B.P., 5690-5600 a B.P., 4820-4720 a B.P., 1090-880 a B.P., and 260-190 a B.P., during which the highest sedimentation rate is up to 21-2 m/ka. In general, the lithology of the sediments were dominated by silt and clay, associated with less than 5% coarse size fraction (a parts per thousand << 63 mu m). As the most significant sediment source, the Lanyang River in northeastern Taiwan annually deliver about 10Mt materials to the coastal and offshore region of northeast Taiwan, a portion of which could be carried northward by currents toward the study area. Therefore, we concluded that the 5 abnormally rapid sedimentation events may be related to intensified rainfall in Taiwan and thus increased materials to our study area at that time. However, a few extreme-rapid sedimentation events cannot be explained by normal river runoff alone. The large earthquakes or typhoons induced hyperpycnal discharge of fluvial sediment to the ocean may also act as a potential source supply to the Okinawa Trough.

A broad deglacial delta C-13 minimum event in planktonic foraminiferal records in the Okinawa Trough

The equatorial Pacific upwelling zone has been suspected of playing an important role in the global atmospheric CO2 changes associated with glacial-interglacial cycles. In order to assess the influencing scope of the surface water deglacial delta(13)C minimum in the tropical low-latitude Pacific, the core DGKS9603, collected from the middle Okinawa Trough, was examined for 4513 C records of planktonic foraminifera N. dutertrei and G. ruber. The planktonic foraminiferal delta(13)C records show a clear decreasing event from 20 to 6 cal. kaBP., which is characterized by long duration of about 14 ka and amplitude shift of 0.4 x 10(-3). Its minimum value occurred at 15.7 cal kaBP. The event shows fairly synchrony with the surface water deglacial delta(13)C minimum identified in the tropical Pacific and its marginal seas. Because there is no evidence in planktonic foraminiferal fauna and 45180 records for upwelling and river runoff enhancement, the broad deglacial delta(13)C minimum event in planktonic foraminiferal records revealed in core DGKS9603 might have been the direct influencing result of the deglacial surface water of the tropical Pacific. The identification for the event in the Okinawa Trough provides new evidence that the water evolution in the tropical low-latitude Pacific plays a key role in large regional, even global carbon cycle.