东太平洋海隆13°N附近沉积物元素地球化学研究

对东太平洋海隆（EPR）13°N西侧2个沉积物岩芯进行了碳酸盐、常量和微量元素含量测定。E271站位沉积物中Fe含量在8.5~13.8%之间，Mn含量在1.7~3.17%之间；E272站位Fe 5.7~13%，Mn 0.12~3.31%，沉积物中高铁锰含量显示在热液柱颗粒物质在EPR13°N西翼沉降明显。E271站位CaCO3含量在5.9~27.6%之间，E272站位CaCO3含量在6.7~38.2%之间，在两个站位沉积物柱样中发现少量有孔虫化石。Cu、Pb和Zn因为热液柱颗粒物质沉降，在沉积物中富集。Cu/Fe，Pb/Fe和Zn/Fe比值比热液喷口处颗粒物中低，Pb表现出在海水中运移距离较短或者是只有少量Pb随热液柱扩散运移。热液柱沉降作用使Li，Mo和Ni在沉积物中富集。此外，铁锰氧化物颗粒在海水中吸附-共沉淀作用导致V在沉积物中富集。沉积物中Ti和Al有非常好的相关性，其Ti/Al比值为0.05左右。U在岩芯中含量与深海沉积相似。

Feeding and egg production of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in spring and autumn in the Yellow Sea, China

Shipboard incubations were conducted in spring (April) and autumn (October/November) 2006 to measure the feeding and egg production rates (EPR) of Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea, China. The ingestion rate (2.08-11.46 and 0.26-3.70 mu g C female(-1) day(-1) in spring and autumn, respectively) was positively correlated with microplankton carbon concentrations. In the northern part of the Yellow Sea, feeding on microplankton easily covers the respiratory and production requirements, whereas in the southern part in spring and in the frontal zone in autumn, C. sinicus must ingest alternative food sources. Low ingestion rates, no egg production and the dominance of the fifth copepodite (CV) stage indicated that C. sinicus was in quiescence inside the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water (YSCBW) area in autumn. Calanus sinicus ingested ciliates preferentially over other components of the microplankton. The EPR (0.16-12.6 eggs female(-1) day(-1) in spring and 11.4 eggs female(-1) day(-1) at only one station in autumn) increased with ciliate standing stock. Gross growth efficiency (GGE) was 13.4% (3-39%) in spring, which was correlated with the proportion of ciliates in the diet. These results indicate that ciliates have higher nutrient quality than other food items, but the low GGE indicates that the diet of C. sinicus is nutritionally incomplete.

Seasonal variation of reproduction rates and body size of Calanus sinicus in the Southern Yellow Sea, China

Annual variations of egg production rate (EPR) and clutch size of Calanus sinicus, as well as body size of females (prosome length and dry weight), were investigated at a series of stations in the Southern Yellow Sea by onboard incubation. Calanus sinicus was spawning in all the 11 cruises investigated, and the annual variation of EPR was bimodal. Monthly average EPR was highest from May to July, respectively, 5.97, 5.36 and 6.30 eggs female(-1) d(-1), then decreased dramatically to only 1.37 eggs female(-1) d(-1) in August and attained the lowest 1.07 eggs female(-1) d(-1) in October. In November, average EPR increased again to 4.31 eggs female(-1) d(-1). Seasonal variation of clutch size was similar to EPR, except that it decreased gradually after August rather than dramatically as did EPR. Prosome length of females was maximum in May and minimum in October, but dry weight was highest in November. Monthly average EPR correlated better with prosome length than dry weight, while clutch size was rather determined by dry weight of females. It is suggested that egg production of C. sinicus was active during two discontinuous periods when both surface and bottom temperature fell into its favorite range (i.e. 10-23degreesC), and different reproductive strategies were adopted in these two reproductive peaks: other than the highest EPR, longer prosome length was also achieved by C. sinicus from May to July, while females in November developed shorter bodies but accumulated more energy for reproduction.

Spring and autumn reproduction of Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea

The fecundity, hatching success and naupliar survival of Calanus sinicus were studied in the Yellow Sea during research cruises in April and October 2006, with emphasis on the regulation of reproduction. During both cruises, the egg production rate (EPR) showed large spatial variations (0 to 25.4 eggs female(-1) d(-1)), generally coinciding with the food availability. In April, the abundant phytoplankton and ciliates in the study area supported active reproduction, which would probably initiate the annual population development. In October, females remained immature in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, likely due to the unfavorable environment (poor food and low temperature). However, reproduction and recruitment were high in the neritic region, which may explain the local population recovery in late autumn. Hatching success varied markedly among stations in April (4 to 85%), whereas it was high overall in the neritic region during October (> 90%). Based on the potential recruitment rates, the spring recruitment would be more important for the annual population dynamics, Female gonad maturity, body size and lipid reserve were examined in relation to fecundity. Regression analyses suggested that the reproductive index (defined as the proportion of females with mature gonads) could be an indicator for the EPR of C. sinicus. Among the regulating factors, external food (ciliates and phytoplankton) seems essential for reproduction, whereas inner lipid reserve may mainly serve metabolic needs. Moreover, fecundity is positively related to body size but independent of temperature, which might exert indirect influences on reproduction.

Seasonal and spatial variation in abundance and egg production of Paracalanus parvus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in/out Jiaozhou Bay, China

The spatial distribution of stage-specific abundance and reproduction of the copepod Paracalanus parvus were studied from October 2005 to September 2006 in the Jiaozhou Bay. This copepod occurred continuously in this bay throughout the year. The species reached the lowest abundance in April and peaked in June. From October to December, distribution center mainly occurred in offshore water and at the mouth of the bay. In winter, early copepodites and adults gradually decreased and till February, most of the population was only comprised of CIV-CV stages. Overwintering copepodites matured in March and males tended to mature before female. From May to September, each stage occurred in the population and gradually reached high abundance. Temperature and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration in the three stations can't clearly explain the seasonal variation in stage-specific abundance, so we surmised the important effect of the Yellow Sea. Egg production rate (EPR) reached its lowest in winter and peaked in June at 60.8 eggs female(-1) day(-1) in nearshore water. In the warming period, EPR in nearshore water was statistically higher and EPR > 10 eggs female(-1) day(-1) lasted longer than that in offshore water, showing the importance of nearshore water for recruitment of R parvus. Our study showed that EPR was positively related to temperature and total chlorophyll a in offshore water and mouth of the bay. In nearshore water, the relationships between EPR and temperature and Chl-a in three size fractions were not the same as those in offshore water, suggesting complicated ecosystem in such a eutrophic area in warming period. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Feeding habits of Calanus sinicus (Crustacea : Copepoda) during spring and autumn in the Bohai Sea studied with the herbivore index

Pigment ingestion rate (PIR) and egg production rate (EPR) of the dominant copepod Calanus sinicus, as well as chlorophyll-a concentration and phytoplankton assemblages were measured in the Bohai Sea, North China in June 1997, October 1998 and May 1999. A herbivore index (H) was also calculated as the carbon specific ratio of PIR and EPR, in order to investigate its feeding habits in the spring and autumn phytoplankton bloom respectively. On average, chlorophyll-a concentration was relatively similar (1-1.34 mg m(-3)) in the three cruises, but PIR was quite different. It was 3.24 mu g C female(-1) d(-1) in October, equivalent to one half of the PIR for June and one third of the PIR for May. Average EPR was highest in May, and quite similar during the other two months. According to H values, herbivorous feeding contributed 100% of the egg production of C. sinicus in June, 82.5% in May, but only 47.8% in October. It is possible that omnivorous feeding of C. sinicus in October was induced by a prevalence of large-sized diatoms and sufficient non-phytoplankton food resources during the autumn bloom period.

广东几个地区高岭土、高岭石及其热处理产生的研究

笔者初步建立了高岭石的晶体缺陷种类和数量与高岭石XRD线型之间的关系，并结合文献资料和山岱、沙田、山阁高岭石的具体特点，考虑了一些因素对XRD线型可能的影响，最后对山岱、沙田、山阁高岭石晶体缺陷总量（DFt）和某些具体缺陷量的相对大小作出了几个判定。长期以来，矿物学家们在讨论自然界中矿物的形成时，更多考虑的是化学可能性，笔者倾向于认为，凡涉及到一种矿晶体由另一种矿物转化而成时，产物矿物不仅继承了母矿物某些化学成份，在一定程度上也可能继承母矿物的空间结构。经过分析笔者认为自然界中有大量高岭石不具有“溶液—胶体结果成因”特点，进一步笔者讨论了长石在风化过程中通过结构转化而形成高岭石的可能性和现实性，最后建立了高岭石形成的“长石经结构转化”模型，并具体对出岱、沙田、山阁高岭石的形成进行了分析和讨论。分析表明，所有高岭石及其热处理过程中的变化均包括三个阶段：（1）脱羟前阶段；（2）脱羟阶段，产物为“过渡态高岭石”；（3）脱羟后阶段，产物为变高岭石。脱羟前阶段前期（T < 400 ℃），IR和EPR实验结果表明产物之结构与原高岭石近乎完全相同，这使得我们有可能对高岭石进行适当的热处理，从而在不影响内部结构的前提下对高岭石进行表面改性；脱羟前阶段后期，一般从400 ℃开始，产物结构中堆垛层错缺陷显著增多，这对进一步升温后的脱羟过程可能是有利的。脱羟过程，IR和EPR线型发生明显变化，未脱失羟基IR振动频率的不变性要归结于一种“反弹作用”，即笔者认为产物冷却至室温后，未脱失羟基依然占据与原高岭石羟基相同的结构位置，并恢复原来的振动模式；这种所谓的“反弹作用”也适用于其它基团和其它的热处理阶段。