Research on metallic ion beam production at IMP

Since 1998, many experiments for metallic ion production have been done on LECR2 (Lanzhou ECR ion source NO.2), LECR3 (Lanzhou ECR ion source NO.3) and SECRAL (Superconductiong ECR ion source Advanced design in Lanzhou) at Institute of Modern Physics. The very heavy metallic ion beams such as those of uranium were also produced by the plasma sputtering method, and supplied for HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) accelerators successfully. During the test, 11.5e mu AU(28+), 9e mu AU(24+) were obtained. Some ion beams of the metal having lower melting temperature such as Ni and Mg ion beams were produced by oven method on LECR3 too. The consumption rate was controlled to be lower for Mg-26 ion beams production, and the minimum consumption was about 0.3mg per hour. In this paper, the main experimental results are given. Some discussions are made for some experimental phenomena and results, and some conclusions are drawn.

Preliminary results of the updated LECR2 source-LECR2M

The Latest developed LECR2M (Lanzhou ECR No. 2 Modified) source is the updated one of LECR2 (Lanzhou ECR No. 2) source at IMP. It has been assembled on the low energy ion beam experimental platform to produce MCI beams for atomic physics and material physics experimental research. In our updating program, the structure of injection and extraction components has been modified to make the source structure more simple and effective. The hexapole magnet has also been replaced by a new hexapole magnet with higher radial field and larger inner diameter. With this updating, stronger magnetic field confinement of the ECR plasma is possible and better base vacuum condition is also achieved. LECR2M was designed to be operated at 14.5GHz. During the preliminary test, 1.3emA O6+ beam was extracted with the injected rf power of 1.1kW. The source has been used to deliver intense MCI beams for different experiments. After some discussion of the main features of this newly updated source, some of the typical commissioning test results of LECR2M will be presented.

Measurements of bremsstrahlung spectra on SECRAL

The axial emitted bremsstrahlung spectra were measured on SECRAL (Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou) using an HPGe detector. The spectral temperature T-spe was obtained from the linear fit of the spectra in the semi-log present. The evolution of T-spe with microwave power and magnetic field configuration is investigated in this paper.

Production of EUV power with SECRAL

The high power EUV source is one of key issues in the development of EUV lithography which is considered to be the most promising technology among the next generation lithography. However neither DPP nor LPP seems to meet the requirements of the commercial high-volume product. Insufficiency of DPP and LPP motivate the investigation of other means to produce the EUV radiation required in lithography. ECR plasma seems to be one of the alternatives. In order to investigate the feasibility of ECR plasma as a EUV light source, the EUV power emitted by SECRAL was measured. A EUV power of 1.03W in 4 pi sr solid angle was obtained when 2000W 18GHz rf power was launched, and the corresponding CE was 0.5%. Considering that SECRAL is designed to produce very high charge state ions, this very preliminary result is inspiring. Room-temperature ECR plasma and Sn plasma are both in the planned schedule.

A new axial injection beam line of the SFC

A new axial beam injection system is designed and being constructed at the HIRFL. It consists of 2 GLASSER lenses, 1 dipole, 5 quadrupoles and 3 solenoids. There are two beam line branches for 14.5GHz ECR ion source and 18.5GHz super conducting ECR ion source. Both transverse and longitudinal beam optics are improved in contrast with the old one. The layout, beam optics calculation results and further improved design are given.

Intense beam production of highly charged heavy ions by the superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL (invited)

There has been increasing demand to provide higher beam intensity and high enough beam energy for heavy ion accelerator and some other applications, which has driven electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source to produce higher charge state ions with higher beam intensity. One of development trends for highly charged ECR ion source is to build new generation ECR sources by utilization of superconducting magnet technology. SECRAL (superconducting ECR ion source with advanced design in Lanzhou) was successfully built to produce intense beams of highly charged ion for Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). The ion source has been optimized to be operated at 28 GHz for its maximum performance. The superconducting magnet confinement configuration of the ion source consists of three axial solenoid coils and six sextupole coils with a cold iron structure as field booster and clamping. An innovative design of SECRAL is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of the sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. For 28 GHz operation, the magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on axis of 3.6 T at injection, 2.2 T at extraction, and a radial sextupole field of 2.0 T at plasma chamber wall. During the commissioning phase at 18 GHz with a stainless steel chamber, tests with various gases and some metals have been conducted with microwave power less than 3.5 kW by two 18 GHz rf generators. It demonstrates the performance is very promising. Some record ion beam intensities have been produced, for instance, 810 e mu A of O7+, 505 e mu A of Xe20+ 306 e mu A of Xe27+, and so on. The effect of the magnetic field configuration on the ion source performance has been studied experimentally. SECRAL has been put into operation to provide highly charged ion beams for HIRFL facility since May 2007.

一维位置灵敏法拉第筒的数据获取系统

简要介绍兰州重离子加速器国家实验室320 kV高压ECR实验平台原子分子物理终端上使用的一维位置灵敏法拉第筒的数据获取系统。该系统硬件由64通道电流/电压转换放大器和PCI-6224数据采集卡构成,并通过编写LabVIEW程序,实现数据的准确、同步、实时与高速采集。经验证,该获取系统简单易用,可靠性高,完全符合设计要求。

New development of advanced superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL (invited)

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source with advance design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is an 18-28 GHz fully superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source dedicated for highly charged heavy ion beam production. SECRAL, with an innovative superconducting magnet structure of solenoid-inside-sextupole and at lower frequency and lower rf power operation, may open a new way for developing compact and reliable high performance superconducting ECR ion source. One of the recent highlights achieved at SECRAL is that some new record beam currents for very high charge states were produced by 18 GHz or 18+14.5 GHz double frequency heating, such as 1 e mu A of Xe-129(43+), 22 e mu A of Bi-209(41+), and 1.5 e mu A of Bi-209(50+). To further enhance the performance of SECRAL, a 24 GHz/7 kW gyrotron microwave generator was installed and SECRAL was tested at 24 GHz. Some promising and exciting results at 24 GHz with new record highly charged ion beam intensities were produced, such as 455 e mu A of Xe-129(27+) and 152 e mu A of Xe-129(30+), although the commissioning time was limited within 3-4 weeks and rf power only 3-4 kW. Bremsstrahlung measurements at 24 GHz show that x-ray is much stronger with higher rf frequency, higher rf power. and higher minimum mirror magnetic field (minimum B). Preliminary emittance measurements indicate that SECRAL emittance at 24 GHz is slightly higher that at 18 GHz. SECRAL has been put into routine operation at 18 GHz for heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) accelerator complex since May 2007. The total operation beam time from SECRAL for HIRFL accelerator has been more than 2000 h, and Xe-129(27+), Kr-78(19+), Bi-209(31+), and Ni-58(19+) beams were delivered. All of these new developments, the latest results, and long-term operation for the accelerator have again demonstrated that SECRAL is one of the best in the performance of ECR ion source for highly charged heavy ion beam production. Finally the future development of SECRAL will be presented.

Ar16+ 离子与Au和Mo靶相互作用产生的X射线截面随入射角度的变化

本实验工作是在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室ECR离子源完成。实验采用能量为336keV的低能高电荷态Ar16+离子轰击Au、Mo金属靶，入射离子与靶表面之间的夹角分别是20°，25°，……，80°，入射角与出射角之和为90°。测量了不同角度下Mo的Lα、Lβ，Au的Mα和Ar的Kα特征X射线谱，对实验谱进行了高斯拟合，计算了不同入射角下的各条X射线的产额和产生截面，并将靶原子发射出的X射线截面与ECPSSR和带结合能修正的BEA理论计算的结果进行了比较。发现当入射角较小时，Ar16+与金属靶相互作用时所产生出的各条特征X射线截面随入射角的增加而增加，当入射角达到40°左右后X射线截面基本上保持不变。与ECPSSR计算值相比，本实验中Au的X射线截面比较接近，实验值比ECPSSR计算值小不到一个量级；而Mo的X射线截面实验值比ECPSSR计算值大3-4个量级，但产额与带结合能修正的BEA计算值很接近

新一代多电荷态离子源的研究

离子源发展存在两大热点问题：其一强流高电荷态离子的产生；其二强流金 属离子的产生。为了获得强流高电荷态离子，我们设计制造了全超导 ECR 离子 源 SECRAL（Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou） ， 该离子源采用了全新的超导磁体结构形式，工作于 18～28GHz 的微波频率。根据 scaling laws 和实验经验，我们确定了 SECRAL 离子源所需要的约束磁场场形， 并针对新的磁体结构设想，通过 TOSCA 程序进行了详细的计算，成功地设计出 满足我们场形要求的超导磁体物理模型。据此，我们进一步进行了超导磁体的力 学结构分析，为磁体机械工艺设计提供了参考依据，保证了超导磁体结构设计的 可靠性。源体建成后，经过一系列的测试和调束实验，不但验证了我们的设计和 分析是合理的、可靠的，而且创造了许多项束流调试的新世界纪录，我们分别获 得了 810 A eμ O7+ 、730 A eμ Ar 11+ 、220 A eμ Ar 14+ 、73 A eμ Ar 16+ 、483 A eμ Xe 20+ 等束 流。为了获得强流中低电荷态金属离子束，我们尝试探索一种原理、结构、工作 模式全新的离子源－外部电子注入PIG离子源（E-PIG） 。目前，我们基本按照我 们的初期设想设计建造了 E-PIG离子源，设计中采用了外部电子枪注入电子、空 心阴极、特殊的场形等手段来提高金属离子的电荷态和流强。经过初步的起弧调 试，我们发现在初期的设计中还存在一些问题亟待进一步整改。

高电荷态离子与固体表面作用的研究

高电荷态离子与固体表面相互作用研究不仅在原子结构和能级寿命，量子电动力学效应和等离子体物理等方面具有重要的基础研究价值，而且在表面分析和加工，短波辐射源开发等方面也有着潜在的应用价值。论文介绍了在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室ECR离子源上建成的用于高电荷态离子与固体表面作用研究的物理实验终端，研究了高电荷态离子与固体表面作用中的可见光和X射线发射以及高电荷态离子在固体表面引起的离子溅射产额和电子发射产额。研究了固体表面靶原子特征可见光谱和X射线的激发机制；分析了空心原子X射线谱的重要特征以及高电荷态离子动能沉积和势能沉积在表面离子溅射和表面电子发射中的作用

高电荷态离子与固体表面作用的离子溅射和电子发射的实验研究

高电荷态离子与固体表面相互作用的研究是目前国际上广受关注的热点研究领域之一。本论文详细介绍了在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室ECR离子源上建成的高电荷态离子表面物理实验平台；着重叙述了在实验平台上完成的高电荷态离子在固体表面引起的离子溅射和电子发射的研究。我们用初动能Ek=216～720keV的高电荷态Pb36+离子和初动能为Ek=144～288keV的Arq+（q =11～16）离子以不同入射角度(Ψ＝15º～80º)作用于Nb、Si和SiO2表面，通过研究离子溅射产额与入射离子初动能、势能（电荷态）和入射角度的关系，得到了以下结论：离子溅射产额与炮弹离子的势能沉积和动能作用有关；对Ar离子，电荷态从11增加到16时，离子溅射产额是随之增长的。而对Pb36＋离子，表面离子溅射产额随入射离子初动能的变化关系跟核阻止能损随入射离子初动能的变化关系是一致的，离子溅射产额与核阻止能损是线性相关的。认为高电荷态引发的表面离子溅射过程是势能沉积作用与线性级联碰撞过程协同作用的结果。我们还测量了Heq+(q=1,2, Ek=12keV～48keV)，Neq+(q=2～8, Ek=18～192keV)，Arq+(q=3～12, Ek=72keV)离子垂直作用于Si, W, Au表面产生的电子发射产额。得到了纯粹势能电子发射产额与入射离子势能的定量关系，势能电子产额随入射离子势能的增加而线性增加，势能每增加1eV，单离子电子发射产额增加0.0088（以初动能为42keV的Neq+入射到W表面为例）。势能电子发射增量跟靶的性质有关，W表面对势能变化的响应最剧烈，其次是Si表面。通过引入纯粹动能电子产额与电子能损的比值B分析和研究了动能电子发射，随着入射离子原子序数和初动能的增加，B因子有缓慢降低的趋势；B因子与靶材料密切相关，Au靶的B因子明显大于Si靶和W靶；我们还首次把B因子的研究扩展到高电荷态离子领域，认为B因子与入射离子的势能（电荷态）无关

HIRFL 束流诊断系统软件的设计

本论文根据兰州重离子加速器（HIRFL）束流诊断系统的现状及改造要求，开发了多任务的束流诊断系统应用软件，它能够通过计算机网络进行测量。该软件的设计采用了面向对象程序设计技术；论文还完成了荧光靶图像获取与处理系统应用软件的开发。这两个应用软件都是由Visual C++编译器来实现，并运行于Windows 95/98操作系统中。论文包括三个部分。第一部分综述了目前国际上加速器束流诊断技术的现状及其发展的新动向，并扼要地介绍了一些重要束流参数的测量方法。第二部分简单介绍了数字图像处理技术的基本内容，比较系统地介绍了荧光靶图像获取及处时系统软件的设计过程，并给出了用该系统测量ECR源束线上束流横向发射度的结果。第三部分首先介绍了Windows操作系统的多任务机制以及计算机网络的通信机制，其中包括TCP/IP协议的有关特性以及如何利用MFC中的CSocket类实现Windows 95/NT系统中网络通信的方法；然后详细介绍了多任务束流诊断系统软件的设计方法及实现过程；最后给出它的现场测试结果以及作者对仿后该软件的升级和维护的设想及展望。

具有高压平台的SFC轴向注入系统的设计研究

兰州重离子加速系统(HIRFL)是由注入器SFC(螺旋型扇聚焦加速器)和主加速器SSC(分离扇聚焦加速器)组成注入器SFC使用外离子源轴向注入方法,注入从ECR离子源引出的低能高电荷态重离子束流.由于空间电荷效应和SFC杂散磁场的影响,造成SFC的注入效率不高,使得SFC的引出束流强度较低,从而也制约了SSC的束流强度,远远不能满足正在建造的兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)和放射性束流物理实验对束流强度的要求.为了满足CSR和物理实验对束流强度的要求,该文通过对具有高压平台的SFC轴向注入系统的较为详细的设计研究,探讨在SFC上实现提高注入效率的可行性和有效性.

新的SFC轴向注入系统及SFC-CSR匹配的设计研究

兰州重粒子加速系统（HIRFFL）是由注入器SFC（螺旋型扇聚焦加速器）和主加速器SSC（分离扇聚焦加速器）组成。注入器SFC使用外离子源轴向注入方法，注入从ECR离子源引出的低能高电荷态重离子束流。由于空间电荷效应、SFC杂散磁场及二极铁B02等的影响，SFC轴向注入系统的效率一直不高。近几年来，随着放射性束物理更广泛深入的开展，特别是正在建造的兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HRIFL-CSR）和超重核素合成的开展，SFC引出的束流强度很难满足其对束流强度的要求。而且，在SFC直接作为CSR前级注入器时，其引出的束流品质也无法满足CSR接收度的要求。为此，本文通过对SFC轴向注入系统的改进以及对SFC引出束流发射度的制备来研究提高SFC引出束流强度以及SFC直接作为CSR前级注入器时提高CSR注入效率的可行性和有效性。SFC轴向注入系统的改进设计物理思想是短线（即可能短的输运线）、束流中心化好、包络小、整个系统的容纳度大及六维相空间匹配传输等。通过有效地减小了杂散场及空间电荷效应等的影响，提高整个系统的容纳度，同时，设计一个较完善的六维相空间匹配系统，并尽可能的减小注入元件中横向相空间的藕合所造成的横向发射度的增大以达到提高注入效率的目的。论文首先束流传输理论和空间电荷效应的有关理论，然后对组成该系统的聚束器，螺线静电偏转器和轴向注入束流线的设计研究作了比较详细的描述。设计研究的结果表明，改进SFC轴向注入系统是可行的，也是有效的。与现在使用的轴向注入系统相比，束流注入效率可以提高1倍左右，束流调试时间也可有效缩短。SFC引出束流的制备原理是将SFC引出的轻的重离子束（C-Ar）采用前束线上的聚束器NBI对SFC引出束流纵向才巨空间进行调制，用后束线上的三狭缝系统对束流的横向相空间进行限制、从而改变束流的6维相空间的体积和形状，提高束流的品质，使其尽可能达到CSRm对注入束流的要求（能散要求和发射度要求）。计算表明，经过制备后的束流大部分都能满足CSR对束流品质的要求，提高了注入CSR的束流强度。该设计研究仅仅作为提高SFC的束流强度及SFC-CSR束流匹配的一个初步方案，其设计和计算正在进一步深入进行。