西南喀斯特典型坡地土壤有机碳库特征及碳同位素组成

喀斯特石漠化及其影响己经成为制约中国西南地区可持续发展最严重的生态环境问题，越来越受到人们的关注，已成为环境地球化学研究的一个重要领域。石漠化的本质就是土地退化，造成土壤肥力和生产力的下降。因此喀斯特地区现阶段主要面临如何管理好陆地生态系统，以保持原有碳储量，并尽可能沉积更多碳是当前面临的主要挑战。 峰丛洼地是喀斯特地区的典型景观，该景观的坡地是喀斯特地区自然环境最脆弱的区域，存在基岩大量裸露的情况，土地和植被退化最为严重。本文以西南喀斯特地区具有不同植被类型的典型峰丛坡地（草丛、灌草丛、稀疏灌丛和乔木林）作为研究对象，为了解喀斯特地区碳的循环机制，我们采集了4个典型坡地不同地形部位的表层和剖面土壤，主要分析了土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）、整体土壤及不同粒径土壤组分中有机碳含量和稳定碳同位素（δ13C）值组成，同时测定了植物优势种叶片、枯枝落叶δ13C值组成。得到以下几点认识： 1、草丛和灌草丛坡地各地形部位的土壤有机碳（SOC）含量和碳氮比(C/N)值差异较大，其上坡位的土壤都具有较高SOC含量和C/N值。而稀疏灌丛和乔木林坡地SOC含量和C/N值比较稳定，其变幅较小。 2、各坡地剖面土壤中DOC含量分布和变化主要受到了有机质输入､坡地地形及土壤质量等影响｡草丛和灌草丛坡地各地形剖面中DOC含量变幅要大于乔木林和稀疏灌丛坡，对各个坡地几个剖面上层土壤（0～20cm）中DOC含量来看，其含量主要表现为：乔木林坡地＞稀疏灌丛坡地＞灌草丛坡地＞草丛坡地。但通过DOC与SOC进行比对发现，在剖面土壤中DOC/SOC值整体变化趋势主要表现为随剖面土层的加深而增加的趋势，但在土层较薄的剖面中主要呈现一直增加的趋势，而在土层较厚的剖面中则出现先增加后降低或保持稳定的现象。除了稀疏灌丛坡地最低值出现在下坡位剖面PG3外，在草丛、灌草丛和乔木林坡地最低值均出现在上坡位的剖面，其中HC1、HG1和HG2剖面的DOC/SOC值最低，范围都在0.2%以下，具有明显的高SOC和低DOC的含量特征；而乔木林坡地各剖面DOC/SOC值相对较高，范围都在0.3%以上，并且各剖面之间的差异较小。 3、草丛和灌草丛坡地上坡位HC1、HG1和HG2剖面土壤主要是基岩风化物和植物残体堆积而成的砂质新成土，砂粒含量较高，剖面土壤中有机碳含量虽然高于下坡位各个剖面土壤，但有机碳主要贮存在砂粒土壤中，其碳库处于不稳定状态。而下坡位剖面中土壤主要以粉粒和黏粒为主，土壤有机碳含量相对较低，但主要贮存在粉粒和黏粒土壤中，其碳库处于相对稳定的状态。稀疏灌丛和乔木林坡地各地形剖面中主要以粉粒和黏粒土壤为主，各个剖面之间变化幅度较小，有机碳也主要贮存在粉粒和黏粒土壤中，其碳库组成比较稳定。 4、对采样点的植物优势种叶片的碳同位素组成进行了测定。结果显示，其δ13C值主要受到遗传因素的（光合作用途经）控制，植物碳同位素组成表现出明显的差异性，C3植物的δ13C平均值为-28.2‰，C4植物的δ13C平均值为-12.7‰。另外，对不同坡地采集的同种植物叶片的δ13C值分析发现，δ13C值受环境影响因素较小。 5、对各个坡地枯枝落叶和相应表层土壤有机质δ13C值之间的相关性研究发现，灌草丛和乔木林坡地具有显著相关性，其相关系数分别为R2=0.93和R2=0.77，明显高于草丛和稀疏灌丛坡地的R2=0.28和R2=0.36。由于土壤剖面发育历史及地表植被的不同，草丛和灌丛坡地土壤有机质的δ13C值要明显高于稀疏灌丛和乔木林坡地，并且不同地形剖面的土壤有机质的δ13C值的差异较大。另外，大多数剖面的土壤有机质δ13C值在剖面深度上的变化主要表现为随土层深度的加深呈现先升高后降低或趋于稳定的变化趋势。δ13C值在土壤剖面中随深度变化，反映了作物残体输入和土壤累积特征，有助于鉴定剖面中土壤有机碳的迁移转化过程。 6、剖面中土壤δ13CDOC值与δ13CSOC值的变化规律具有相似性，表明了土壤中DOC与SOC的具有密切的关系；另外，从△(δ13CDOC－δ13CSOC)来看，大多数剖面中δ13CDOC值要高于δ13CSOC值，其中乔木林的变化幅度最低，而草丛坡地的最高。 7、对剖面中不同粒径土壤有机质δ13C值的研究发现，不同粒径土壤有机质的δ13C值在剖面深度上的差异，主要受到输入土壤中有机质变化和进入土壤后分解程度的影响。各个坡地砂粒土壤中有机质的δ13C值对地表植被的变化较敏感，同时也指示了输入土壤中较新或是分解速率较慢的有机质来源，而粉粒和粘粒土壤有机质的δ13C值则指示了土壤中分解速率较快或是分解程度较充分的有机质来源。不同粒径土壤有机质δ13C值组成特征能够较好地反映土壤有机质更新速率。

西南喀斯特坡地土壤硫的生物地球化学循环研究

我国西南喀斯特和酸沉降双重背景下的土壤硫循环实际上与碳酸盐岩溶解及土壤质量演化密切相关。目前，国内有关喀斯特地区土壤硫生物地球化学循环的研究还鲜见报道。 本论文以典型喀斯特地区石灰土和黄壤为研究对象，研究自然坡地土壤中硫的赋存状态及其同位素组成特征，硫循环关键微生物硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的分布特征，结合土壤基本理化参数探讨喀斯特地区土壤中硫的生物地球化学循环的一般过程，得到如下认识：土壤中SO42-还原和有机硫矿化是同步进行的，而SO42-和有机硫的相互转化构成了土壤硫循环的主要内容。通过对比土壤各形态硫含量、SRB及各形态硫同位素组成的垂直分布特征，可以很好的阐释与土壤深度相关的硫循环过程，同时也可以很好的判别土壤内部的SO42-、有机硫和FeS2迁移过程。而影响各形态硫含量、SRB及硫氧化菌（SOB）在土壤中分布的因素不是单一的，与土壤类型、植被状况、土壤基本性质如有机碳、氮含量及pH值及土壤不同深度活性金属离子分布、厌氧状况等多因素的综合作用有关。

Age and growth of Schizothorax waltoni in the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, China

Age and growth were studied for Schizothorax waltoni in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, southwest of China, from April 2004 to September 2006. A total of 201 specimens were collected ranging from 110 to 580 mm in standard length (SL). In contrast to other otoliths, sectioned lapillus showed a clear pattern of alternating opaque and hyaline zones. Marginal increment analyses showed that the increments, each composed of one opaque and one hyaline zone, are deposited annually. Opaque edges were prevalent from May to August. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on sectioned otolith data were L (t) = 689.8{1 - exp[0.051 (t + 3.275)]} for males, and L (t) = 691.1{1 - exp[0.056 (t + 2.466)]} for females. The slow growth and long life indicate that S. waltoni is vulnerable to overfishing and that harvesting strategies for the species should be conservative.

Analysis on deep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai (littoral) fault zone in northeastern South China Sea

The onshore-offshore deep seismic experiment was carried out for the first time and filled the blankness of the seismic surveys in the transition area between South China and northeastern South China Sea. The seismic data were analyzed and processed. The different seismic phases were identified and their travel time arrivals were modeled by ray-tracing to study the P-wave velocity crustal structure of this area. The crustal structure of this area is the continental crust. The crust thickness is gradually decreasing southward along the on-shore-offshore seismic line. The low-velocity layer (5.5 similar to 5.9 km (.) s(-1)) exists generally in the middle crust (about 10.0 similar to 18.0km)with about 2.5 similar to 4.0 km thickness, which is also thinning seaward. No obvious high-velocity layer appears in the lower crust. The Binhai (littoral) fault zone is a low velocity zone, which is located about 35km southeast to the Nan'ao station and corresponding to the gradient belt of gravity & magnetism anomalies. The depth of the fault zone is close to the Moho discontinuity. The littoral fault zone is a boundary between the normal continental crust of South China and the thinned continental crust of the sea area.

The stability zone of gas hydrate in the slope of East China Sea and neighboring trough basin area

We analyze the distribution of temperature and heat flow of the sea floor sediment in the area of East China Sea slope and West basin area of the Okinawa Trough. Based on the Sonar Buoy and OBS data, 6 velocity layers are recognized, each of which has velocity of 1.8(1.8 similar to 2.2) km/s,2.2(2.0 similar to 2.5)km/s,2.8 (2.7 similar to 3.2)km/s,3.4 similar to 3.6km/s,4.2(4.1 similar to 4.7)km/s and 5.1km/s, respectively. The upper velocity layer of 1.8 similar to 2.2 km/s corresponds to the Quaternary sediment stratum. The layer with velocity 3.4 similar to 4.2km/s is the Pliocene sediment stratum. The area that is suitable for stable existence of gas hydrate by the temperature and pressure is 70,000km(2) about 1/10 the total area of East China Sea. The thickness of the stability zone ranges from 400m (Middle Part of Okinawa Trough) to 1100m (North and South Part of Okinawa Trough). The Quaternary and Pliocene layers are suitable for stable exitence of gas hydrate. According to the tectonic stability and heat flow, the north part and south part of the Okinawa Trough are the most perspective area for the gas hydrate explorations.

Seismic profiles across the middle Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, eastern China

The stratigraphic architecture, structure and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, eastern China, are analyzed based on interpretations of 31 new 2D seismic lines across Laizhou Bay. Cenozoic strata in the study area are divided into two layers separated by a prominent and widespread unconformity. The upper sedimentary layer is made up of Neogene and Quaternary fluvial and marine sediments, while the lower layer consists of Paleogene lacustrine and fluvial facies. In terms of tectonics, the sediments beneath the unconformity can be divided into four main structural units: the west depression, central uplift, east depression and Ludong uplift. The two branches of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone differ in their geometry and offset: the east branch fault is a steeply dipping S-shaped strike-slip fault that cuts acoustic basement at depths greater than 8 km, whereas the west branch fault is a relatively shallow normal fault. The Tan-Lu fault zone is the key fault in the study area, having controlled its Cenozoic evolution. Based on balanced cross-sections constructed along transverse seismic line 99.8 and longitudinal seismic line 699.0, the Cenozoic evolution of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone is divided into three stages: Paleocene-Eocene transtension, Oligocene-Early Miocene transpression and Middle Miocene to present-day stable subsidence. The reasons for the contrasting tectonic features of the two branch faults and the timing of the change from transtension to transpression are discussed. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The variability of eddy kinetic energy in the South China Sea deduced from satellite altimeter data

We used fifteen years (1993-2007) of altimetric data, combined from different missions (ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Envisat), to analyze the variability of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the South China Sea (SCS). We found that the EKE ranged from 64 cm(2)/s(2) to 1 390 cm(2)/s(2) with a mean value of 314 cm(2)/s(2). The highest EKE center was observed to the east of Vietnam (with a mean value of 509 cm(2)/s(2)) and the second highest EKE region was located to the southwest of Taiwan Island (with a mean value of 319 cm(2)/s(2)). We also found that the EKE structure is the consequence of the superposition of different variability components. First, interannual variability is important in the SCS. Spectral analysis of the EKE interannual signal (IA-EKE) shows that the main periodicities of the IA-EKE to the east of Vietnam, to the southwest of Taiwan Island, and in the SCS are 3.75, 1.87, and 3.75 years, respectively. It is to the south of Taiwan Island that the IA-EKE signal has the most obvious impact on EKE variability. In addition, the IA-EKE exhibit different trends in different regions. An obvious positive trend is observed along the east coast of Vietnam, while a negative trend is found to the southwest of Taiwan Island and in the east basin of Vietnam. Correlation analysis shows that the IA-EKE has an obvious negative correlation with the SSTA in Nio3 (5A degrees S-5A degrees N, 90A degrees W-150A degrees W). El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects the IA-EKE variability in the SCS through an atmospheric bridge-wind stress curl over the SCS. Second, the seasonal cycle is the most obvious timescale affecting EKE variability. The locations of the most remarkable EKE seasonal variabilities in the SCS are to the east of Vietnam, to the southwest of Taiwan, and to the west of Philippines. To the east of Vietnam, the seasonal cycle is the dominant mechanism controlling EKE variability, which is attributed primarily to the annual cycle there of wind stress curl. In this area, the maximum EKE is observed in autumn. To the southwest of Taiwan Island, the EKE is enlarged by the stronger SCS circulation, which is caused by the intrusion branch from the Kuroshio in winter. Finally, intra-annual and mesoscale variability, although less important than the former, cannot be neglected. The most obvious intra-annual and mesoscale variability, which may be the result of baroclinic instability of the background flow, are observed to the southwest of Taiwan Island. Sporadic events can have an important effect on EKE variability.

Assessment of coastal zone sustainable development: A case study of Yantai, China

The assessment of sustainable development is a challenging task as its measuring is rather complex without a mature framework. In this paper, as a case study, a coastal city of China-Yantai was assessed for sustainable development in the period from 1998 to 2007. We used a methodological framework based on 36 indicators and three composite indices from the dimensions of environment, economy and society subsystems. The assessment results indicated that Yantai was almost in the potentially unsustainable development or intermediate sustainable development, except in 1998 and in 2007. Accordingly, the progress of sustainable development was divided into two stages in the light of the relative changes of three subsystems. Some relevant issues, such as natural capital, GPI vs. GDP in sustainable development assessment were discussed. Finally, an uncertainty analysis was also given in the assessment. In conclusion, the sustainable development in Yantai had experienced a shift from environment-based to social-economic-based in the past 10 years. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Observations of Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea

To discuss the intrusion of the Kuroshio into the SCS, we examined the mixing between the North Pacific and South China Sea (SCS) waters based on in-situ CTD data collected in August and September 2008 and the moored ADCP data taken from mid September 2008 to early July 2009. The CTD survey included four meridional sections from 119A degrees E to 122A degrees E around the Luzon Strait, during which pressure, temperature, and salinity were measured. The CTD data show that the isopycnal surface tilted from the SCS to the North Pacific; and it was steeper in the lower layers than in the upper ones. Meanwhile, we found strong vertical mixing taken place in the areas near 121A degrees E. The Kuroshio in high temperature and salinity intruded westward through Luzon Strait. The frequency of buoyancy was one order of magnitude greater than that of the common ones in the ocean, suggesting stronger stratification in the northeastern SCS. On the other hand, the long-term ADCP data show that before late October 2008, the direction of water flow in the SCS was eastward, and from November 2008 to late February 2009, it turned northwestward in the layers shallower than 150 m, while remained unchanged in deep layers from 200 to 450 m. From March to June 2009, the direction shifted with increasing depth from northward to southward, akin to the Ekman spiral. EOF analysis of the current time series revealed dominant empirical modes: the first mode corresponded to the mean current and showed that the Kuroshio intrusion occurred in the upper layers only from late December to early March. The temporal coefficient of the first and the second mode indicated clearly a dominant signal in a quasi-seasonal cycle.