119 resultados para Acartia, c1


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The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on polypyrrole (PPy) film modified with platinum microparticles has been studied by means of electrochemical and in situ Fourier transform infrared techniques. The Pt microparticles, which were incorporated in the PPy film by the technique of cyclic voltammetry, were uniformly dispersed. The modified electrode exhibits significant electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. The catalytic activities were found to be dependent on Pt loading and the thickness of the PPy film. The linearly adsorbed CO species is the only intermediate of electrochemical oxidation of methanol and can be readily oxidized at the modified electrodes. The enhanced electrocatalytic activities may be due to the uniform dispersion of Pt microparticles in the PPy film and the synergistic effects of the highly dispersed Pt microparticles and the PPy film. Finally, a reaction mechanism is suggested.

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用Raman光谱研究了[n-C_(11)H_(23)NH_3]_2ZnCl_4(简记为C_nZn)配合物的固-固相变.结果表明,配合物产生的固-固相变主要与烷烃链的堆积结构和分子构象变化有关.在 T_(c1)=25℃的相变是由于烷烃链的侧向堆积和分子构象的有序到部分无序变化.在中间相,分子链局部产生旁式构象.在T_(c2)=87℃的相变主要来源于烷烃链从部分构象有序到完全无序的变化.高温相形成了构象完全无序相.相应于烷烃链的“熔化”.

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本文合成并测定了{MoOS_3Cu_3(PPh_3)C1}的晶体结构,簇合物属正交晶系,空间群为P_(212121)晶胞参数:a=12.833(5)×10~(-10)m,b=17.552(5)×10~(-10)m,c=22.778(7)×10~(-10)m;Z=4。结构用直接法解出,经最小二乘法修正,偏离因子R=0.069.

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本文用~(13)C NMR方法研究了水溶液中三价顺磁性稀土离子Ho~(3+)和Yb~(3+)与二肽甘氨酰替亮氨酸之间的相互作用。对稀土诱导位移中的接触位移和偶极位移进行了分离。实验表明,与羧基相连的碳核所受的接触作用很大,因此不能把镱诱导的位移直接用于肽的构象分析。在水溶液中,肽通过羧基与稀土离子配位,在弱酸性条件下肽键和氨基均不参与配位。根据结构因子确定了肽在溶液中的构象,结果表明,分子片段C1-C2-C5-C6,C2-N-C3-C4和C2-C5-C6-C8为反式,而C2-C5-C6-C7和C1-C2-N-C3成旁式。

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本文研究了甲基膦酸二甲庚酯(P_(350),以 B 表示)与伯胺 N_(1923)(以RNH_2表示)的正庚烷溶液,在(Na,H)C1介质中对 Cd(Ⅱ)的协同萃取。用等摩尔系列法和斜率法确定二元协萃配合物组成为(RNH_3C1)_2·CdC1_2·B;求得协萃反应平衡常数1gK_(Bc)=2.08,协萃配合物的生成常数1gβ=0.70;计算了协萃反应的热力学函数△H=-14.56kJ/mol,△G=-12.07kJ/mol 和△S=-8.22J/mol·K;还讨论了协萃配合物的 IR 和NMR 谱。

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利用相转换法以无机盐Li C1为添加剂制备了用于膜蒸馏的疏水聚偏氧乙烯不对称微孔膜。研究了铸膜液组成,特别是添加剂LiC1对膜形态结构的影响。以LiC1为添加剂制得的膜兼有指状孔结构和海绵状孔结构。与一般情况不同,所得膜的孔径控制层为下表层及靠近下表层的海绵状结构而不是上表层。

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本文研究了胶州湾内1988年5月至1989年5月,小拟哲水蚤[Paracalanus parvus(Claus)]、双刺纺锤水蚤[Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht)]、太平洋纺锤水蚤(A. pacifica steuer)和1982年5月至1983年4月中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)的种群结构和种群数量的季节变化。双剌纺锤水蚤和太平纺锤水蚤在胶州湾是季节性出现的种类,它们能产生休眠卵,本文对其休眠卵数量的季节变化以及影响休眠卵产生和孵化的因素进行了初步的探讨。本文还研究了体长的季节变化以及温度和食物条件对体长的影响。

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浮游动物是河口生态系统的重要组成部分,在食物网中,浮游动物是浮游植物捕食者,对浮游植物有摄食压力,所以控制浮游植物数量的增长。同时,浮游动物还是鱼类的饵料,从而影响渔业资源的数量。长江口是各种经济鱼、虾和蟹的重要产卵场、索饵场和洄游场。长江口各个分汊的分流量的差异较大,导致不同分汊的水文环境明显不同,其中最为明显就是北港和北支水域。然而以往对浮游动物的研究仅限于某一水域,没有对整体水域进行研究,本文选择最具代表性的北港和北支水域,对两水域浮游动物的群落生态特征进行比较研究。 本论文的数据来源于2004年5、8、11月和2005年2月在长江口北港和北支水域4个航次的海洋综合调查资料。通过采用优势度和优势种贡献率等生态学指标,同时结合逐步回归分析,讨论了温、盐与浮游动物总丰度变化的关系。结果表明,就四季而言,浮游动物总丰度和盐度呈显著正相关,和温度负相关。而就单个季节而言,除了5月和2月落潮,总丰度和盐度均呈显著正相关,与温度相关关系不显著。调查水域优势种主要为河口半咸水种或近海种。北港的盐度约为0-5, 表现为长江淡水特征;北支的盐度约为12-28,表现为长江径流和外海水团混合水团的特征。上述优势种的盐度适应和水团分布特征决定了长江口浮游动物分布的时空变化,即盐度较高的水域往往有较高的丰度,北支的总丰度和生物量均大于北港。此外,在长江口口内水域,水温较低的枯水期,浮游动物丰度高于水温较高的丰水期,温度的季节波动,以及主要优势种中华华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus sinensis)对低温环境的适应,是调查水域浮游动物总丰度季节变化的重要因素。 另一方面,本论文通过物种多样性、累积优势度曲线等群落水平的指标和相似性检验分析(ANOSIM),对长江口北港和北支浮游动物群落及其主要优势种的差异,以及主要生态因子对浮游动物群落的影响进行了分析。结果表明,北港主要由潮汐影响的淡水和低盐水组成,北支由中、高盐水组成。春季,北港浮游动物丰度和多样性均低于北支,主要优势种为中华华哲水蚤;北支优势种种数较多,主要是真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)。夏季,北港和北支的多样性较接近,但是种类组成差别较大,北港以中华华哲水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)为主构成河口半咸水群落,北支以由火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)和太平洋纺锤水蚤等构成河口低盐群落。秋季,北港的丰度和多样性均低于北支,两个水域的群落差异明显,北港主要由中华华哲水蚤构成,北支由小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)、真刺唇角水蚤和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)等近岸和外海种组成。冬季,两个水域种数和多样性均较低,群落差别达四季最小,中华华哲水蚤占绝对优势。温度和盐度及其相互作用是决定长江口浮游动物群落特征的最主要因素。其中温度是造成研究水域浮游动物群落季节变化的主要因素,而由径流和外海水之间的消长引起的盐度变化是造成北港和北支浮游动物群落区域变化的决定因素。

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太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica Hansen)作为目前已开发利用的6种主要磷虾资源之一,广泛分布于北太平洋北部及其临近近岸海域。在黄海,太平洋磷虾是黄海海洋生态系统中大型浮游动物的优势种和重要功能群的组成种类,它还是黄海生态系统中鱼类等上层营养级生物的重要饵料。太平洋磷虾的种群组成以及数量变化会直接影响到黄海经济鱼类的资源动态,从而影响到整个黄海海洋生态系统的变化。 本论文依托国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973-II)——“我国近海生态系统食物产出的关键过程及其可持续机理”和国家自然科学基金40306021号——“黄、东海太平洋磷虾种群补充机制研究”,在2006年4月到2007年8月的八个黄海调查航次中,通过网采固定样品和现场培养实验相结合的方法,对黄海海域太平洋磷虾的种群生态分布和补充、繁殖和发育策略、以及成体的摄食、代谢进行了较为全面、细致的研究。 种群生态分布:本文根据2006年4月(春季)和10月(秋季)两次黄海大面调查和2006年9月-2007年8月六次黄海断面调查所获得的样品,研究了太平洋磷虾在南黄海的种群生态分布和补充机制,并探讨了其生态分布与环境因子的关系。 春季,南黄海太平洋磷虾种群主要分布在33 °N-36 °N、50 m-75 m等深线之间的海域,种群总丰度(不包括卵)为152.90 ind. m-3,卵丰度非常高,成体丰度较低,仅占种群总数量的8.72%。调查海域的平均成体丰度为0.35 ind. m-3。种群组成以幼体为主,占到种群的90.85%。春季是太平洋磷虾种群补充的高峰期。秋季,种群主要分布在黄海冷水团海域,种群总丰度(不包括卵)为335.38 ind. m-3,成体丰度显著高于春季,调查海区成体的平均丰度为7.73 ind. m-3。成体和未成体以99.5%的总比例在种群中占绝对数量优势,卵和幼体都非常少。秋季太平洋磷虾种群处于稳定期。春季成体的体长显著大于秋季,春季成体全长以13-18 mm为主,而秋季成体的全长主要是9-13 mm。 春季,太平洋磷虾成体具有昼夜垂直迁移行为,白天主要停留在底层水域,夜间少部分成体会上升到中上层水域,但是大部分成体仍然停留在深层。幼体从C3期开始就具有一定昼夜垂直迁移行为,F2—F5期幼体的昼夜垂直迁移行为已经非常明显。由于从表层到底层叶绿素a浓度逐渐降低,因此,太平洋磷虾的昼夜垂直迁移行为可能与摄食有关。 太平洋磷虾成体的分布是与海水温度紧密相关,南黄海太平洋磷虾成体比较适宜生活的水温是8-16 °C。春、冬季水温较低,成体分布范围较广。夏、秋季表层水温急剧升高到20 °C以上,太平洋磷虾成体主要分布在黄海冷水团海域,丰度也达到一年中的最高值。另外,秋季在近长江口的北部海域有大量成体分布。 繁殖和发育:自2006年9月到2007年8月的一年内,在黄海进行了七个航次的太平洋磷虾现场培养产卵实验,结果表明:在南黄海,太平洋磷虾在3月—6月份都具有产卵行为,4月份达到产卵高峰期。单个雌体的最大产卵量为617 egg female-1,出现在4月份。8月、9月和12月在南黄海均未发现太平洋磷虾的产卵行为。太平洋磷虾具有二次产卵行为,并且第一次产卵量要高于第二次。太平洋磷虾的产卵行为与其干湿重紧密相关。成体干重低于5.0 mg,湿重低于26.0 mg,均不具有产卵能力。在产卵高峰期,太平洋磷虾的干湿重达到一年中的最高值。 在南黄海,太平洋磷虾的幼体发育主要遵循下面的发育途径:卵 → 无节幼体 → 后期无节幼体 → 原溞状幼体 → 溞状幼体F1(0' 7, 1' 7) → 溞状幼体F2(1' 4'' 7, 3' 1'' 7) → 溞状幼体F3(5'' 7) → 溞状幼体F4(5'' 5) → 溞状幼体F5(5'' 3) → 溞状幼体F6(5'' 1)。太平洋磷虾在15 °C下的幼体发育速度明显快于4 °C。15 °C下幼体发育到C1期只需5.6 d,而4 °C下则需要16.1 d。 摄食和代谢:2006年9、10、12月和2007年3、8月,在南黄海的五个断面调查航次中,在S1-4站进行了太平洋磷虾成体摄食实验,结果表明:太平洋磷虾在8月和9月份对水体中浮游植物的摄食率比较低,主要摄食水体中的微型浮游动物,从而由于营养级级联作用,致使水体中叶绿素a浓度升高。12月和3月,太平洋磷虾对水体中浮游植物有着很强的摄食活动,使得水体的叶绿素a浓度大量降低,当然太平洋磷虾也可能会同时摄食水体中微型浮游动物。 2006年9、12月和2007年3月,在南黄海的三个断面调查航次中,在S1-4站进行了太平洋磷虾现场耗氧率和排氨率实验,结果表明:太平洋磷虾在3月份的耗氧率是172.92 μg ind.-1 d-1,是9月份和12月份的6倍还要多。太平洋磷虾在9月和12月的耗碳率和体碳日损耗量相近,且都较低。3月份太平洋磷虾的代谢非常旺盛,体碳日损耗量达到2.70 % d-1,每日的耗碳率为62.9 µg C ind-1 d-1。9月和12月份太平洋磷虾代谢的氧氮比都较低,分别是11.3和7.0,太平洋磷虾成体的主要代谢基质是蛋白质。3月份的氧氮比为35.1,太平洋磷虾成体代谢主要以脂肪及碳水化合物为主。

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小型桡足类在生态系统中的重要作用近年来得到了广泛的关注,在近岸生态系统中,小型桡足类起着相当重要的作用。但关于小型桡足类种群动力学的研究在国内还处于起步阶段,因此我们选取了国内沿岸海域常见优势种小拟哲水蚤、双刺纺锤水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤及强额拟哲水蚤等四种小型桡足类为研究对象,探讨其种群动力学相关方面的变动机制。本文在2005年10月-2006年9月选取胶州湾为主要的研究海域,进行了一周年的小型桡足类的采样和培养实验研究。在胶州湾,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)全年出现,其种群数量变动呈现双峰型,在夏季(6月和8月)达数量高值,在冬季(1月)有一个小的高峰。种群数量在4月达全年最低值,在7月份数量也有一个明显的数量降低。从空间分布上来讲,该水蚤在冬季主要以CV期桡足幼体存在于湾南和湾外区域,湾北数量很少;从春末开始,各期幼体开始在各海区广泛分布。小拟哲水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(2月份除外),但较高的产卵率主要集中在春末到秋初,最大产卵率出现在5月,达27.9 eggs female-1d-1。总体来讲,在胶州湾小拟哲水蚤的产卵率与温度、叶绿素及体长均呈显著正相关,但与盐度呈负相关关系。从不同的区域来看,胶州湾湾北区域小拟哲水蚤产卵率较高,最高值出现在湾北6月份,产卵率达到了60.8 eggs female-1d-1。大于10 eggs female-1d-1的产卵率在湾北持续了6个月(4-9月),在湾口持续了5个月(4-8月),而在湾外只持续了3个月(5-7月)。小拟哲水蚤生物量在6月份达到最高值(6.15 mg C m-3),在4月达到全年最低值(0.028 mg C m-3)。次级生产的变动从4月到9月与生物量的变动趋势完全相似,但冬季生物量的高峰并没有伴随次级生产的高峰值,分析其原因是由于冬季低的生长率所致。小拟哲水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为158.41 mg C.m-3yr -1。强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)在胶州湾只在夏末到秋季出现,最大数量出现在8月份。从强额拟哲水蚤的分布区域来看,从湾内到湾外有递减趋势。在2006年9月份,只有湾北有部分种群,其他区域几乎没有该种出现。该种最大产卵率出现在8月,达11.2 eggs female-1d-1。强额拟哲水蚤生物量的变动与次级生产的变动趋势相似,最大值也都出现在8月份。该水蚤在胶州湾平均年次级生产仅为2.12 mg C m-3yr-1。双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)在胶州湾是全年出现,其种群数量在5-6月份突发性增加达全年最高值(>8000 ind. m-3),之后又急剧下降。从该种的区域分布来看,5-6月份数量的高峰主要出现在湾北区域,7月份虽然各区域数量均下降,但大部分种群集中在湾外区域。双刺纺锤水蚤在胶州湾几乎全年产卵(1-2月除外),产卵率的最高值出现在4月,达16.5 eggs female-1d-1。4月份雌体高的产卵率为5月份种群数量的大量增加提供了补充。双刺纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势一致,在5-6月份达到高值,在秋冬季次级生产较低。双刺纺锤水蚤在整个胶州湾平均的年次级生产为114.61 mg C m-3yr-1。太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)在胶州湾季节性出现,在冬春季节消失,从夏季开始出现。该种在5月零星出现,种群数量在6月份开始增多,到7月份达到最高值2356 ind. m-3,之后在8月数量锐减至196 ind. m-3。从区域分布来看,该水蚤在胶州湾只出现在湾北和湾南区域,湾外区域几乎没有,而且呈现湾北到湾南递减的趋势。6月份数量大部分出现在湾北区域,到7月份才有一部份在湾南出现。太平洋纺锤水蚤在其出现季节均产卵,最大产卵率出现在6月份,达37.17 eggs female-1 d-1,部分补充了7月份太平洋纺锤水蚤种群数量的大量增加。太平洋纺锤水蚤生物量与次级生产的变动趋势相似,在7月份达到了最高值,在11月达到最低值。太平洋纺锤水蚤在胶州湾平均的年次级生产为45.63 mg C m-3yr-1。胶州湾四种小型桡足类总的年次级生产为~320 mg C m-3 yr-1。

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During spring (April/May 1999) and autumn (September/October 1998) cruises in the Bohai Sea, China, copepods were the dominant components of mesozooplankton, the most abundant species being Calanus sinicus, Centropages mcmurrichi, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Oithona similis. Pigment ingestion rates by three size classes of copepods (200-500, 500-1000 and > 1000 mum) were measured. In the south of the investigation area, gut pigment content (GPC), individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were lower in spring than in autumn. In the central area, GPC and individual pigment-specific ingestion rates were higher in spring than in autumn. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by the copepod assemblages was lower in spring than in autumn, however, because of the relatively smaller biomass in spring. In the western area where the Bohai Sea joins the Yellow Sea, GPC, individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were higher in spring than in autumn. Among the three size groups, the small-sized animals (200-500 mum) contributed more than 50% (range 38-98%) of the total copepod grazing during both cruises. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by copepods was equivalent to 11.9% (range 3.0-37.1%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and 53.3% (range 21.4-91.4%) of the primary production during the spring cruise. Grazing impact was equivalent to 6.3% (range 2.0-11.6%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and >100% (range 25.7-141.6%) of the primary production during the autumn cruise. The copepod community apparently consumed only a modest proportion of the standing stock of phytoplankton during spring and autumn blooms. They did, however, sometimes graze a significant proportion of daily primary production and hence were presumably able to limit the rate of further accumulation of phytoplankton, or even to prevent it. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A model is developed to investigate the trade-offs between benefits and costs involved in zooplanktonic diel vertical migration (DVM) strategies. The 'venturous revenue' (VR) is used as the criterion for optimal trade-offs. It is a function of environmental factors and the age of zooplankter. During vertical migration, animals are assumed to check instantaneously the variations of environmental parameters and thereby select the optimal behavioral strategy to maximize the value of VR, i.e. taking up as much food as possible with a certain risk of mortality. The model is run on a diel time scale (24 h) in four possible scenarios during the animal's life history. The results show that zooplankton can perform normal DVM balancing optimal food intake against predation risk, with the profile of DVM largely modified by the age of zooplankter.

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The vertical distribution and stage-specific abundance of Calanus sinicus were investigated on three key transects in the southern Yellow Sea and the northern East China Sea in August 1999. The results showed that in summer C. sinicus shrank its distribution area to the central cold (less than or equal to10degreesC) bottom water in the Yellow Sea, i.e. the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water, remaining in high abundance (345.7 ind m(-3)). In the northern East China Sea on a transect from the mouth of the Yangtze River to the Okinawa trench, only a few individuals appeared in the inner side and none had been found either in the upper layer or in the deep layer of the outer shelf area. The population of C. sinicus in YSCBW consisted of mainly adults (46.83%) and C5 (37.41%). C1-C4 only accounted for 15.76%. The low proportion of the earlier copepodite stages and the high female:male ratio (11.39) indicated that the reproduction of C. sinicus in YSCBW was at a very low level due to the low temperature and low food concentration. It is concluded that the dramatic decrease of C. sinicus population in the shelf area of China seas in summer is caused by the shrinkage of its distribution area and the YSCBW served as an oversummering site.

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The Bohai Sea was the site of the Chinese national GLOBEC programme. During the June 1997 cruises of R/V Science No.1, observations and experiments on zooplankton feeding were conducted. At five 48 h time-series stations the following observations and measurements on zooplankton were carried out: (1) diurnal vertical migration, by collecting samples at different layers every 3 h with a closing net; (2) diurnal feeding rhythms, by gut pigment analysis; and (3) ingestion rate, by both gut pigment analysis and the dilution method. A classification by body size was used to deal with the diversity of species and developmental stages of zooplankton assemblages. Samples were separated into three size groups: small (200-500 mu m), medium (500-1000 mu m) and large (> 1000 mu m). The results showed that the copepods (Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Centropages mcmurrichi) performed clear diurnal vertical migrations. However, their behaviour was different at different stations. The variation in gut pigment content over the 24 h cycle showed strong diurnal feeding rhythms, particularly for the large size group. Gut pigment contents reached their daily maximum during the time from dusk to midnight (18:00-24:00). The peak value was about 10 times the minimum observed in the daytime. The in situ daily grazing rate, based on gut pigment contents and evacuation experiments, was 4.00-12.65 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the small size group, 5.99-66.58 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the medium size group and 31.31-237.13 ng chla ind(-1) day(-1) for the large size group. The copepods consumed only a small part (2.90-13.52%) of the phytoplankton biomass hut about 77% of the daily production. The grazing mortality rate of phytoplankton by microzooplankton (<200 mu m) measured by the dilution method ranged from 0.43 to 0.69 day(-1) The calculated daily consumption of phytoplankton biomass was 35-50%, and 85-319% of the potential production.

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Me optimal conditions were established for the extraction of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins from gonad of Chlamys nobills using acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.04-1.0 mol/L. A 10-g portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by boiling for 5 min with 1.0 mL acetic acid and hydrochloric acid in a 50-mL beaker. Meanwhile, a portion of gonad of Chlamys nobilis was extracted by sonication in the solution of 0.3 mol/L HAc + 0.2 mol/L HCl for a total period of 5-30 min. The raw extract was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 5 min and the pH of supernatant was adjusted from 2.0 to 4.0 by 0.1 mol/L NaOH or 5 mol/L HCL After passing through a Millipore ultrafiltration membrane (10000 MW cut-off), ultrafiltrate was then analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that hydrochloric acid in the concentration range of 0.25-1.0 mol/L caused a significant decrease of N-sulfocarbarnoyl-11-hydroxysulfate toxin C1 (C1), C2 and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) and the concomitant increase of GTX2,3. However, the amount of the three unstable toxins did not show any change using the extraction with acetic acid. Under the same concentration of acetic acid (0.3 mol/L) and hydrochloric acid (0.2 mol/L), the amount of C1 in the ultrasonic extraction was obviously lower than the boiling one, while C2 showed slightly higher than the latter.