猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮研究

畜禽废水是农村水环境污染的主要来源之一，其处理的难点在于脱氮。传统生物脱氮法具有能耗高、需大量外加碳源等缺点，开发低成本、高效率的新型生物脱氮技术具有重要意义。 本研究将短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种脱氮新技术结合，让前者为后者创造去除可降解COD、降低总氮负荷、调整pH、调整氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例等进水条件，而后者可在无需外加碳源的条件下进一步脱氮，二者结合可成为高氨氮、低C/N废水脱氮的新途径。 试验以低碳氮比猪场废水为研究对象，首先进行了短程硝化反硝化预处理研究，同时启动并运行调控厌氧氨氧化反应器，最后以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水，进行厌氧氨氧化脱氮考察。实验表明：（1）短程硝化反硝化作为厌氧氨氧化的预处理工序是可行的。猪场废水通过短程硝化反硝化，可以达到基本去除可生化COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度之比在1︰1左右、pH在7.5～8.0的目的， COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%、49.1%,出水可达到厌氧氨氧化反应的进水要求。（2）采用模拟废水启动厌氧氨氧化反应器，经过5个月左右的运行调控，反应器启动成功并稳定运行，最高总氮去除率为87.1%，总氮容积去除率最高达到0.14kg/m3.d；整个稳定阶段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的变化量之比为1︰1.21︰0.33。（3）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、COD的平均去除率分别为93.0%、99.4%、84.6%、18.1%，处理效果与模拟废水处理系统相比无明显变化。（4）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理后，猪场废水中残留有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应过程中无显著变化，主要为酯类和烷烃类物质；残留有机物对厌氧氨氧化效果无明显影响。（5）采用PCR技术进行特殊功能菌种检测，结果表明模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有厌氧氨氧化菌和好氧硝化菌；通过blast比对，厌氧氨氧化菌扩增序列与未培养的Planctomycetales菌和Candidatus Brocadia fulgida菌16S rRNA部分序列相似性分别为95％、90%。（6）MPN法菌种计数结果显示，模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌和少量反硝化菌，实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧硝化菌、反硝化菌共存的系统。 Poultry wastewater is one of the main source of water pollution in rural areas，and nitrogen removal is the most difficult part in treating poultry wastewater. There are some disadvantages in traditional nitrogen removal, such as high energy consumption and more additional organic carbon. It is important to develop ecolomical and efficient technologyies. Shortcut nitricfication/denitrification, as a pretreatment process, was combined with Anammox in this research, so that part of total nitrogen and most degradable COD could be removed by the former, and further nitrogen removal could be implemented by the latter. The combination of the two technologies was a new approach to treat wastewater with high ammonium and low C/N. Piggery wastewater with low C/N was treated in lab-scale experiment. Firstly, shortcut nitrification/denitrification was investigated, and Anammox reactor was started up successfully at the same time. Then piggery wastewater after pretreatment was treated by Anammox. The results showed :(1) It was feasible to take nitrification/denitrification as the pretreatment process of Anammox. By using this process, part of total nitrogen and COD were removed, the ratio of ammonium and nitrite reached around 1︰1 and the pH was about 7.8, which were favorable for Anammox. The average removal percentage of COD and total nitrogen were about 64.3% and 49.1%, respectively. (2) Simulated wastewater was used to start up Anammox reactor. The reactor was started up successfully within 5 months and stable performance was achieved. The highest nitrogen removal reached 87.1% and the biggest volumetric total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.14kg/m3.d. The average ratio of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate was 1:1.21:0.33. (3)Taking the effluent of shortcut nitrification/denitrification as the influent, the nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox was stable, and the the average removal percentage of ammonium, nitrite, total nitrogen and COD were 93.0%, 99.4% , 84.6% and 18.1%, respectively, which had little difference with that by using simulated wastewater..(4) After pretreatment, the residual organic carbon in piggery wastewater showed no obvious change during the Anammox process, and the main organic compounds were saturated hydrocarbon and ester, which had no obvious negative effect on Anammox process.(5) By PCR technology, the existence of Anammox bacteria was confirmed and the aerobic nitrifying bacteria was found to coexist as well. The result of blast showed that the identities of Anammox bacterium to part of 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Planctomycetales bacterium and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida bacterium were 95% and 90%, respectively.（6）By MPN method, nitrite oxidizer, ammonium oxidizer and denitrification bacteria were detected in both simulated and piggery wastewater treatment system of Anammox, and the microorganism system was composed of Anammox bacteria，aerobic bacteria and denitrification bacteria together.

红发夫酵母发酵虾青素的研究

红发夫酵母分离于北美西部高山地区和日本一些岛屿上落叶树的渗出液中，因其所产主要色素为在水产养殖、食品和医药工业有广阔应用前景的虾青素而成为研究的热点。本论文对红发夫酵母Phaffia rhodozyma 的生长特性、培养参数与培养基组分对生长和虾青素积累的影响及其优化、虾青素合成的调节控制、虾青素的提取测定及红发夫酵母耐高温菌种的诱变进行了系统的研究。 虾青素是红发夫酵母的胞内色素，要对其进行分析首先要对红发夫酵母进行破壁处理，实验发现二甲亚砜是最有效的破壁溶剂，用氯仿和丙酮可以有效地把类胡萝卜素从二甲亚砜破壁后的红发夫酵母细胞中提取出来。 在固定摇床转速为200 rpm，温度为20 ℃的条件下，当种龄为36 h，以10％的接种量接入装液量为30 mL的250 mL三角瓶，初始pH为5.5时最有利于红发夫酵母的生长及类胡萝卜素的合成。 本实验中红发夫酵母最佳利用碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨，但蛋白胨价格昂贵，不适宜作单一氮源，因此使用硫酸铵和酵母膏作为复合氮源。 本论文采用了BP神经网络结合遗传算法的方法来优化红发夫酵母的发酵培养基，得到红发夫酵母发酵培养基的最佳配比为：蔗糖45.10 g/L、硫酸铵3.00 g/L、硫酸镁0.80 g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.40 g/L、酵母膏3.00 g/L、氯化钙0.50 g/L，使用优化后的培养基发酵类胡萝卜素产量达到8.20 mg/L，干重达到9.47 g/L，类胡萝卜素的产量比起始培养基提高了95.90%，干重提高了89.40%。 从代谢途径出发对红发夫酵母合成虾青素调控调控，选择谷氨酸、乙醇、VB1作为添加剂，通过正交试验设计得出三者添加水平分别为0.2 g/L，0.1% (V/V)，10 mg/L时，类胡萝卜素产量提高了25.73%，达到了10.31mg/L。 通过上述优化培养，本论文中红发夫酵母的虾青素产量从1.33 mg/L提高到9.12 mg/L，产量提高了6.86倍；总类胡萝卜素产量从4.23 mg/L提高到10.31 mg/L，产量提高了2.44倍；细胞干重从5.00 g/L提高到11.35 g/L，提高了2.27倍，总体提高效果显著。 红发夫酵母属于中低温菌，本论文采用紫外复合诱变的方式，通过高温筛选，得到一株能在35 ℃下能生长的突变株，但所产类胡萝卜素中虾青素所占比例很小，可能是诱变改变了红发夫酵母的代谢途径，阻断了虾青素的合成。 Phaffia rhodozyma is a heterobasidiomyceteous yeast that was originally isolated from the slime fluxes of brich tree wounds in mountain regions of northern Japan and southern Alaska. Phaffia rhodozyma produces astaxanthin as its principal carotenoid pigment, which has potential applications in acquaculture, food and pharmaceutical industry. This paper researched ways to break cell, analysis of astaxanthin, characteristics of growth, culture parameters and the effects of components of medium on growth and astaxanthin formation , optimization of culture medium, control of astaxanthin synthesis and mutagenesis of Phaffia rhodozyma. It is necessary to disrupt the yeast cell for extracting astaxanthin considering the yeast accumulating carotenoids in cell. Dimethyisulphoxide was the most effective solvent for breaking the yeast cell; acetone and chloroform were effective to extract carotenoids out of the disrupted cell. The optimum pH for growth and carotenoids synthesis is 5.5, the optimum medium volume is 30 mL (in 250 mL flask), the optimum culture time of inoculum is 36 h, the optimum inoculum concentration is 10%. The research on culture medium showed: sucrose is the best one of 6 carbon sources for growth and astaxanthin synthesis. Peptone is the best nitrogen source for growth and astaxanthin synthesis. Uniform Design was used for trial design of the formula medium components, then back-propagation neural network was established to modeling the relationships between the carotenoid yield and the concentration of medium components. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used for global optimization of the model. The optimum combination of the medium was obtained: sucrose 45.10 g/L, ammonium sulfate 3.00 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.80 g/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.40 g/L, yeast extract 3.00 g/L, calcium chloride 0.50 g/L. The yield of carotenoid reached 8.20 mg/L, which was 95.90% higher than that of the original medium. Glu, VB1 and ethanol were selected as fermentation addictives, after Orthogonal Test, the carotenoid contents increased by 25.73% when adding 0.16 g/L Glu, VB1 10 mg/L and ethanol 0.1% (V/V). After the above optimization, the astaxanthin content increased 6.86 folds, which is 9.12 mg/L. The carotenoids content increased 2.44 folds, which is 10.31 mg/L. The biomass increased 2.27 folds, which is 11.35 g/L. Phaffia rhodozyma grows in the mild temperature range of 0 to 27 ℃, in this work, a thermotolerant mutant was selected through UV-irradiation. It can grows at 35 ℃, and showed increased carotenoid content. The optimal growth temperature for this mutant is 30 ℃. But the mutant can only produce carotenoids with little astaxanthin accumulation.

酿酒酵母和运动发酵单胞菌木薯乙醇发酵条件研究

本文结合我国燃料乙醇发展的方针政策，以酿酒酵母和运动发酵单胞菌为菌种研究其在非粮能源作物木薯中乙醇发酵的情况，为木薯原料更好地应用于生产中提供了理论依据。 酿酒酵母木薯高浓度乙醇发酵的研究。实验采用的木薯干淀粉含量约70-75%。以酿酒酵母为菌种进行高浓度乙醇发酵的工艺条件研究，最佳条件为：木薯干粉碎细度为35目，料水比1：2，α-淀粉酶用量0.09 KNU/g淀粉，蒸煮温度85 ℃，蒸煮时间15 min。采用30 ℃同步糖化发酵工艺，糖化酶用量为3.4 AGU/g淀粉，发酵时间30 h。在10 L发酵罐中，乙醇质量比达127.88 g/kg，发酵效率为88.28%，发酵强度4.263 g/kg/h，100 L中试研究中乙醇浓度为127.75 g/kg，发酵强度4.258 g/kg/h。利用高效液相色谱对发酵液中残糖进行了分析，证明葡萄糖、果糖等单糖已完全被菌体利用，剩余糖为二糖，三糖等不可发酵的低聚糖。 运动发酵单胞菌快速乙醇发酵的研究。对实验室保藏的8株运动发酵单胞菌进行比较，选择发酵速度最快的Zymomonas mobilis232B进行研究。该菌在纯葡萄糖中的最佳发酵条件为：葡萄糖浓度18%，起始pH 6-7，发酵温度30 ℃，发酵时间18 h，乙醇浓度88 g/kg。在以木薯为底物同步糖化快速乙醇发酵中，采用Full Factorial设计和最速上升实验确定了培养基成分中的2个显著性因子及其最适浓度：酵母粉4 g/kg，硫酸铵0.8 g/kg。在最适培养基条件下，对木薯料水比和糖化酶用量进行了优化，得到Z.mobilis232B木薯乙醇发酵最佳料水比1：3，糖化酶浓度4 AGU/g淀粉，乙醇发酵4.915 g/kg/h。利用高效液相色谱对发酵液中残糖进行了分析，剩余糖为二糖，三糖等，但成分较酵母发酵后复杂。 According to the fuel ethanol development plans and policies in our country, the ethanol production from cassava by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis was studied. It provided theoretical basis for ethanol fermentation by cassava in industry. Part 1 is the study of VHG (very high gravity) ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The content of starch in cassava was 70-75%. Compared with the performances under different experimental conditions, the following optimal conditions for VHG fermentation were obtained: Granule size of dry cassava 35 mashes, hydromodulus of cassava to water at 1:2, α-amylase enzyme dosage 0.09 KNU/g starch, cooking temperature 85 ℃ for 15 min, using the SSF process (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) and the amount of glucoamylase 3.4 AGU/g starch. Accordingly, the final ethanol concentration was up to 127.88 g/kg; the ethanol yield reached 88.28%, and ethanol productivity was 4.263 g/kg/h after 30 h. When the fermentation scale expanded to 100 L, the final ethanol concentration was 127.75 g/kg, and the ethanol productivity was 4.258 g/kg/h in 30 h. The residual sugar was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and proved that there was no glucose and fructose. The residual reducing sugar was some unfermentable oligosaccharide Part 2 is the study of the rapid ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis. Compare with other seven stains, Zymomonas mobilis 232B was selected for research. The optimum condition in glucose medium was as follow: glucose concentration 18%, initial pH 6-7, and fermentation temperature 30 ℃. The ethanol concentration was 88g/kg in 18 h. After that, rapid ethanol production from cassava in SSF by Zymomonas mobilis 232B was studied. Through a series of experiments aided by Full Factorial Design and steepest ascent search, the optimal concentration yeast extract and ammonium sulfate were determined: 4 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg, each. Under optimum medium conditions, the optimal hydromodulus of cassava to water and glucoamylase dosages were obtained: hydromodulus of cassava to water at 1:3 and glucoamylase dosages 4 AGU/g starch. The ethanol production reached 4.915 g/kg/h. The residual sugar was analyzed by HPLC, and proved that the residual reducing sugar was some unfermentable oligosaccharide，but the components were more complex than that fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Liquid-liquid extraction of Pa-233(V) with Aliquat 336

The extraction of protactinium with Aliquat 336 (methyl-tri-caprylyl ammonium chloride) in toluene, cyclohexane and chloroform from HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HF and mixed HCl-HF media was investigated by radioactive tracer technique. Distribution ratios of protactinium between the aqueous solution and the organic phase were determined as a function of shaking time, concentrations of acid in aqueous solution phase, extractant concentration and type of diluents in the organic phase. Aliquat 336 can almost quantitatively extract protactinium from strong HCl solution. At the same time, small amounts of HF in HCl solutions have a strong effect on Pa distribution.

Difference of ZSM-5 zeolites synthesized with various templates

ZSM-5 zeolites with similar SUM ratio were synthesized successfully using various templates (n-butylamine (BTA), ethylamine (ETA), isopropylamine (IPA), ethylenediamine (EDA), ethanol (ETL), ethanol-ammonium (ETL-AM) and no template (NT)) under hydrothermal conditions. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, XRF, NH3-TPD and BET surface area measurements in order to understand the template effects and the differences of the ZSM-5 samples. The synthesis of ZSM-5 with organic templates was relatively easier than those with inorganic templates and without template. SEM results revealed that ZSM-5 synthesized with different templates had different morphology and particle size. The Si/Al ratio and BET specific surface area of the sample with ethanol as template was the lowest. NH3-TPD results showed that the sample synthesized without template had fewer strong acid sites than others. n-Hexane cracking reaction was carried out over the samples to evaluate the catalytic properties. All ZSM-5 zeolites were effective in n-hexane cracking reaction, especially for the sample synthesized without template. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The shape parameter of Liposomes and DNA-lipid complexes determined by viscometry utilizing small sample volumes

A minicapillary viscometer utilizing <0.5 ml of sample at a volume fraction of <0.1% is described. The calculated a/b of DPPC/DPPG multilamellar liposome was 1.14 as prolate ellipsoids and a/b of dioleoylpropyltrimethyl ammonium methylsulfate-DNA complex at a charge ratio of 4: 1 (+/-) was 3.7 as prolate ellipsoids or 4.9 as oblate ellipsoids. The deviation of shape from perfect sphere is thus expressed quantitatively in more than two significant figures. In these measurement, the necessary amount of DNA is <0.5 mg.

The study on a PVC membrane electrode for gemfibrozil

In this paper, a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode is prepared for gemfibrozil, 2, 2-dimethyl-5(2,5-xylyloxy) valeric acid, based on its ion pair complexes with hexadecyltrioctyl ammonium iodide (HTOA). The membrane composition of the electrode was optimized by using the sequential level elimination method for orthogonal experimental design. The electrode has a Nernstian response range from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 0.1 mol/l with an average slope of 55.3 mV/decade. The limit of detection is 7.1 X 10(-6) mol/l. The electrode responses were not affected by pH in the range 10.0-12.3. A Na2B4O7-Na2CO3 buffer of pH = 11.0 was selected as the background electrolyte solution for potentiometric measurements. The electrode was used for determining gemfibrozil in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory results.

水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律

人工模拟放水冲刷试验研究结果表明 ,随放水冲刷强度的增大 ,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧 ,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少 ;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时 ,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的 0 .9%～ 3 .5 %和 8.2 %～ 19.7% ,硝酸铵主要随径流流失 ,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微 ;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与 >2 0 μm团聚体相关系数分别为 -0 .893 5、-0 .792 8和 -0 .815 1,2 0 μm直径的团聚体是区分土壤有机质和全氮流失的标准

陕北中部丘陵区土壤肥力现状及提高土地生产力的途径

调查分析了延安宝塔区和安塞县 7个乡镇近三年来的粮食生产 ,肥料投入以及各土地类型的土壤肥力状况 ,表明 :投入的化肥中 ,氮肥以低浓度养分的碳铵为主 ,平均占肥料总量的 38.3% ,从施入土壤的 N、P、K养分来看 ,K比例很小 ,结构不合理。土壤肥力总体水平低 ,且不同土地类型差异大 ;由于各乡镇自然和经济状况的差异 ,土地投入量不同 ,从而导致粮食产量相差悬殊 ,并且年际波动大。提高土地生产力的有效途径是培肥土壤和大力推广农作物高产栽培技术

黄土区退果还耕对黑垆土硝态氮积累和迁移的影响

在黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域,针对塬面、梁地和坡地三种地形,分别选取了盛果期果园、老果园和退果还耕地等,研究了退果还耕条件下,三种地貌类型土壤剖面中水分含量变化及NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N积累和迁移规律。结果表明,无论塬面、梁地或者坡地上,果园土壤水分含量显著降低(10%～14%);果园退耕后,土壤水分开始缓慢恢复。盛果期,塬面NO_3~--N峰值主要处于100—200 cm之间,退果还耕后,100 cm以上土层中NO_3~--N含量降低,100cm以下NO_3~--N积累量在增加,并且峰值不断向下移动。盛果期果园NO_3~--N积累量为631～3032 kg/hm~2;退果还耕地、老果园NO_3~--N积累量都显著高于盛果期果园。盛果期40%以上的NO_3~--N积累在100—200 cm土层,但退果还耕地上50%左右集中分布在200—300 cm土层。土地利用与管理方式的变化对NH_4~+-N分布特征的影响并不明显。

黄土高原典型土壤矿物固定态铵变化的南北差异

采集从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤剖面0—200 cm土层土样,通过测定土样全氮和矿物固定态铵,以阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵及二者比率随地理位置和土层的变异规律,为全面了解黄土高原土壤相对稳定氮库累积提供科学数据。结果表明,不同地理位置、不同土层全氮和矿物固定态铵含量存在显著差异。从南到北全氮和矿物固定态铵呈下降趋势,但各土壤全氮和矿物固定态铵的分布显著不同,全氮含量在0—60 cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60—120 cm有一定下降,120 cm以下低而稳定。矿物固定态铵在全剖面上的分布比较均匀,随土层深度的变化差异不显著,不同土层间的差异基本在误差范围内,土垫旱耕人为土、黄土正常新成土和干润砂质新成土表层(0—10 cm)矿物固定态铵平均含量分别为215.80±7.45、165.80±8.73和146.50±1.83 mg/kg,表层以下(10—200 cm)平均含量分别为193.40±9.67、157.14±5.75和142.02±5.47 mg/kg。从地理位置分析,干润砂质新成土、黄土正常新成土和土垫旱耕人为土表层...

氮素形态和铁营养对玉米苗期生长及体内铁分布的影响

以玉米(Zea mays)品种‘豫玉-22’为材料,采用营养液培养方法,研究了低铁和正常供铁条件下供应不同形态氮素对玉米苗期生长及体内铁分布的影响。结果表明:(1)与低铁介质相比,常铁介质增加了各氮素处理玉米幼苗的株高、地上部干重、全株干重,降低了根冠比,其中硝态氮处理表现得尤其突出;与供应硝态氮(NO3--N)相比,增施铵态氮(1/2 NO3--N+1/2 NH4+-N,NH4+-N)能明显促进低铁介质中玉米生长,但在常铁介质下作用不明显。(2)相比于低铁介质,正常供铁显著提高了相应处理玉米新叶叶绿素含量及净光合速率;2种供铁介质中,NH4+-N处理的新叶叶绿素含量以及净光合速率均高于其它氮素处理。(3)相比于低铁介质,正常供铁处理总体上增加了玉米各部分活性铁含量和全铁含量,对NO3--N处理的新叶活性铁含量增加尤其明显;2种供铁介质中,NH4+-N均有利于提高新叶活性铁含量和植株地上部全铁含量。(4)玉米新叶活性铁含量不仅与其叶绿素含量显著正相关(r=0.979**),也与叶片净光合速率显著正相关(r=0.950**)。研究发现,供铁状况显著影响玉米新叶的叶绿素含量及其净光合速率且与供氮形态存在互作;供应...

设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响

采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。

Preparation and Characterization of BaLiF3:Er3+ Nanoparticles by the Hydrothermal Microemulsion Synthesized Method

Nanoparticles of BaLiF3:Er3+ were prepared from the quaternary microemulsions of Cetyltrim-Enthyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), n-butanol, n-octane, and water, using the hydrothermal-microemulsion technique. The complex fluorides were characterized by means of X-ray power diffraction, Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), and fluorescence spectra.

Efficient and divergent synthesis of cyclophosphamide analogues from 2-arylamino-3-acetyl-5, 6-dihydro-4H-pyrans

A facile and efficient one-pot synthesis of substituted cyclophosphamidic chlorides and their analogues has been developed from readily available enaminones, 2-arylamino-3-acetyl-5,6-dihydro4H-pyrans.