鲫鱼肌肉AChE的提取、纯化及活性研究

以鲫鱼肌肉为原料提取乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE),然后采用改进的Ellman方法按照正交试验设计分别测定不同环境条件(pH值,温度,时间)下粗酶液活性,得到测定AChE活性的最佳条件组合。再将粗酶液依次通过DEAE-Sephadex A-50和Sephadex G-200柱层析纯化。结果表明,3个因素对AChE活性影响的顺序为温度>pH值>时间;最佳酶活性测定条件组合为环境温度35℃,体系pH值8.0,反应时间30 min;经Sephadex A-50柱层析后的纯化倍

利用脉冲场凝胶电泳测定东湖浮游病毒基因组的大小

采用脉冲场凝胶电泳,对东湖水样中的浮游病毒基因组大小进行了测定,显示5条主要核酸带,其大小分别为20、50、100、150和250 kb,以20~60 kb的核酸带为强,而这符合噬菌体和噬藻体的基因组主要范围,进一步证实东湖浮游病毒的优势类群为噬菌体和噬藻体.

银鲫ZP3的表达特征和卵壳ZP3蛋白的分离

克隆得到银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)ZP3基因全长cDNA,在体外表达出银鲫的ZP3融合蛋白,并制备出多抗血清;通过免疫印迹和RT-PCR分析,研究了银鲫ZP3在卵子发生过程中的表达特征和在早期发育胚胎中的状态变化。研究结果表明,银鲫ZP3的转录发生在卵黄发生以前,而ZP3蛋白的翻译起始于卵黄形成阶段,且随着卵母细胞进一步成熟,其含量不断增加。ZP3蛋白的存在状态在受精后和早期胚胎发育过程中发生了明显变化。在受精后5—30min期间,抽提液中原始的ZP3蛋白带迅速消失,取而代

中华鳖造血和免疫器官的个体发育

采用常规孵化的中华鳖胚胎为材料 ,对不同发育时期造血和免疫器官进行了组织学研究 ,描述了卵黄囊、胸腺、肝、脾、肾以及骨髓的形态结构变化。发现胚胎期首先出现的造血器官是卵黄囊。此后 ,卵黄囊的造血干细胞出现在胚体的血循环中 ,造血功能相继在胚胎胸腺、肝、脾、骨髓 (可能还包括肾 )中产生。胸腺是中华鳖免疫系统发育的第一个淋巴器官 ,来自卵黄囊的干细胞在此先分化成小淋巴细胞 ,然后再迁移至脾脏。脾脏发育中首先出现各发育阶段的红细胞、嗜酸性的细胞和少量粒细胞 ,淋巴细胞出现较晚 ,未发现淋巴小结。在胚胎期肝脏发

鄱阳湖渔业资源现状及其环境监测

1 997— 1 999年对鄱阳湖区渔业资源与环境进行了动态监测 ,统计渔获物 2 778kg,生物学测定 1 62 7尾 ,采集到鱼类 1 2 2种 ,隶属于 1 2目 2 1科 77属 ,其中鲤科鱼类种类最多 ,计 65种 ,占 5 3.3%。湖区渔获物个体偏小 ,以 1— 2龄鱼为主 ,鲤、鲫基本上是当年鱼。鄱阳湖现有鲤、鲫产卵场 33处 ,主要分布在湖区东、南、西部 ,年均有效产卵面积 61 6.66km2 ,年均产卵量5 6.85亿。鄱阳湖区湖口、蛤蟆石、星子、康山水域湖水的pH、COD、Cr+

网湖似刺鳊鮈种群生长和死亡率研究

本文根据６６９尾标本，研究长江中游网湖小型经济鱼类似刺鳊的种群生长和死亡率，从理论推导证明，鱼类的生长拐点与其临界年龄是一致的，并据以对网湖似刺鳊等小型经济鱼类的合理渔业对策问题进行了初步分析讨论。

Comparative Expression of Zebrafish Lats1 and Lats2 and Their Implication in Gastrulation Movements

Large tumor suppressor (Lats) is a Ser/Thr kinase, and it presents an important function in tumor suppression. lats was originally identified in Drosophila and recently in mammals. In mammals, it contains two homologues, lats1 and lats2. In the present study, lats1 and lats2 were characterized from zebrafish (Danio rerio), which is the first report of lats in a nonmammalian vertebrate. The primary structure, genomic organization, and phylogenesis of lats from different species were studied, and the results suggest that lats1 is the direct descendant of invertebrate lats, whereas lats2 is formed by genome duplication. In zebrafish, both lats genes are maternally expressed, while they show distinctly different expression profiles during gastrulation. lats1 is almost ubiquitously expressed through development, and lats2 is more prominently expressed in the non-neural ectoderm region of zebrafish gastrula. Most intriguingly, as revealed by cell tracing and gene expression analysis, morpholino-mediated knockdown of either lats1 or lats2 led to obvious defects of cell migration in gastrulation, indicating the functional significance of lats in gastrulation movements. Developmental Dynamics 238:28502859, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

P>Semen sample was collected from two captive adult Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) during physical examination. One individual was aged about 9 years with body length 143 cm (total length) and body weight 46.1 kg in 2003. The age of the other was unknown and its body length was 147 cm and body weight was 43 kg in 2004. Ultrastructure of their spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sperm concentration was 4.17 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ml by the cytometer. The approximate dimensions of the spermatozoa were as follows: head length, 3.366 +/- 0.140 mu m (mean +/- SE, n = 15); head width, 1.896 +/- 0.099 mu m (n = 15); and neck length, 1.004 +/- 0.074 mu m (n = 10). The tail included midpiece, principal piece and terminal piece. The length of the midpiece was 1.882 +/- 0.077 mu m (n = 9). There is no apparent boundary between the principal piece and the terminal piece, so the length of the principal piece and the terminal piece was 44.612 +/- 3.485 mu m (n = 5). Total length of the spermatozoa was 53.314 +/- 4.580 mu m (n = 10). The acrosome covered approximately 45.8% of the anterior portion of the head.

Effects of cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR on the transcription levels of immune-related genes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

Recent studies in mammals have revealed that the cyanobacterial toxin MC-LR suppresses immune functions. Nevertheless, immunotoxic effects of microcystins have been little studied in fish. In this paper, we present the profiles of the immune modulation of MC-LR in grass carp, and quantitative real-time PCR methodology was developed for the measurement of relative transcription changes of six immune-related genes in the spleen and head kidney of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, which were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mu g MC-LR center dot kg(-1) body weight in a three-week period. This study was focused exclusively on gene transcription level changes at different time points after MC-LR exposure, so, only one dose was given. The investigated genes were interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), type I interferon (Type I IFN), peptidoglycan recognition protein-L (PGRP-L), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) genes. The results demonstrated that the transcription levels of the TNF-alpha, type I IFN, and PGRP-L genes in the spleen and head kidney were significantly low at all time points, and those of IL-1 beta were significantly low in the head kidney at different time points. In addition, IgM and MHC-I transcription levels were only significantly low in the spleen and head kidney at 21 d postinjection. The changes in the transcription levels of immune-related genes induced by MC-LR confirmed its effect on inhibiting immune function at the transcription level.

Effects of adrenergic agents on the expression of zebrafish (Danio rerio) vitellogenin Ao1

Teleost vitellogenins (VTGs) are large multidomain apolipoproteins, traditionally considered to be estrogen-responsive precursors of the major egg yolk proteins, expressed and synthesized mainly in hepatic tissue. The inducibility of VTGs has made them one of the most frequently used in vivo and in vitro biomarkers of exposure to estrogen-active substances. A significant level of zebrafish vtgAo1, a major estrogen responsive form, has been unexpectedly found in heart tissue in our present studies. Our studies on zebrafish cardiomyopathy, caused by adrenergic agonist treatment, suggest a similar protective function of the cardiac expressed vtgAo1. We hypothesize that its function is to unload surplus intracellular lipids in cardiomyocytes for "reverse triglyceride transportation" similar to that found in lipid transport proteins in mammals. Our results also demonstrated that zebrafish vtgAo1 mRNA expression in heart can be suppressed by both (x-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine (PE) and beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO). Furthermore, the strong stimulation of zebrafish vtgAo1 expression in plasma induced by the beta-adrenergic antagonist, MOXIsylyl, was detected by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Such stimulation cannot be suppressed by taMOXIfen, an antagonist to estrogen receptors. Thus, Our present data indicate that the production of teleost VTG in vivo can be regulated not only by estrogenic agents, but by adrenergic signals as well. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Distribution of the macroinvertebrate communities in the Xiangxi River system and relationships with environmental factors

Surveys of macroinvertebrates were carried out in the Xiangxi River system during July of 2001. Among the 121 taxa collected, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera dominated (41.7, 26.0, and 24.5% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Two-way indictor species analysis and detrended correspondence analysis divided the 49 sites into four groups based on species composition and relative abundance. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that elevation, SiO2, pH, conductivity, hardness, and NO2-N were significant environmental factors affecting the distribution of macroinvertebrates.

Genome mapping in aquatic animals: Progress and future perspectives

The genome of aquatic animals is poorly understood and information from different taxonomic groups is sketchy. While there have been intensive genomic studies on some fish models, investigations on other fishes and invertebrates have been scarce. Yet there are recently some coordinated studies on genome mapping in a number of aquaculture animals of economic importance. This review summarizes information available on genome mapping of the important fish models and aquaculture animals. The future perspectives of this field of studies are discussed.

Influence of dioxin and metal-contaminated sediment on phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in silver crucian carp

Several biochemical responses were measured in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after exposure to sediments obtained from contaminated Ya-Er Lake, No, 1 pond, and an unpolluted reference site, Honglian Lake. After 1 week of exposure, a significant induction of the phase I biotransformation enzyme (ethoxylresorufin-o-deethylase, EROD) was found (83-fold of control), whereas the phase II biotransformation enzyme (glutathione S-transferase, GST) exhibited a slight, but significant induction (1,4-fold of control) after 4 weeks of exposure. The level of cellular glutathione in the liver was also slightly elevated after 4 weeks of exposure. The delayed response of GST to the contaminants indicates that the phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes are regulated differently in fish. The results suggest that EROD is a sensitive bioindicator to assess the toxicity of dioxin-contamined sediment in the laboratory, (C) 1998 Academic Press.

CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOPLANKTON, PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON AND DETRITUS TO ORGANIC SESTON CARBON LOAD IN A CHANGJIANG FLOODPLAIN LAKE (CHINA)

The relative compositions of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus of seston were studied during the course of inundation in a floodplain lake of central Changjiang (China). Peaks in bacterial biomass developed shortly after flooding, coinciding with the initial leaching of organic nutrients from vegetation submerged under floodwater, and again at high water, shortly before the climax of phytoplankton biomass. Rods predominated the bacterial carbon biomass. Phytoplankton developed a postflood bloom at initial falling, corresponding to the drainage of the lake water into the river. While minimal biomass occurred during the advent of flooding, most likely due to disturbance and dilution. Algal biomass was usually dominated by Chlorophyta. Highest biomass of zooplankton was recorded at the end of the flooding in connection with the decline in turbidity, and once again at early drainage, closely associated with high phytoplankton biomass. Copepods (mainly nauplii) always constituted the majority of zooplankton carbon biomass. Peaks in detrital carbon concentrations were recorded at rising and falling water phases, corresponding respectively to the riverine discharge and decomposition of macrophyte mats. At rising water phase, CPOC was abundant. While during other water phases, this predominance was shifted to FPOC alone. Taken together, average contribution of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus to total seston carbon was 3.29, 21.21, 6.83 and 68.67 %, respectively.