Radioactivity Concentrations in Soils in the Qingdao Area, China

The specific activity concentrations of radionuclides U-238, Th-212, and K-40 of 2300 sampling points in the Qingdao area were measured by an FD-3022 gamma-ray spectrometer. The radioactivity concentrations of U-238, Th-232, and K-40 ranged from 3.3 to 185.3, from 6.9 to 157.2, and from 15.8 to 7834.4 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The air-absorbed dose at I meter above ground, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity were also calculated to systematically evaluate the radiological hazards of the natural radioactivity in Qingdao. The air-absorbed dose, effective annual dose, external hazard index, and radium equivalent activity in the study area were 98.6 nGy h(-1), 0.12 mSv, 0.56, 197 Bq kg(-1), respectively. Compared with the worldwide value, the air-absorbed dose is slightly high, but the other factors are all lower than the recommended value. The natural external exposure will not pose significant radiological threat to the population. In conclusion, the Qingdao area is safe with regard to the radiological level and suitable for living.

Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia similis

One new sesquiterpene, (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*, 3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl]-3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (1), and fifteen known sesquiterpenes, isopalisol (2), luzonensol (3), palisadin B (4), aplysistatin (5), palisadin A (6), 4-hydroxyl-palisudin C (7), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (8), 10-hydroxyaristolan-9-one (9), aristol-8-en-1-one (10), aristolan-9-en-1-one (11), aristolan-1(10)-en-9-one (12), aristolan-1( 10)-en-9-ol (13), aristolan-1(10), 8-diene (14), aristolan-1,9-diene (15) and aristofone (16), were isolated from a sample of marine red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Compounds 2-9, and 16 were isolated for the first time from this species. All these metabolites were submitted for a cytotoxicity assay against the tumor cell line BEL7402 (human liver adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/mL).

An efficient methodology for cryopreservation of spermatozoa of red seabream, Pagrus major, with 2-mL cryovials

The aim of this study was to optimize the cryopreservation protocols for the sperm of red seabream, Pagrus major. The 2-mL cryovials and programmable freezer were employed for cryopreservation. Six extenders, six cryoprotectants in various concentrations ranging from 6 to 20% (v/v), four cooling rates, and three thawing temperatures were evaluated by postthaw sperm motility and fertility. The ratio of sperm to egg for postthaw sperm fertilization trials was experimentally standardized and was optimal at 500:1. The best motility of postthaw sperm (79.4 +/- 4.7% to 88.6 +/- 8.0%), fertilization rates (89.6 +/- 2.9 to 95.6 +/- 1.9%), and hatching rates (85.3 +/- 5.1% to 91.4 +/- 4.3%) were achieved when Cortland extender, dimethyl sulfoxide (15, 18, and 20%) or ethylene glycol (9, 12%) as cryoprotectants, 20 C/min as the cooling rate, and 40 C as the thawing temperature were employed. Moreover, the results on embryonic development were not significantly different between cryopreserved sperm and fresh sperm during incubation process. In conclusion, these methods of cryopreservation of red seabream sperm are suitable for routine aquaculture application and preservation of genetic resources.

夏季雌性藏羚昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2003至2005年的6～9，采用目标动物观察法在可可西里观察夏季雌性藏羚的昼间行为。将雌性藏羚的行为分为觅食、警戒、卧息、移动和“其他”5种类型，各类行为所占时间比例分别为59．1％、7．3％、19．4％、13．0％和1．3％。觅食消耗的时间最多，是藏羚的常见行为，卧息、移动和警戒次之，而“其他”行为消耗时间最短。觅食、警戒、卧息和移动的累计时间在不同时段之间均存在显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）差异。觅食行为存在3个高峰，分别在10：00～11：00，13：00—14：00和18：00～19．00；警戒的高峰期出现在早上08：00～09：00，在15：00～16：00以及17：00～18：00也分别出现小的高峰，但不明显；卧息行为表现为双峰形，分别为11：00～12：00和16：00～17：00。移动行为也表现为双峰，出现在08：00～09：00和15：00～16：00；“其他”行为在各时段间没有明显的，变化趋势．

南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的分类学地位——形态趋同进化实例

受高原抬升所致的水系变迁及人类活动的影响,分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类与黄河干支流种群间的基因交流受到长期限制.作为孤立小群体,探讨其分类学地位及其在小生境中的进化机制对了解青藏高原鱼类多样性和物种的形成、进化具有重要意义.本文采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序方法获得了南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类(n=29)及其近缘种(n=19)共48个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cyt b)基因的全序列(1 140 bp),并以厚唇裸重鱼和尖裸鲤为外群构建了MP和Bayesian系统进化树.南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类29个个体的序列经排序后,发现有100个(8.77%)多态性位点,共定义了16个单倍型,在系统进化树上分布于截然不同的两个族群中.其中5个单倍型(NMX3、6、7、13、15)与其近缘种花斑裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤形成单系群(MP 99%,Bayesian 98%),而其余11个单倍型(NMX1、2、4、5、8、9、10、11、12、14、16)与黄河干支流的黄河裸裂尻鱼形成另一个单系群(MP 99%,Bayesian 99%).序列差异分析显示,分布于不同族群的南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类之间存在较大的碱基差异(平均为7.42%),显示出种间差异水平,表明分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类可能是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼形态相似种的复合体.结合青藏高原隆升所致的气候环境变化和高原北部水系变迁的事件,推断形态趋同进化可能导致了南门峡河流裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的共存,而小生境自然选择压力是引发适应性形态趋同进化的主要原因.

Separation and determination of the major active components in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia franchetiana by HPLC with DAD

A sensitive and specific reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was established for the quantitative determination of the nine active components, namely, swertiamarin (SWM, 1), mangiferin (MA, 2), gentipicroside (GE, 3), sweroside (SWO, 4), isoorientin (IS, 5), swertisin (SWS, 6), swertianolin (SWN, 7), 7-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-1 -> 2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (RX, 8), and bellidifolin (BE, 9) used as the external standard, in Tibetan folk medicinal species Swertia franchetiana. Based on the baseline chromatographic separation of most components from the methanolic extract of Swertia franchetiana on a reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C8 column with water-acetonitrile-formic acid as mobile phase, the nine components were identified by comparison with standard samples and qualified by using the external standard method with DAD at 254 nm. The correlation coefficients of all the calibration curves were found to be higher than 0.9980. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the peak areas and retention times for the nine standards were less than 2.07% and 2.86%, respectively.

Determination of free fatty acids in soil and bryophyte plants by precolumn derivatization via HPLC with fluorescence detection and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)

A sensitive method for the determination of 30 kinds of free fatty acids (FFAs, C-1-C-30) with 1-[2-(p-toluenesulfonate)-ethyl]-2-phenylimidazole-[4,5-f] 9,10-phenan- threne (TSPP) as labeling reagent and using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and identification by online postcolumn mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source in positive-ion mode (HPLC/MS/APCI) has been developed. TSPP could easily and quickly label FFAs in the presence of K2CO3 catalyst at 90 degrees C for 30 min in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, and maximal labeling yields close to 100% were observed with a 5-fold excess of molar reagent. Derivatives were stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. TSPP was introduced into fatty acid molecules and effectively augmented MS ionization of fatty acid derivatives and led to regular MS and MS/MS information. The collision induced cleavage of protonated molecular ions formed specific fragment ions at m/z [MH](+)(molecular ion), m/z [M'+CH2CH2](+)(M' was molecular mass of the corresponding FFA) and m/z 295.0 (the, mass of protonated molecular core structure of TSPP). Fatty acid derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase Eclipse XDB-C-8 column (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 mu m, Agilent) with a good baseline resolution in combination with a gradient elution. Linear ranges of 30 FFAs are 2.441 x 10(-3) to 20 mu mol/L, detection limits are 3.24 similar to 36.97 fmol (injection volume 10 mu L, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, S/N 3:1). The mean interday precision ranged from 93.4 to 106.2% with the largest mean coefficients of variation (R.S.D.) < 7,5%. The mean intraday precision for all standards was < 6.4% of the expected concentration. Excellent linear responses were observed with correlation coefficients of > 0.9991. Good compositional data could be obtained from the analysis of extracted fatty acids from as little as 200 mg of bryophyte plant samples.Therefore, the facile TSPP derivatization coupled with HPLC/MS/APCI analysis allowed the development of a highly sensitive method for the quantitation of trace levels of short and long chain fatty acids from biological and natural environmental samples.

特提斯喜马拉雅带晚白垩世-始新世沉积源区分析及其构造意义

Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) is located at the frontier of the India-Asia collision zone, which can preserve critical information about collision. This paper reports detailed petrology, geochemistry, spinels electron microprobe data, and in situ U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from the late Cretaceous to early Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba area, south Tibet that provide important constraints on the early tectonic evolution of the India-Asia collision. In Gyantze, the lithic arkose in Zongzhuo mélange is characterized by, SiO2 =80.4%, Al2O3=8.6%, Na2O=1.6%, K2O=1.1%, LaN/YbN=8.90, and εNd (0) =-10.27. Spinels compositions are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.1%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 80. The largest population of detrital zircons is within the 73-169Ma range with high εHf (t) and > 500 Ma with complex εHf (t) values. The lithic arkose in Rilang conglomerate is characterized by, SiO2 =56.5%, Al2O3=15.6%, Na2O=4.7%, K2O=0.6%, LaN/YbN=5.00-5.29, and εNd (0) =1.92. Spinels of 2006T98 display high TiO2 (generally >0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 85, other spinels are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 60 and 90. The largest population of detrital zircons is within 90-146 Ma range with high εHf (t). The lithic arkose in Jiachala formation is characterized by, SiO2 =64.6%, Al2O3=12.1%, Na2O=1.9%, K2O=1.8%, LaN/YbN=7.73-9.13, and εNd (0) =-5.52~-8.43. Spinels in the Jiachala formation have low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number between 39 and 88. Detrital zircons have a wide range of age distribution of 82-3165Ma with complex εHf (t). In Gamba, The quartze sandstone in Jidula formation is characterized by, SiO2=97.4%, Al2O3=0.9%, Na2O=0.03%, K2O=0.18%, LaN/YbN=18.70-21.684, and εNd (0) between -13.1~-7.4. While the lithic arkose in Zhepure formation is characterized by, SiO2=68.4%, Al2O3=7.3%, Na2O=1.15%, K2O=0.52%, LaN/YbN=6.09-8.99, and εNd(0)=-5.8~-6.3. Based on our geochemical analysis, spinles electron microprobe data, U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons of the late Cretaceous-Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba, southern Tibet, the following major conclusions can be drawn: 1. In Gyantze, the Zongzhuo mélange was mainly derived from accretionary prism/THS of continental slop and Gangdese arc. Rilang conglomerate was totally from Gangdese arc. The Jiachala formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 2. In Gamba, the Jidula formation was from India craton, while the Zhepure formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 3. The deposite of Zongzhuo mélange and Rilang conglomerate (73-55Ma) marks the collision between India and Asia. 4. Late Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution is consistent with foreland basin system.

渭南地区末次冰期以来的蜗牛化石记录及古气候古环境研究

In this study, 172 mollusk assemblages from the Weinan loess section in the southeast of Loess Plateau, China, were identified quantitatively at relative high resolution. The results show: 1) the history and processes of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in Weinan since the last 70 ka; 2) the characteristics of climatic changes during the period of the last glacial maximum (LGM); 3) the spatial pattern of paleoclimate variations at the south and middle parts of the Loess Plateau during the LGM period; 4) the timing of the last deglaciation and the return event of rapid climate change during the last deglaciation. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) 172 mollusk samples taken from the uppermost 9 m deposits cover the past 70 ka, which were sampled at the internals of 5 cm for S_0, 3 cm for L_(1-1) and L_(1-2), and 10 cm for L_(1-3), L_(1-4) and L_(1-5). Author analyzed quantitatively all individuals including broken pieces of snail shells, percentages of 15 species identified from 172 samples. Three main groups were determined according to the ecological requirement of each taxon. Based on the variations of three ecological groups and typical ecological species, The author intended to reconstruct the history of and processes of climate and environment since the last 70 ka in the Weinan region. The climate and environment in this region experienced the following changes: relative warm and humid stage from 67.5-20.3 cal. ka B.P., a period of forest-steppe or steppe developed; cold and arid stage from 20.3-15.5 cal. ka B.P., a dry steppe period, later wetter and colder; cold and humid period once time from 15.5 to 12.3 cal. ka B.P., a typical steppe or forest-steppe stage; cold and humid again from 12.3 cal. ka B.P. to 8.2 cal. ka B.P., a tropical steppe stage; warm and humid climate, a forest-steppe developed. 2) The climate during the period of the last glacial maximum (LGM) in Weinan was characterized by a general cold-humid condition, represented by occurrence of a number of the cool-humidiphilous mollusk species such as Gastocopta amigerella and Vallonia cf. pulchella in the section. 3) Comparison of the variations in abundance of Puncture orphana at Weinan with those at Luochuan and Changwu sections suggests that the summer monsoon intensity influenced differently at the three regions during the LGM period. The Weinan was weaker summer monsoon impact during all the period, the Luochuan was influenced occasionally, and Changwu was only a very short time affected, which indicated it might be located at the western margin of the summer monsoon influence during that period. 4) The ratio of thermo-humidiphilous mollusk group to cold-aridiphilous one shows an increase tendency at about 15 cal. ka B.P., reflecting the climate warming after the deglaciation in Weinan, which is approximately corresponding to the timing of warming period of the last deglaciation, found in the East Atlantic Ocean, the South China Sea and the Loess Plateau (indicated by the phytolith study). 5) A remarkable decrease in the number of thermo-humidiphilous and cool-humidiphilous mollusk species from 12.7 - 11.6 cal. ka B.P. indicates a cooling in climate and might be the reflection of the Younger Dryas event in Weinan. 6) Variations in the ratios of thermo-humidiphilous mollusk species to cold-aridiphilous ones reflect the climate instability in Holocene. There were four warm-humid periods (10-8.1 cal. ka B.P., 6.9-6.1 cal. ka B.P., 5.2-2.6cal. ka B.P., 1.6cal. ka B.P. to the present ) and three relative cold-arid periods (8.1-6.9 cal. ka B.P., 6.1-5.2 cal. ka B.P., 2.6-1.6 cal. ka B.P.), showing about a 1,000 year climatic oscillation.

四川冕宁稀土矿床碳酸岩PGE地球化学初步研究

报道了四川冕宁稀土矿床碳酸岩7件样品的PGE和Au含量分析结果，其含量（WB／10^-9）范围分别为Ir0．5～0．78，Ru 1．61～6．75，Rh 0．08～0．14，Pt 2．62～12．15，Pd 1．11γ3．65和Au1．24～8．61。原始地幔标准化的PGE模式呈Ru、Pt、Pd相对富集和Ir、Rh相对亏损的“燕子型”。分析认为，碳酸岩具有一定携带PGE的能力；本区碳酸岩具“燕子型”PGE配分模式可能是其源区地幔PGE配分模式的反演；深源富CO2流体交代作用原始地幔可能是形成其“燕子型”PGE配分模式主要因素。