105 resultados para 492


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Field measurements of salinity, wind and river discharge and numerical simulations of hydrodynamics from 1978 to 1984 are used to investigate the dynamics of the buoyant plume off the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China during summer. The studies have shown that there are four major horizontal buoyant plume types in summer: Offshore Bulge Spreading (Type I), West Alongshore Spreading (Type II), East Offshore Spreading (Type III), and Symmetrical Alongshore Spreading (Type IV). River mouth conditions, winds and ambient coastal currents have inter-influences to the transport processes of the buoyant plume. It is found that all of the four types are surface-advected plumes by analysing the vertical characteristic of the plumes, and the monthly variations of the river discharge affect the plume size dominantly. The correlation coefficient between the PRE plume size and the river discharge reaches 0.85 during the high river discharge season. A wind strength index has been introduced to examine the wind effect. It is confirmed that winds play a significant role in forming the plume morphology. The alongshore wind stress and the coastal currents determine the alongshore plume spreading. The impact of the ambient currents such as Dongsha Current and South China Sea (SCS) Warm Current on the plume off the shelf has also assessed. The present study has demonstrated that both the river discharge and wind conditions affect the plume evolution.

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本研究首次揭示了皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai) 血细胞内存在着利用活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)的抗病机制。为今后我国研究贝类的活性氧抗病机制和筛选免疫药物提供了理论基础。本研究主要结果如下:1. 利用鲁米诺(Luminol, 3-氨基邻苯二甲酰肼)为依赖的化学发光法在体外条件下用不同刺激物(酵母细胞和酵母聚糖)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞进行刺激,测定血细胞吞噬活动中历经呼吸爆发产生活性氧的化学发光反应。结果表明皱纹盘鲍血细胞在体外条件下,经刺激物诱导吞噬活动中有明显的呼吸爆现象和很强的活性氧产生。不同有刺激物诱导血细胞产生的化学发光强度不同;同一刺激物的不同处理和不同浓度对血细胞产生活性氧的化学发光强度的影响不同。刺激物经皱纹盘鲍自体血清调理和未经调理对血细胞刺激所产生的化学发光强度不同。SOD和NaN_3对皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬过程中活性氧产生的化学发光有抑制作用。上述结果证明了皱纹盘鲍血细胞内存在有象高等动物血细胞内一样的MPO-H_2O-卤素系统的氧化性抗病机制,即在血细胞吞噬异物过程中能够释放活性氧(ROS)对异物进行杀灭的功能。2. 利用活性氧清除剂(过氧化氢酶、SOD、苯甲酸钠、2,5-二甲基呋喃、NBT和EDTA等)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞释放的活性氧进行分类测试,结果表明活性氧清除剂对皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬的化学发光都有明显的抑制作用,从而证明皱纹盘鲍血细胞能够释放的活性氧的种类有:超氧阴离子(O_2~-),过氧化氢(H_2O_2),羟自由基(OH~·)和单线态氧(~1O_2)。3. 在体外条件下利用化学发光法定量地研究了不同种类和不同浓度的农药:对硫磷(Parathion)、敌敌畏(Dichlorovos)、乐果(Dimethoate)、2,4-D 丁酯(2,4-D butylester)和甲胺磷(Methamidophos)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞氧化性抗病机制的影响。结果显示不同农药对皱纹鲍血细胞产生ROS的影响程度不同,及同一种农药的不同浓度的浸泡1h或浸泡12h处理皱纹盘鲍血细胞都能够抑制血细胞吞噬时的化学发光,表明农药能够抑制皱纹敌国鲍血细胞吞噬活动中的活性氧(ROS)的产生,而且这种抑制作用随着农药浓度的增加而加强。几种农药抑制皱纹盘鲍血细胞产生活性氧(ROS)的强度不同:2,4D-丁酯,敌敌畏和乐果的抑制作用强于对硫磷和甲胺磷。同时测定了不同浓度的农药浸泡12h后的皱纹盘鲍因细胞吞噬酵母细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,结果显示多数农药在低浓度时能够提高皱纹盘鲍血细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,而在高浓度时则能抑制血细胞吞噬酵母细胞的活力而降低血细胞的吞噬百分率的吞噬指数。4. 在体外条件下利用化学发光法定量地研究了不同种类和不同浓度的重金属:铭(Cr)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞氧化性抗病机制的影响。结果显示不同种类和不同浓度的重金属浸泡1hr.处理皱纹盘鲍血细胞都不同程度地抑制了血细胞吞噬时的化学发光,表明重金属能够抑制皱纹盘鲍血细胞吞噬活动中的活性氧(ROS)的产生,而且这种抑制作用随着重金属浓度的增加而加强。不同的重金属抑制强度不同,从强到弱依次为Hg > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr > Zn. 研究表明六种重金属中,Hg对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的免疫毒性最大。

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We conducted this study to assess the diversity of bacteria associated with the surfaces of algae based on 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Twelve strains of bacteria were obtained from the surfaces of the following four species of algae: Gracilaria textorii, Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, and Polysiphonia urceolata. The isolated strains of bacteria can be divided into two groups: Halomonas and Vibrio, in physiology, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analyses. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on 16S rDNA sequences of the isolates shows four obvious clusters, Halomonas venusta, Vibrio tasmaniensis, Vibrio lentus, and Vibrio splendidus. Isolates from the surface of P. urceolata are more abundant and diverse, of which strains P9 and P28 have a 16S rDNA sequence very similar (97.5%-99.8%) to that of V. splendidus. On the contrary, the isolates from the surfaces of G textorii, U. pertusa and L. japonica are quite simple and distribute on different branches of the phylogenetic tree. In overall, the results of this study indicate that the genetic relationships among the isolates are quite close and display a certain level of host species specificity, and alga-associated bacteria species are algal species specific.

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The concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), sedimentation flux, and various forms of phosphorus and silica in turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary was studied. Based on the budget of P and Si, their mass balances in the TMZ were calculated. Results show that the variation in concentration of dissolved inorganic silicon (DISi) was mainly controlled by seawater dilution, while that of dissolved inorganic phosphor-us (DIP) was considerably affected by the buffering of suspended matter and sediment. Our experiments showed that the sedimentation fluxes of SPM and particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP), total particulate phosphorus (TPP), particulate inorganic silicon (PISi), and biological silicon (BSi) in the TMZ were 238.4 g m(-2) d(-1) and 28.3, 43.1, 79.0, 63.0 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively. In addition, a simple method to estimate the ratio of resuspension of sediment in the TMZ was established, with which the rate in surface and bottom waters of the TMZ accounted for 55.7 and 66.1% of the total SPM, respectively, indicating that the sediment resuspension in the TMZ influenced significantly the mass balances of P and Si. Particulate adsorbed P (60.8%) and 35.5% of total particulate P discharged from the river were filtered and then deposited in the TMZ. The input flux of PIP from the river mouth was 55.9% of that of DIP, being important as biologically available P, while that of PISi was only 3.5% of DISi, showing that particulate adsorbed Si was much less important than particulate adsorbed P. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Sulfanilamide derivatives of chitosan (2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-chitosan (HSACS, LSACS), 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-sulfo-chitosan (HSACSS, LSACSS) and 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanimide)-6-carboxymethyl-chitosan (HSACMCS, LSACMCS)) were prepared using different molecular weights of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and chitosan sulfates (CSS) reacted with 4-acetamidobenzene sulfonyl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The structures of the derivatives were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, which showed that the substitution degree of sulfanilamide group of HSACS, HSACSS, HSACMCS, LSACS, LSACSS and LSACMCS were 0.623, 0.492, 0.515, 0.576, 0.463 and 0.477, respectively. The solubility of the derivatives (pH < 7.5) was higher than that of chitosan (pH < 6.5). The antifungal activities of the derivatives against Aiternaria solani and Phomopsis asparagi were evaluated based on the method of Jasso et al. in the experiment. The results indicated that all the prepared sulfanilamide derivatives had a significant inhibiting effect on the investigated fungi in the polymer concentration range from 50 to 500 mu g mL(-1). The antifungal activities of the derivatives increased with increasing the molecular weight, concentration or the substitution degree. The sulfanilamide derivatives of CS, CMCS and CSS show stronger antifungal activities than CS, CMCS and CSS. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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In the present study, we used the eddy covariance method to measure CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem (37°36'N, 101°18'E; 3 250 m a.s.l.) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the growing season in 2003, from 20 April to 30 September. This meadow is dominated by formations of Potentilla fruticosa L. The soil is Mol-Cryic Cambisols. During the study period, the meadow was not grazed. The maximum rates of CO2 uptake and release derived from the diurnal course of CO2 flux were -9.38 and 5.02 μmol•m-2•s-1, respectively. The largest daily CO2 uptake was 1.7 g C•m-2•d-1 on 14 July, which is less than half that of an alpine Kobresia meadow ecosystem at similar latitudes. Daily CO2 uptake during the measurement period indicated that the alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem may behave as a sink of atmospheric CO2 during the growing season. The daytime CO2 uptake was correlated exponentially or linearly with the daily photo synthetic photon flux density each month. The daytime average water use efficiency of the ecosystem was 6.47 mg CO2/g H2O. The efficiency of the ecosystem increased with a decrease in vapor pressure deficit.

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对生长在青藏高原不同海拔地区的多年生高山植物珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum L.)的抗氧化系统进行了测试,以探讨高山植物对于高寒环境的适应机理.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,叶绿素a(chla)、叶绿素b(chlb)含量明显下降,chla/chlb增大,珠芽蓼叶和根细胞的膜脂过氧化均加剧,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加.3种抗氧化酶的活性受到明显影响,其中叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,随海拔升高而活性降低,而均与根中的变化趋势相反.过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随海拔升高呈增强的趋势,且叶片中活性较根中变化明显.抗坏血酸(ASA)随海拔的升高,含量呈明显增加.膜脂过氧化与抗氧化物酶的变化具有不一致性,这可能表明两种抗氧化系统之间存在一定的协同作用,特别是高含量的抗坏血酸,可能在高山植物适应高寒环境的胁迫方面具有更加重要的作用.图5表1参22

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全球据科学家估计有1400×10^4种生物,但其丧失速度非常惊人。文中指出目前大约有492种乔木的遗传多样性受到威胁;未来将有5%-20%的动植物种群濒临灭绝,6×10^4种植物在今后20a里可能灭绝。生物多样性丧失原因为:生物资源需求量的剧增,但管理不力,缺乏利益权衡,不合理的生产活动,自然栖息地被人为占用,土壤、空气、水的污染等等。

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供应链协调在国际供应链管理领域备受关注,是涉及多学科高度交叉、知识广泛集成的前沿热点研究领域。它综合了经济学、管理学、营销学、现代网络及信息科学等技术,通过供应链各利益实体之间竞争、协作,实现供应链整体效益的提升。其作为我国实现产业结构优化升级的重要途径,已经成为企业继自然资源、人力资本后的第三个利润增长源泉。 本论文在深入研究供应链管理、供应链协调及契约理论的基础上,分析指出了供应链契约协调研究发展的趋势。依据该趋势本文主要研究的内容是对当前供应链契约协调理论研究的补充和扩展。本文立足于解决我国供应链管理及协调中诸多实际问题,针对现代市场环境中客户需求个性化、多样性及不确定性的特点,研究了供应链契约的统一框架,方法及技术路线,重点研究了客户需求驱动的供应链分销契约协调问题,建立了不同条件下的契约优化模型,给出基于博弈均衡解的一系列证明,并分析了契约参数对供应链整体及各成员绩效的影响,最后基于SOA架构设计并实现了契约自动协商平台。论文的主要研究内容包括以下4个方面: 1. 建立了多对一供应链、确定性客户需求、完全信息下的契约优化模型。基于多个竞争的制造商和一个独立的、共同的零售商组成的多对一供应链分销过程,在客户需求与零售价线性相关、双方掌握完全信息的情况下,针对零售商的保留利润内生给定的特点,建立了收入共享契约框架下的Stackelberg博弈模型和数量折扣契约、两部费用契约下的契约参数优化模型;分析了契约的不同提供方、契约类型的选择和契约参数的优化对供应链整体绩效及利润在各方分配的影响;证明了当制造商所提供的产品具有高度可替代性时,实际增加了零售商的内生保留利润,即增强了零售商相对于制造商的议价能力,在这种情况下,制造商将更倾向于提供批发价契约而不是较为复杂的契约形式。最后通过数值仿真实验,分析验证了上述理论研究的结果。 2.构建了两阶段供应链、短视客户需求、不对称信息、产能约束条件下的混合契约优化模型。针对由单制造商和单零售商组成的双寡头垄断供应链、基于短视客户需求的报童模型、各方需求预测信息不对称的情况,建立了由预购契约和回购契约组成的改进型回购契约优化模型。通过该契约模型同时实现了协同预测、产能优化和供应链分销协调的目的。通过数值仿真实验,验证了改进型回购契约下的供应链协调。通过风险-利润边际和信息不对称度阐述了两段供应链无效性的原因。 3.建立了三阶段供应链、策略型需求、完全信息下的契约优化模型。在由制造商、零售商和理性客户组成的三阶段供应链结构中,根据理性客户及其对产品需求具有策略性的特点,基于零售商和客户间的理性预期均衡构建了研究策略型客户行为的模型框架。分析了集中式供应链绩效与批发价契约及价格补偿契约下分散式供应链绩效的关系,得出在这些契约协调下的策略型客户需求驱动型供应链分销渠道中,分散式供应链绩效严格优于集中式供应链绩效的创新性结论。 4.构建了基于SOA的契约自动协商平台。综合上述契约优化理论研究结论和已有的研究成果,抽象、封装了包含契约类型和契约参数的契约优化服务模型库。基于面向服务的体系架构(SOA)思想,运用数据挖掘软件Weka细化客户需求类型及供应链环境,采用Web Service技术封装各种契约服务,利用企业服务总线(ESB)提供各服务组件绑定、交互和管理通道,以及通过BPEL建模工具对各种服务进行符合逻辑的编排、重组和发布。通过所构建的契约协商平台,实现了供应链分销过程中契约协商的网络化、自动化、智能化和柔性化。

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文章以金川和红原两组泥炭纤维素Δδ13C 时间序列值的反向变化来指示西太平洋副热带高压活动变化。结果表明,在过去5 000 年中,西太平洋副热带高压的活动可分为4 个阶段,即西太平洋副热带高压位置在2800~2200 B. C. 期间持续偏北,2200~600 B. C. 期间持续偏南,600 B. C. ~ 1200 A.D. 期间在北进与南移之间频繁波动,以及1200 ~1900A. D. 期间再次持续偏北,它们导致降雨量在中国大陆上不同的分布。从约1900A. D. 起西太平洋副热带高压的活动似乎又开始一个新的偏南阶段,值得进一步加强研究。

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有机氮含量和C:N比的变化可能是有机质降解和富营养化水体升高的共同结果。红枫湖接受较多的工业和农业废水,其NO3-的δ15N平均值分别为+15.68‰和+8.11‰。废水氮的输入改变了湖泊DIN的氮同位素组成。由于水生生物在同化吸收水体DIN的时候倾向于优先吸收14N,因此产生的生物体δ15N值低于湖水DIN的δ15N值,但这种变化较工业废水输入引起的δ15N值升高意义可能较小。故该湖泊现代沉积有机物δ15N值的变化可以认为主要是工业和农业废水排放量变化的结果。从上述沉积有机物δ15N值的变化可知,红枫湖

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花岗岩成因与壳幔作用有着密切的联系,花岗岩成分不单来源于地壳, 还有地幔物质的参与,不同程度的壳幔混合可形成类型多样的花岗质岩石.本文简要总结了在俯冲作用、底侵作用、拆沉作用及地幔柱活动过程中花岗质岩浆的形成, 并对此类花岗岩的岩石学及地球化学特征进行了描述.鉴于此, 可初步判断花岗岩的形成是否与壳幔相互作用有关, 但还没有一种统一的模式能对其进行有效的解释.