162 resultados para retention parameters
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猪场废水COD浓度高、氨氮浓度高、悬浮物浓度高,已成为农村面源污染的主要来源,并严重威胁到农村饮用水安全。猪场废水氨氮浓度高、处理难度大,如何采用经济高效的方法,去除氨氮使其达到排放标准,一直是猪场废水处理中面临的重要难题。 厌氧氨氧化是近年受到国内外水处理研究者广泛关注的新型生物脱氮技术,具有不需要外加有机碳源、节省供氧量、降低能耗等优点。虽然国内外研究者对厌氧氨氧化过程的脱氮机理、厌氧氨氧化菌的生理生化特性等进行了多方面的研究,但已有的报道大多以模拟废水为研究对象,以猪场废水为研究对象的报道,在国内外文献中极少有报导。 本论文以猪场废水为主要研究对象,考察了猪场废水的亚硝化过程、厌氧氨氧化的启动过程,并对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化联合用于猪场废水脱氮进行了探索。 1.论文首先研究了猪场废水的亚硝化过程,考察了废水水质和主要运行条件对亚硝化过程的影响。实验表明:(1)亚硝化阶段反应时间为8到10h时,出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度比可达到1:1~1:1.23,满足厌氧氨氧化反应对二者比例的要求;达到前述要求时,氨氮去除率达到58.3~65.6 %,亚硝化率在整个过程均保持在97 %以上,COD去除率在59.2~68.6 %;(2)曝气量(溶解氧)对亚硝化过程影响显著,随着曝气量增大,达到厌氧氨氧化要求的氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例所需水力停留时间τ越短,pH出现明显下降的时间越短;(3)τ对应的pH在7.8~8.1之间,无需进行pH调节即可满足厌氧氨氧化反应对pH的要求;(4)氨氮和COD降解过程遵循一级反应动力学,氨氮和COD降解的速率常数分别为0.0656~0.0724 1/h和0.0491~0.0664 1/h。 2.在进行亚硝化过程研究的同时,以模拟废水为试验对象,进行厌氧氨氧化启动研究。以反硝化污泥和养殖厂储水池厌氧底泥的混合污泥作为接种污泥,历时大约100天,培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮最高进水浓度分别为223.8 mg/L和171.4 mg/L,去除率最高分别达48%和41.5%,此时二者消耗比例为1.33:1。 3.在猪场废水的亚硝化研究完成和厌氧氨氧化过程初步启动成功后,在模拟废水中逐步加入猪场废水的亚硝化处理出水,逐步实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的组合。亚硝化出水添加到厌氧反应器后,厌氧氨氧化反应仍可继续进行,且去除效率逐步提高。研究发现添加的亚硝化出水中携带的亚硝化细菌在厌氧氨氧化菌膜外层生长并累积,增加了厌氧氨氧化反应基质的传质阻力,妨碍了厌氧氨氧化效率的提高。 4.亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化实际工程应用探索中,生物接触氧化池可在有效去除废水中的有机物的同时实现亚硝化,出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐比例平均为1.10,可满足后续厌氧氨氧化的要求;在适宜的进水浓度和温度下,ABR池出现了厌氧氨氧化启动的迹象;研究同时发现,水质的波动和气温的变化是工程中影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性的重要因素。 论文的主要创新点在于:(1)以猪场废水为研究对象,以实现厌氧氨氧化为目标,对亚硝化过程进行了比较详细的考察,获得了亚硝化出水满足厌氧氨氧化要求的工艺条件,通过对其COD和氨氮降解过程的考察,得出亚硝化阶段COD降解和氨氮去除的动力学模型;(2)对亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水进行了探索,确立了影响其污染物去除率稳定的重要因素。 论文的上述研究成果,为厌氧氨氧化技术的实用性研究提供理论依据。 Piggery wastewater, which is characterized by high concentration of COD、ammonium and suspend substance, has become a most important source of non-point source pollution and also severely threats drinking water security in rural area. How to discharge piggery wastewater with the ammonium concentration meeting standard by economical and effective method? This is the most urgent problem in piggery wastewater treatment. As a new biological nitrogen removal technology, Anammox process has been paid more and more attention by researchers all over the world. Anammox has advantages of no need of organic carbon addition, low oxygen consumption and energy consumption. Plenty of investigations have been carried out to the mechanism, physiological and biochemical characteristic of bacteria about Anammox. Most of researches focused on synthetic wastewater, there is rare report about its application in piggery wastewater. In this paper,experimental studies were performed to investigate Sharon process in treatment of piggery wastewater,the start up process of Annammox using synthetic wastewater were studied, the feasibility of applying Sharon-Anammox process in the nitrogen removal of piggery wastewater was evaluated. 1. Sharon process of piggery wastewater was firstly investigated to analyze the effects of water quality and main running parameters, which meet the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of successive Anammox. Results showed: (1)During Sharon Process,after 8~10 hours’ reaction the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio in effluent reached 1:1.0~1:1.23, when the removal percentage of NH4+-N was 58.3~65.6 %, a semi-nitration rate of above 97 % was achieved during the process; meanwhile 59.2~68.6 % of the COD was also removed. (2)The aeration rate(oxygen) had obvious effect on the hydraulic retention time(τ) which met the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of Anammox. As aeration rate increased, the hydraulic retention time(τ) was shortened. (3) The pH corresponding to τ was between 7.8 and 8.1, thus it needed no artificial adjustment. (4) The reduction of ammonia and COD followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The velocity constants of ammonia and COD were 0.0656~0.0724 1/h and 0.0491~0.0664 1/h, respectively. 2. The startup of Anammox process using the artificial wastewater was performed simultaneously with Sharon. The aim was to investigate the running parameters of Anammox and make foundation for the combination stage. By using the mixture of denitrifying sludge and anaerobic sludge in tank of the breeding factory, sludge of Anammox activity was cultivated in UASB after 100 days. The removal percentage of NH4+-N and NO2-N were up to 48% and 41.5%, respectively, when the NH4+-N and NO2-N influent concentration were 223.8 mg/L and 171.4 mg/L, respectively, the NH4+-N and NO2-N removal rate was 1.33:1. 3. After investigation of Sharon and startup of Anammox, effluent of Sharon process was added into the synthetic wastewater to combine Sharon and Anammox step by step. It took some time after the addition of Sharon effluent that Anammox reaction continued and the removal rate kept increasing. It indicated that nitrifying bacteria were carried by the Sharon effluent cumulated in the outer layer of Anammox. This enhanced transfer resistance of Anammox reaction and the increasing removal rate was restrained. 4. In the bio-contact oxidation pond of practical project, Sharon process were carried out successfully and organic compounds were removed effectively. An average NO2-N/ NH4+-N rate of 1:1.0 was achieved in the effluent, which met the requirement of successive Anammox. Under condition of suitable influent concentration and temperature, there was evidence that Anammox could start up in ABR. The variety of wastewater and temperature had great affects on Anammox activity in practical engineering. Innovation of this paper: (1) The Sharon process for treating piggery wastewater was discussed in details. Technological parameters that met requirement of Anammox were obtained. The dynamic models of COD and ammonium removal in the process were educed. (2) Sharon-Ananmmox for treatment of piggery wastewater was investigated, and the primary influencing factors was studied. This paper could be a theoretical consult for research of Anammox utility.
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Influences of the isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section and the momentum-dependant interaction (MDI) on the isotope scaling are investigated by using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model (IQMD). The results show that both the isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section and the momentum-dependent interaction affect the isoscaling parameters appreciably and independently. The influence caused by the isospin dependence of two-body collision is relatively larger than that from the MDI in the mean field. Aiming at exploring the implication of isoscaling behaviour, which the statistical equilibrium in the reaction is reached, the statistical properties in the mass distribution and the kinetic energy distribution of the fragments simulated by IQMD are presented.
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We report the electrochemical growth of gold nanowires with controlled dimensions and crystallinity. By systematically varying the deposition conditions, both polycrystalline and single-crystalline wires with diameters between 20 and 100 nm are successfully synthesized in etched ion-track membranes. The nanowires are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The influence of the deposition parameters, especially those of the electrolyte, on the nanowire structure is investigated. Gold sulfite electrolytes lead to polycrystalline structure at the temperatures and voltages employed. In contrast, gold cyanide solution favours the growth of single crystals at temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees C under both direct current and reverse pulse current deposition conditions. The single-crystalline wires possess a [110] preferred orientation.
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We present a numerical study of shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of symmetric nuclear matter, pure neutron matter, and beta-stable nuclear matter, in the framework of the Brueckner theory. The calculation of in-medium cross sections and nucleon effective masses is performed with a consistent two- and three-body interaction. The investigation covers a wide baryon density range as needed in the applications to neutron stars. The results for the transport coefficients in beta-stable nuclear matter are used to make preliminary predictions on the damping time scales of nonradial modes in neutron stars.
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The Landau parameters of Skyrme interactions in the spin and spin-isospin channels are studied using various Skyrme effective interactions with and without tensor correlations. We focus on the role of the tensor terms on the spin and spin-isospin instabilities that can occur in nuclear matter above saturation density. We point out that these instabilities are realized in nuclear matter at the critical density of about two times the saturation density for all the adopted parameter sets. The critical density is shown to be very much dependent not only on the choice of the Skyrme parameter set, but also on the inclusion of the tensor terms.
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New parameters of nearest-neighbor EAM (1N-EAM), n-th neighbor EAM (NN-EAM), and the second-moment approximation to the tight-binding (TB-SMA) potentials are obtained by fitting experimental data at different temperatures. In comparison with the available many-body potentials, our results suggest that the 1N-EAM potential with the new parameters is the best description of atomic interactions in studying the thermal expansion of noble metals. For mechanical properties, it is suggested that the elastic constants should be calculated in the experimental zero-stress states for all three potentials. Furthermore, for NNEAM and TB-SMA potentials, the calculated results approach the experimental data as the range of the atomic interaction increases from the first-neighbor to the sixth-neighbor distance.
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To avoid the limitation of the widely used prediction methods of soil organic carbon partition coefficients (K-OC) from hydrophobic parameters, e.g., the n-octanol/water partition coefficients (K-OW) and the reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) retention factors, the soil column liquid chromatographic (SCLC) method was developed for K-OC prediction. The real soils were used as the packing materials of RP-HPLC columns, and the correlations between the retention factors of organic compounds on soil columns (k(soil)) and K-OC measured by batch equilibrium method were studied. Good correlations were achieved between k(soil) and K-OC for three types of soils with different properties. All the square of the correlation coefficients (R-2) of the linear regression between log k(soi) and log K-OC were higher than 0.89 with standard deviations of less than 0.21. In addition, the prediction of K-OC from K-OW and the RP-HPLC retention factors on cyanopropyl (CN) stationary phase (k(CN)) was comparatively evaluated for the three types of soils. The results show that the prediction of K-OC from k(CN) and K-OW is only applicable to some specific types of soils. The results obtained in the present study proved that the SCLC method is appropriate for the K-OC prediction for different types of soils, however the applicability of using hydrophobic parameters to predict K-OC largely depends on the properties of soil concerned. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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In this study, we used a rheological method to study the shape of DNA-cationic lipid complexes and model polyelectrolyte-lipid complexes. We introduced two kinds of anionic polyelectrolytes, sodium polygalacturonate (PGU) and sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), of varying size, as models for DNA. The prepared complexes were incubated under laminar flow conditions. The results show the same quantitative relation between the shape parameter of lipoplexes and the length of anionic polyelectrolytes, including DNA. The rheological behavior of PGU and DSS were similar to that of DNA. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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set of energies at different internuclear distances for the ground electronic state and two excited electronic states of NaH molecule have been calculated using valence internally contracted multireference configuration interaction(MRCI) including Davidson correction and three basis sets. Then, a potential energy curve (PEC) for each state was determined by extrapolating MRCI energies to the complete basis sets limit. Based on the PECs, accurate vibrational energy levels and rotational constants were determined. The computational PECs are were fitted to analytical potential energy functions using the Murrell-Sorbie potential function. Then, accurate spectroscopic parameters were calculated. Compared with experimental results, values obtained with the basis set extrapolation yield a potential energy curve that gives accurate vibrational energy levels, rotational constants and spectroscopic parameters for the NaH molecule. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The equilibrium properties and potential energy curves of the ground electronic state of CaF have been calculated using the Brueckner Doubles calculation with a triples contribution added [BD(T)] and the gradient-corrected density functional theory with three-parameter exact exchange mixing (B3LY-P) method, with 6-311 + G*,6-311 + G(2df,2pd) and 6-311 + G(3df,3pd) basis sets. All the computational PECs are fitted to analytical potential energy functions using Murrell-Sorbie, Huxley and Tang-Toennies potentials. Based on this, the spectroscopic parameters are calculated, and then compared with some other theoretical and experimental data. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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A polymer-based monolithic capillary column imprinted with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was prepared by a thermally-initiated polymerization process; and its performance as a capillary electrochromatographic medium was evaluated in separating 4-AP and 2-AP isomers. The effects of experimental parameters, such as pH value and ionic strength of the buffer, the acetonitrile content in the mobile phase, and the applied voltage, on the resolution of these isomers had been carefully investigated. It was found that in the retention process there were interplays of multiple mechanisms of ion-exchange, molecular imprinting, and electrophoresis. These mechanisms allowed more sophisticated control of experimental parameters in the separation of ionizable compounds.
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A novel method for the optimization of pH value and composition of mobile phase in HPLC using artificial neural networks and uniform design is proposed. As the first step. seven initial experiments were arranged and run according to uniform design. Then the retention behavior of the solutes is modeled using back-propagation neural networks. A trial method is used to ensure the predicting capability of neural networks. Finally, the optimal separation conditions can be found according to a global resolution function. The effectiveness of this method is validated by optimization of separation conditions for both basic and acidic samples.