Spatial distribution of benthic algae in the Gangqu River, Shangrila, China

This study consisted of sampling benthic algae at 32 sites in the Gangqu River, an important upstream tributary of the Yangtze River. Our aims were to characterize the benthic algae communities and relationships with environmental variables. Among the 162 taxa observed, Achnanthes linearis and Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica were the dominant species (17.10% and 14.30% of the total relative abundance, respectively). Major gradients and principal patterns of variation within the environmental variables were detected by principal component analysis (PCA). Then non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) divided all the sites into three groups, which were validated by multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that three environmental variables (TN, TDS, and TP) significantly affected the distribution of benthic algae. Weighted averaging regression and cross-calibration produced strong models for predicting TN and TDS concentration, which enabled selection of algae taxa as potentially sensitive indicators of certain TN and TDS levels: for TN, Achnanthes lanceolata, Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica, and Cymbella ventricosa var. semicircularis; for TDS, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella alpina var. minuta, and Fragilaria virescens. The present study represents an early step in establishing baseline conditions. Further monitoring is suggested to gain a better understanding of this region.

Study of Apiosoma piscicola (Blanchard 1885) occurring on fry of freshwater fishes in Hongze, China with consideration of the genus Apiosoma

Apiosoma piscicola (Blanchard 1885) was reported from fry of Carassius auratus (Var. pengze) and Ctenopharyngodon idella during parasite surveys in May 2005 and June 2006 at Hongze Lake Fish Hatchery, Jiangsu province, China. Twelve morphometric parameters were used to describe this peritrich in detail in the present study and comparisons were made with other reports. Its synonyms, Glossatella cylindriformis (Chen 1955) and Apiosoma magna (Banina 1968), were clarified based on reliable data. A. piscicola was still considered somewhat host-specific by us, especially to cyprinids, although it shows a quite wide limit of host variability. The telotroch was also observed, and its structures were described herein. Besides, the difficulties of the generic taxonomy were discussed and some suggestions were given.

Benthic algae of the Gangqu River, Shangrila, China

We surveyed the benthic algae at 32 sites in the Gangqu River system during May 2005. Among the 162 different taxa observed, 88.8% were diatoms. Achnanthes linearis and Achnanthes lanceolata var. elliptica were the dominant species, comprising 17.1% and 14.3% of the total relative abundance, respectively.

Variation of benthic diatoms in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese Lake, Lake Donghu

Benthic diatom communities were sampled monthly from May 2004 to May 2005 at four different sites in the littoral zone of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic lake of China. The seasonal patterns of the total abundance, which were lowest in summer and highest in spring, were found at all sites. Total densities of diatom assemblages were significantly higher at hyper-eutrophic sites than at moderately eutrophic sites. Melosira varians was the most abundant species and dominant contributor to total abundance at all sites during spring, autumn and winter, whereas Achnanthes exigua dominated benthic diatom assemblages at the site with the highest nutrient concentrations during the summer. Achnanthes lanceolata var. dubia, Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula similis, Navicula verecunda and Nitzschia amphibia were generally observed at all sites throughout the year and were dominant at higher-nutrient sites. The abundance of ambient nutrients was probably responsible for the spatial variation in biomass, composition and diversity of benthic diatom assemblages, and lake water temperature was the major factor that controlled seasonal distribution.

A survey of the gomphonemaceae and cymbellaceae (Bacillariophyta) from the Jolmolungma Mountain (Everest) region of China

Gomphonemaceae and Cymbellaceae from Jolmolungma Mountain region of China, comprised 79 taxa belonging to five genera. The dominant species were Gomphonema angustatum var. productum, G. gracile var. gracile, G. parvulum var. parvulum, G. hedini, Cymbella aequalis var. pisciculus, C. delicatula, C. cistula, C. cistula var. hebetata, C. cesatii, C. cymbiformis, C microcephala, C. minuta var. minuta., C. minuta var. silesiaca, C. pusilla, C. affinis. Some arctic and alpine forms also occurred, and the following taxa were unique to this region: Cymbella delicatula, C. naviculiformis, C. gracilis, C. minuta var. minuta, C. affinis, C. cistula, C. cymbiformis, C. cistula var. hebetata, C. arctica, Didymosphenia geminata, Gomphonema hedinii, G. olivaceum. Numbers of taxa in each samples varied greatly, It appears that species diversity of diatoms is related not only to macro-environments (e.g., geographic zonation) but also to microenvironments (e.g., microhabitats and microclimates). Cymbella spp. are not only comparatively widespread in the region but also outnumber Gomphonema spp. A large number of species found in the Jolmolungma Mountain region are also found in Tibet and the headwaters of Yangtze River.

Growth hormone gene transfer in common carp

The first successful case of transgenic fish was achieved in 1984. It is in a model system that the integration and expression of recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) in host red common carp (Cyprinus carpio, red var.) have been thoroughly studied. Recently, the integration sites have been recovered and characterized. Compared with non-transgenic peers, hGH-transgenic fish are prior in dietary utilization and growth performance. In view of bio-safety and bio-ethics, an "all-fish" construct CAgcGH, grass carp growth hormone fused with common carp P-actin promoter, has been generated and transferred into Yellow River carp (C carpio, local strain in Yellow River) fertilized eggs. Under middle-scale trial, CAgcGH-transgenics show higher growth rate and food conversion efficiency than the controls, which is consistent to laboratory findings. To avoid the potential impact of transgenic fish on the environment, a sterile strain of transgenic triploid fish has been successfully produced. The "all-fish" transgenic common carp is also approved safe enough as daily food, according to a test based on the pathological principles of new medicines issued by the Ministry of Health of China. The "all-fish" transgenic common carp with growth enhancement is now ready for market, but looking for governmental authorization. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS and Ifremer/IRD/Inra/Cemagref. All rights reserved.

Cymbellaceae and Gomphonemataceae (Bacillariophyta) from the Hengduan Mountains region (southwestern China)

We present a species list of the Gomphonemataceae and Cymbellaceae occurring in the Hengduan Mountains re-ion. These two families were found to be presented in the area by 117 species, varieties and forms belonging to four genera (Amphora, Cymbella, Didymosphenia and Gomphonema). Size, striae density, habitat and distribution in China are given for each taxon. The common taxa were Cymbella aequalis var. piscicultis. C. affinis, C. cesatii, C. cistula var. gibbosa, C. delicatula. C. gracilis, C. hustedtii, C. minuta f. latens, C. minita var. silesiaca, C. naviculiformis, C. parva. C. turgidida, Gomphonema acuminatum var. acuminatum, G. gracile, G. intricatum, G. olivaceum. G. parvulum and G. truncatum var. capitatum. Some morphological features of Cymbella cistula var. capitata, Cymbella sinica var. miyiensis, Gomphonema hedinii and G. kaznakowii were found to differ from previously published descriptions. Taxa typical of high latitude climates encountered during the present study were Cymbella affinis, C. alpina, C. cistula var. cistida, C. delicatula. C. naviculiformis. Didymosphenia geminata, Gomphonema acuminatum var. pusillum, G. constrictum var. capitatum f. turgidum, G. kaznakowii, G. olivaceum, G. subtile var. subtile, G. tergestinum and G. ventricosum.

Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100%, with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Floral surveys on Gomphonemaceae and Cymbellaceae (Bacillariophyta) from the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Qinghai, China

Gomphonemaceae and Cymbellaceae from the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Qinghai Province, China, comprised 84 taxa belonging to four genera. The dominant species were Gomphonema kaznakowi Mer., G. hedini Hust., G. olivaceum (Lyngbye) Kutz., Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn. var. cistula and C. minuta Hilse ex Rabh. var. minuta. Some arctic and alpine forms also occurred, and the following taxa were unique to this region: C. cistula var. asiatica Mer., C. cistula var. capitata Grun., C. yabe Skvortzow var. punctata Li and Shi, G. olivaceum (Lyngbye) Kutzing var. brevistriatum Li and Shi and G. staurophorum (Pant.) Cleve-Euler var. oblongum Li and Shi. Different morphological forms of G. kaznakowi Mer. may be related to the upheaval of the plateau. Species diversity of the diatoms appears to be related not only to macro-environment (e.g., geographic zonation) but also to microhabitat and microclimate.

Nuclear transplantation with early-embryonic cells of transgenic fish

Like other transgenic animals, transgenic fishes produced by microinjection are transgenic mosaics. In order to produce homogenous transgenic fish, the transgenic blastula or gastrula cells were dissociated from Carassius auratus, Pengze var, and Cyprinus carpio, Huanghe var., and the nuclei were transferred into the mature eggs of the same species via microinjection or electro-fusion. Five nuclear-transferred Carassius auratus, Pengze var. and one Cyprinus carpio, Huanghe var. were obtained and the existence of the transgene was detected. The possibility of generating homogenous strain of transgenic fish by nuclear transplantation with transgenic early-embryonic cells is discussed.

Chromosomal in situ hybridization of Cyprinus carpio genomic DNA repetitive sequence CR1

Common carp Cyprinus carpio genomic DNA repetitive sequence CR1 has been DIG-labeled and hybridized in situ against chromosomes of red common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. Xingguo red var.). It is found that the repetitive sequence CR1 is mainly localized at the centromeric regions of chromosomes of the red common carp, The application of the chromosomal in situ hybridization technique on fish and the relationship between CR1 repetitive sequence distribution and its function have been discussed.

沙地樟子松水分生理生态特征及其适应性——以科尔沁沙地东南缘为例

沙地樟子松天然分布于大兴安岭以西的呼伦贝尔草原红花尔基一带，分布范围虽然相对狭窄，但其具有重要的防风、固沙等生态功能，而且，该区沙地樟子松林的分布范围正呈现不断扩大的趋势。然而，在引种区（科尔沁沙地东南缘），20世纪70~80年代曾经引起国际关注的沙地樟子松人工林，自从90年代初以来，逐渐出现了以枯梢、生长下降，甚至死亡等为特征的衰退现象。与此同时，沙地樟子松人工造林仍在北方干旱、半干旱沙区大面积推广。面对如此具有重要防风固沙作用并在大范围推广的沙地樟子松人工林，解释其为何衰退，其机理如何，回答现存沙地樟子松人工林发展方向及培育等理论和实践问题，成为目前面临的巨大挑战。 本论文在对沙地樟子松天然分布区与引种区野外调查、气候差异性对比分析的基础上，结合对引种区沙地樟子松幼苗、幼树及中龄林的水分生理生态过程实验，研究了沙地樟子松在引种区自然条件和干旱胁迫下的光合生理和水分生理生态特征；重点分析了水势、气孔导度等生理因素和土壤含水量、光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度等生态因素对净光合速率、蒸腾速率的影响。结果表明： 1）较低、较长的低温和降雪覆盖有利于沙地樟子松更好的生长；运用De Martonne干燥度指数对气候类型进行划分，沙地樟子松引种区（科尔沁沙地东南缘）生态系统应为草地或疏林草地生态系统。 2）引种区近50 a来年平均温度存在着明显的线性上升，平均每10 a增温0.185 ℃；该区年平均降水量没有显著的变化趋势，但是，在过去的50 a里，该区平均每15 a 左右出现1次大旱。 3）在引种区多年年平均降水量条件下，沙地樟子松幼苗80%以上的时间处于受胁迫的状态，17%的时间处于不受水分胁迫的状态，而仅有1%左右的时间处于不能利用土壤水分的状态；在不同密度、不同年龄的沙地樟子松人工林中，土壤可溶性盐总量都很低，对沙地樟子松林木生长不会造成盐分胁迫；由于地下水位的急速下降，目前，引种区大部分地方地下水不能被沙地樟子松所利用。 4）随着模拟年降水量的减少，沙地樟子松幼苗的生长明显受到抑制，针叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率均有下降，各部分生物量积累明显降低；当模拟年降水量低于350 mm时就已经对沙地樟子松的生长产生了较大的限制。 5）在科尔沁沙地东南缘，影响沙地樟子松生理生态特征的主要因素为水分条件，特别是在树高生长旺季以及生长末期，而在生长中期，主要是光照和水分共同影响沙地樟子松的生长；在沙地樟子松天然分布区（红花尔基），影响沙地樟子松生长季节中期生理生态特征的主要因素也是水分和光照条件，这与在科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松生长中期观测到的结论一致。然而，与天然沙地樟子松相比，引种区沙地樟子松每天干物质的积累增加为天然分布区的3~13倍，每天蒸腾耗水量为天然分布区的7~19倍。 综合以上对引种区的生态气候、水分条件以及沙地樟子松本身生理生态特征的分析结果得出，引种区与天然分布区水、热差异导致引种区沙地樟子松在年内的生长期延长（与天然沙地樟子松相比），以及在生长季节每天蒸腾耗水量的剧增及耗水时间的延长；同时，在引种区由于年内降水分布极不均衡，冬季降雪覆盖少，导致4、5、9三个月份的水分极度亏缺，该季节引种区水分亏缺严重限制了沙地樟子松的生长。大面积营造纯林、地下水位急剧下降（目前，引种区大部分林地的沙地樟子松已不能利用地下水）以及引种区每15 a左右一次的特殊干旱是导致沙地樟子松死亡的最直接原因。从个体水平上来说，近50 a的引种驯化，沙地樟子松并没有完全表现出适应引种区生长环境的迹象。最后，基于以上对沙地樟子松人工林衰退分析的基础上，提出了对现存沙地樟子松人工林总体经营的方向及具体经营对策。

科尔沁沙地东南部固沙林土壤磷素研究

土壤养分的持续供应是生态系统可持续性发展的基础，尤其在土壤贫瘠地区。土壤磷素被认为是干旱区生态系统的潜在限制性养分因子，但目前半干旱区土壤磷素的深入研究很少。针对半干旱区生态系统恢复方式、人工防护林可持续性经营等关键问题，本论文旨在弄清处于半干旱区的科尔沁沙地东南部沙地人工林土壤磷素转化的主导过程及影响因素，并从土壤磷素可持续供应的角度来评价研究区生态系统的可持续发展。 以处于无人为干扰下、立地条件基本一致的科尔沁沙地东南部的有代表性的生态系统为研究对象，包括原生植被榆树（Ulmus macrocarpa）疏林草地，退化草地，油松（Pinus tubulaeformis Carr.）人工林、樟子松（Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica）人工林和小叶杨（Populus simonii）人工林。系统全面的研究了土壤磷素状况及其季节变化，并深入探讨了樟子松人工林土壤磷素转化及其影响因素（林龄、密度、土壤冻融）。主要结论如下： （1）研究区风沙土表层0~20 cm全磷（<0.2 g kg-1）和活性无机磷含量（<3 mg kg-1）都极低，有机磷占全磷的50%以上，是土壤磷的主要组分。凋落物分解、有机磷矿化和微生物周转是有效磷的主要来源，与这些过程有关的土壤的生物过程控制着土壤磷素转化。Ca-P（钙结合的磷酸盐）的溶解也是速效磷的次要来源，而Al-P（铝结合的磷酸盐）和Fe-P（铁结合的磷酸盐）是活性无机磷库。凋落物分解对有效磷供应起首要作用（尤其在人工林中），凋落物分解的年磷归还量是10 cm层矿质土壤有效磷供应量的1.7~3.4倍。 （2）土壤含水量是影响土壤磷素供应的关键环境因子，而冻融作用对土壤微生物磷和活性无机磷含量无显著影响。 （3）与各人工林相比，榆树疏林草地具有高效的养分循环和较强的土壤磷素保持能力，其退化大幅度降低了土壤持水能力和肥力。而在退化草地上营造以针叶树种为主的人工纯林及针阔混交林进一步降低了土壤全磷含量。从土壤磷素可持续供应的角度来看，在干旱贫瘠地区不宜营造高密度的人工林。研究区的植被恢复，应该选取磷素利用效率高，而养分周转较快的植被类型。这样，不需要集中的人为管理，就能使生态系统达到一种自我维持的良性循环状态。 （4）樟子松的生长受到土壤磷素供应的限制，当年生叶片无机磷浓度比全磷浓度能更准确、直接地反映土壤供磷水平的变化。为满足林分的需求，樟子松的根系活动能够增强根际微生物和磷酸酶活性以促进有机磷的矿化，同时能降低根际土壤pH值以促进Ca-P的溶解。随着林分的发展，活性无机磷含量无显著变化，但土壤磷库（主要是总有机磷）逐渐耗竭，有机磷的矿化潜力也逐渐降低。这表明，随着林分发展，磷素对樟子松人工林的限制性逐渐增强。 （5）为保证已有人工林的可持续发展，必须通过间伐、保护地被物、施肥来调节养分需求与归还之间的平衡，维持地力，保证土壤养分的持续供应。其中保护林下凋落物尤为重要。为防止地力衰退，该地区樟子松林的最大密度（以每公顷胸高断面积为密度指标）应保持在24.1~26.6 m2 ha-1。

全球变化背景下科尔沁沙地生态系统C、N循环过程

工业革命以来，由于人口的快速增加和人类活动的强烈干扰（主要包括煤炭、石油等石化燃料的燃烧、化肥生产和使用）导致土地利用/覆被变化、大气CO2浓度升高、N沉降等一系列全球环境变化问题。有关陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环，尤其是陆地生态系统C、N循环及其耦合过程方面的研究成为全球变化科学研究领域的重要内容。 干旱/半干旱地区占地球陆地总面积的1/3。与湿润地区相比较，干旱/半干旱地区生态系统稳定性比较差，往往属于生态脆弱区。因此，全球变化对干旱/半干旱地区生态系统影响更加敏感。科尔沁沙地位于我国北方干旱/半干旱地区，是我国典型的农牧交错区和生态脆弱区。科尔沁沙地是世界上人口密度最高的干旱/半干旱地区之一，人类活动对其影响剧烈。然而，有关科尔沁沙地生态系统C、N元素生物地球化学循环过程对土地利用/覆被变化、N沉降等全球变化响应及其反馈机制的研究非常缺乏。因此，本文以科尔沁沙地退化沙质草地、农田、不同年龄樟子松和杨树人工林等生态系统为对象，开展了造林、模拟N沉降和凋落物管理对生态系统C、N元素循环过程影响的研究。 在科尔沁沙地东南缘，以退化沙质草地、樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）人工林（15、24和30年生）、杨树（Poplus xiaozhuanica）人工林（7、11和15年生）为对象，研究草地转变为林地对生态系统C、N储量影响；以退化草地、榆树疏林草地和32年生樟子松人工林为对象，比较草地造林对土壤C、N循环过程及其土壤微生物性状的影响；以农田和5、10、15年生杨树人工林为对象，研究退耕还林对生态系统C、N储量和循环过程影响；以35年生樟子松人工林为对象，模拟研究N沉降和凋落物管理对生态系统C、N循环过程影响。通过上述研究，得到以下主要结果： （1）草地生态系统总C储量为34.38 Mg ha-1，15、24和30年生樟子松人工林生态系统总C储量分别为43.56、60.45和66.59 Mg ha-1，7、11和15年生杨树人工林生态系统总C储量分别为34.54、48.26和78.77 Mg ha-1；与农田相比，退耕5年的杨树人工林生态系统总C库储量下降13%，而10年和15年杨树人工林分别增加了176%和5倍；随着人工林年龄的增加，地上植被生物量C库储量占生态系统总C库储量的比例逐渐增加，并主要分配在树干。草地生态系统总N库储量为2.54 Mg ha-1，15、24和30年生樟子松人工林生态系统总N库储量分别为1.96、2.10和2.19 Mg ha-1，7、11和15年生杨树人工林生态系统总N库储量分别为2.27、1.84和2.60 Mg ha-1；与农田相比，退耕5年的杨树人工林生态系统总N库储量下降32%，而10年和15年杨树人工林分别增加了47%和76%；农田和草地造林后生态系统N储量依然主要分配在土壤中。 （2）草地和农田造林后土壤C、N库储量的变化受多因子的影响，例如林龄、树种种类以及立地条件等。农田和草地造林初期，土壤C、N库储量表现出下降趋势，随着林龄的增加，土壤C、N储量逐渐恢复。草地营造樟子松人工林30年后，0–60 cm深度土壤C、N储量依然显著低于草地；与草地相比，15年生杨树人工林土壤C、N储量差异不显著。在立地条件较好的情况下，10年杨树人工林土壤C、N储量已显著高于农田；然而，在立地条件相对较差的情况下，15年杨树人工林土壤C、N储量仍然与农田相比差异不显著。 （3）土地利用变化能够强烈地改变土壤C、N循环过程。与草地或疏林草地相比，32年生樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P含量显著降低；土壤C、N矿化过程发生显著变化，并且受季节变化的影响；在不同季节，土壤微生物量碳含量、代谢熵（qCO2）、微生物熵（MBC/TOC）以及土壤酶活性等在不同土地利用条件下表现出规律不一致。同样，农田退耕杨树人工林能够显著影响土壤C、N矿化过程，土壤无机氮（铵态氮+硝态氮）含量，土壤微生物量碳含量以及土壤微生物活性。草地造林在一定程度上导致土壤质量下降。而农田造林有利于土壤质量改善，尤其在在立地条件较好情况下。 （4）N添加增加对沙地樟子松人工林地上和地下C、N元素含量影响不大；N添加1年后，仅林下植被C、N含量显著增加，高氮处理（N15）凋落物N含量显著增加。N添加抑制了沙地樟子松人工林凋落物的早期分解和N、P元素释放。5、6、8和9月份土壤无机N含量均随着N输入增加表现出一定程度的增加，然而，7月份N添加导致土壤无机N含量降低。N添加对土壤潜在N矿化速率影响不显著。7和8月份N添加影响土壤C矿化速率，而其它月份影响不显著。低氮处理（N5）有利于增加土壤微生物量碳含量，而高氮处理（N15）在一定程度上降低土壤微生物量碳含量。 （5）凋落物输入变化（凋落物添加和凋落物移出）在一定程度上改变了35年生沙地樟子松人工林生态系统C、N循环过程。凋落物移出（C0）增加了林下植被C含量，降低了树木叶片N含量。凋落物移出抑制了凋落物分解和P元素的释放，而增加了C元素的早期释放速率，对N元素释放过程影响不显著。凋落物输入变化对不同月份土壤无机N含量和土壤N矿化过程影响均不显著。仅在6月份凋落物移出显著抑制了土壤C矿化速率，其它月份差异均不显著。凋落物管理对土壤微生物量碳含量影响不显著。 以上研究结果表明，土地利用变化、N沉降和凋落物输入改变等能够影响半干旱地区沙地生态系统C、N储量和循环过程。尤其是土地利用变化强烈改变沙地生态系统C、N储量、分配格局和循环过程，并且受到多因子的影响。科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林生态系统C、N元素生物地球化学循环存在密切的耦合关系。今后有必要进一步结合3S技术、同位素技术、模型模拟以及分子生物学技术等，从微观-宏观不同尺度上，研究半干旱地区沙地生态系统C、N循环过程对全球变化的响应及其反馈机制。

降雨量变化对科尔沁沙地东南部樟子松人工林主要生态过程的影响

水分条件是影响植物生长最主要的限制因子，降雨量变化作为全球变化的一个重要组成部分，其对干旱半干旱区陆地生态系统的影响甚至超过CO2浓度和温度的升高以及它们的共同作用对生态系统的影响。樟子松人工林是科尔沁沙地东南部主要的防风固沙林类型，研究未来降雨量变化对会对樟子松人工林产生怎样的影响，对樟子松人工林的可持续经营和科学管理有重要意义。本研究以樟子松人工林为研究对象，通过搭建遮雨棚，铺设灌溉设施，野外原状样地模拟三个降雨量梯度：降雨量减少30%、天然降雨量和降雨量增加30%，从樟子松人工林下土壤生态系统、樟子松针叶生理特性、樟子松的生长和林下植被结构与生产力三个角度研究降雨量变化对樟子松人工林主要生态过程的影响，主要结论如下： （1）以土壤矿质N含量为土壤N有效性的指标，2007年的数据表明降雨量减少时土壤N有效性显著升高，降雨量增加时土壤N有效性显著降低，出现了“水、N有效性的不同时性”，即土壤水分有效性高时N有效性低，而N有效性高时水分有效性低，这可能是该地区植物生长的主要限制因子，而不是简单的水分限制或者N素限制。 （2）降雨量降低时，樟子松针叶的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高，针叶N含量降低，樟子松光合速率下降，同时，樟子松针叶的叶绿素含量大部分月份不受降雨量减少的影响，而且针叶脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量升高，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的升高，表明了樟子松对水分胁迫的生理生态适应机制。 （3）降雨量减少时樟子松林下植被总盖度显著降低，优势种由黄蒿和狗尾草演变为绿珠藜和黄蒿；降雨量增加时樟子松林下植被总盖度显著升高，优势种演变为艾蒿。降雨量减少和增加时物种多样性都显著降低，导致了生物多样性丧失。 （4）降雨量减少时樟子松和其林下植被的生长由于水分胁迫都受到了抑制，樟子松的高生长和粗生长速率减缓，林下植被的ANPP和地下部分生物量降低，进而导致樟子松人工林的地上部分C储量降低；樟子松的成长速率减缓和林下植被地上地下生物量的降低意味着生态系统凋落物量和死亡根系的减少，这直接导致了土壤有机碳含量的降低，即土壤有机碳储量的降低；综合降雨量减少导致的樟子松人工林的地上部分C储量降低和土壤有机碳储量的降低，我们的结果表明降雨量减少导致樟子松人工林C储量降低，同样的道理，降雨量增加导致樟子松人工林C储量升高。 （5）降雨量减少时，保护凋落物可以增加地表覆被，抑制地面水分蒸发，地表凋落物还能起到蓄水保水的作用，提高土壤水分有效性；降雨量增加时保护凋落物可以增加土壤养分（尤其是N）的输入，提高土壤养分的有效性。