77 resultados para GENOMES


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在过去的几十年间,利用线粒体基因组序列探讨后生动物深层次的系统发育关系已取得初步进展。这主要得益于,线粒体基因组与其它分子标记相比具备诸多优势。迄今为止,超过1,200个后生动物的线粒体基因组已被测定,然而所获得的数据分布极不均衡。 软甲纲历来是甲壳动物分类学和系统发育学研究的重要类群,在形态学特征和分子生物学各方面取得广泛的发展。尽管软甲纲本身作为单系群已得到大多数甲壳动物学家认可,但是软甲纲内部各个类群之间的系统发育关系迄今仍颇有争议。本文报道了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei、中国明对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis、脊尾白虾Exopalaemon carinicauda、太平洋磷虾Euphausia pacifica和采自南极普里兹湾南极磷虾Euphausia superba的线粒体基因组,其长度分别为15,989 bp、16,004 bp、15,730 bp、16,898 bp和15,498 bp以上(部分非编码区没有测定)。 本研究发现凡纳滨对虾、中国明对虾、脊尾白虾和太平洋磷虾的线粒体基因组包含后生动物线粒体基因组典型的基因组成(13个蛋白质编码基因、22个转运RNA、2个核糖体RNA和一个非编码的AT富含区);然而,南极磷虾与后生动物线粒体基因组典型的基因组成相比,存在1个trnN基因的重复。与泛甲壳动物线粒体基因组的原始排列相比,凡纳滨对虾和中国明对虾线粒体基因组的基因排列完全一致;脊尾白虾的线粒体基因组发生罕见的trnP和trnH易位,从而说明在真虾下目中线粒体基因组的基因排列并不保守;太平洋磷虾线粒体基因组的基因排列出现3个转运RNA的重排 (trnL1、trnL2和trnW);南极磷虾线粒体基因组的基因排列除了出现太平洋磷虾具有的这3个转运RNA重排之外,还有1个trnN的重复和1个trnI基因的重排。另外,在太平洋磷虾线粒体基因组最大的非编码区中存在一个154 bp×4.7的串连重复区域,如此大片段的串联重复区域(>150 bp)在软甲纲动物线粒体基因组中是首次报道。 目前所获得的线粒体基因组数据强有力地支持口足目、对虾科、真虾下目和短尾下目为单系群。通过比较基因排列及蛋白质编码基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列的系统发育分析得知真虾类和龙虾类为腹胚亚目的原始类群,并支持“((Penaeus+Fenneropenaeus)+Litopenaeus)+Marsupenaeus”的系统发育关系。此外,线粒体基因组的数据也强有力地支持磷虾目为单系群。但对于磷虾目在软甲纲中的分类地位及与其它类群的系统发育关系存在一些分歧:基于蛋白质编码基因核苷酸和氨基酸数据的贝叶斯分析强有力地支持磷虾目和十足目近缘,这个结果和传统的分类系统完全一致;然而,基于核苷酸序列的邻接法、氨基酸序列的邻接法和最大似然法均强有力地支持磷虾类和对虾类亲缘关系较近,从而破坏了十足目的单系性,与传统的认识并不一致,但由于自展值的支持率非常高,所以深层次的分析需要进一步加强。 星虫动物属于海洋生物中的一个小门类,自1555年被记载以来,其在后生动物中的分类地位就备受争议。本研究测定了星虫动物门的第一条线粒体基因组:革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta的线粒体基因组,全长为15,494 bp,包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个转运RNA、2个核糖体RNA和1个非编码的AT富含区,所有37个基因在同一条链上编码。与后生动物线粒体基因组的典型组成相比,存在一个trnR基因的缺失和一个trnM基因的重复。比较星虫动物和其它后生动物的线粒体基因组,可以得到以下结论:1)星虫动物和环节动物(包括螠虫动物)的线粒体基因组有相近的基因排列,而且所有基因都在同一链上编码;2)基于蛋白质编码基因的系统发育分析强有力地支持星虫动物和环节动物(包括螠虫动物)组成一个单系群,而将软体动物排除在外。因此,本研究认为以前许多星虫动物和软体动物“共享”的特征,包括发育特征和缺乏分节等,需要重新考虑。

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Background: There are many advantages to the application of complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes in the accurate reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in Metazoa. Although over one thousand metazoan genomes have been sequenced, the taxonomic sampling is highly biased, left with many phyla without a single representative of complete mitochondrial genome. Sipuncula (peanut worms or star worms) is a small taxon of worm-like marine organisms with an uncertain phylogenetic position. In this report, we present the mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta, the first complete mitochondrial genome of the phylum. Results: The mitochondrial genome of P. esculenta is 15,494 bp in length. The coding strand consists of 32.1% A, 21.5% C, 13.0% G, and 33.4% T bases (AT = 65.5%; AT skew = -0.019; GC skew = -0.248). It contains thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) with 3,709 codons in total, twenty-two transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a non-coding AT-rich region (AT = 74.2%). All of the 37 identified genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. Compared with the typical set of metazoan mt genomes, sipunculid lacks trnR but has an additional trnM. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the protein sequences show that Myzostomida, Sipuncula and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans) form a monophyletic group, which supports a closer relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida than with Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and some other lophotrochozoan groups. Conclusion: This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome as a representative within the phylum Sipuncula. It shares many more similar features with the four known annelid and one echiuran mtDNAs. Firstly, sipunculans and annelids share quite similar gene order in the mitochondrial genome, with all 37 genes located on the same strand; secondly, phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated protein sequences also strongly support the sipunculan + annelid clade (including echiurans and pogonophorans). Hence annelid "key-characters" including segmentation may be more labile than previously assumed.