142 resultados para Cadmium plating
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随着现代工业的发展,重金属污染日趋严重。重金属污染引发的环境和健康问题在许多国家都有报道,我国的重金属污染状况也不容乐观。土壤和水体中的重金属污染可以通过食物链进入人体,对人类健康造成很大的危害,如诱发癌症 和畸胎等。 植物修复是一种利用植物对重金属或有机污染物的超富集能力清除或减低污染的环境生物技术。植物修复的生物学机制的研究为这项技术走向实用化奠定了基础。植物修复近期的进展可能来自于可更有效地富集重金属的植物品种的选择、土壤条件的改善等;但长远看来,植物修复技术的巨大进步将取决于新的可更好地抵抗重金属或降解有机毒物的基因的鉴定和克隆,并通过转基因技术创造一批新的植物品种,如可迅速大量富集重金属的高生物量的用作环境净化的植物,以及可排拒重金属吸收的粮食、蔬菜和水果等作物。 本研究针对砷污染的植物修复机制,以超富集砷的凤尾蕨属植物——蜈蚣草为试材取得了如下进展: 1. 以从砷污染地区采集的蜈蚣草(Pteris vittataL.)为植物材料,利用抑制消减杂交(SSH)分离了经砷诱导处理与其对照间表达有差异的cDNA片段,以期得到与砷富集密切相关的基因。其中筛选到的一个cDNA片段与ABC transporter (ATP-binding cassette transporter)有较高的同源性。通过RACE方法对该基因进行了克隆,并进行了初步的结构和功能分析。结果表明所获得的PvABCTl (Accession No. AY496966)为一全长cDNA,长度为2165 bp,其中开读框架为1791 bp,编码597个氨基酸。该基因所编码的蛋白中含有2个ABC transporter特性结构域,1个ATP-binding cassette和2个ATP/GTP结合位点(P-loop),没有明显的跨膜区。 2. 对蜈蚣草在砷胁迫下PvABCT1基因的表达模式进行了研究。转录水平分析表明PvABCT1的表达受砷的诱导。进一步通过PvABCTl-GFP融合基因在洋葱细胞中的表达进行亚细胞定位,结果显示该基因可能定位于细胞质中。 3. 为了研究所克隆的PvABCT1基因的功能,本研究构建了PvABCT1的酵母表达载体,把该基因转入因ACR3基因缺失而对砷敏感的酵母突变株。酵母功能互补实验表明PvABCT1不仅不能与ACR3基因功能互补,反而使酵母对砷的敏感性增加,同时酵母细胞中的砷含量较未转化的酵母细胞增加。即在转入PvABCT1后,酵母细胞吸收了更多的砷。这暗示该基因与蜈蚣草中砷的高吸收有关。 针对食品重金属污染问题,本研究探讨了减低蔬菜对重金属吸收的方法及其 作用机理,取得了如下进展: 1.研究了钙离子和镧离子对镉离子胁迫下生菜种子萌发和植株生长的影响,结果表明在种子萌发时外施4 mM CaCI2或0.04 mg/L La(N03)3均可提高生菜对重金属镉的抗性。 2.通过检测0.5 mM CdCl2胁迫下生菜植株中的镉含量以及外施钙离子或镧离子后相应的镉含量,发现4 mM CaCl2可以增加镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累;而0.04 mg/L La(N03)3可以降低镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累。 3.对生菜中植物络合素合酶基因进行了克隆,通过RT-PCR分析以及植物络合素( phytochelatins,PCs)的检测,探讨了外施钙离子或镧离子对镉胁迫下生菜植株中植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达量、植物络合素含量以及镉的积累三者之间的关系。结果表明:4 mM CaCl2可以提高镉胁迫下生菜植株中植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达以及植物络合素的含量,增加镉的积累;而0.04 mg/L La(N03)3虽然同样可以提高植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达以及植物络合素的含量,却能降低镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累。这暗示外施钙离子可以促进用于重金属污染环境修复的植物对重金属的吸收,而外施镧离子可以用于降低叶菜类蔬菜中重金属镉的积累。
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植物络合素(phytochelatins,PCs)是含有γ-Glu-Cys重复结构的小分子多肽,其结构通式为:(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly(n=2-11)。植物络合素(PCs)由植物络合素合酶(PCS)催化谷胱甘肽(GSH)聚合而成,能够络合重金属离子而具有解毒功能,这是植物解毒重金属胁迫的重要机制之一。本文克隆了来源于重金属抗性植物绊根草(Cynodon dactylon cv Goldensun)的植物络合素合酶基因,通过基因工程手段使其在烟草中过量表达,得到了一些有望用于植物修复(phytoremediation)的工程植株。同时,在水稻(Oryza sativa)种子中利用RNAi技术抑制植物络合素合酶基因的表达,以降低重金属离子在人类最重要的粮食作物水稻的籽粒中的积累。 1. 通过RACE(Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends)方法从抗性植物绊根草中克隆了植物络合素合酶基因CdPCS1,其1515 bp的读码框编码一个含505个氨基酸的蛋白质,蛋白质序列分析表明它具有植物络合素合酶的结构特征,同时还具有磷酸化位点和亮氨酸拉链结构。 2. CdPCS1基因可以互补对铜和镉离子敏感的酵母突变株ABDE-1(cup1Δ)中缺失的金属硫蛋白基因CUP1的功能,也可以互补对砷离子敏感的酵母突变体FD236-6A(acr-3Δ)中的离子外排载体基因ARC3的缺失。 3. 将CdPCS1转入烟草,共获得过表达CdPCS1的烟草44个株系,其中融合GFP的株系16个。对T0代的转基因植株的PCs含量以及重金属抗性和吸收能力进行了分析,其中抗性实验表明,在300μmol/L 的Cd2+离子胁迫11天之后,野生型植株的叶片出现斑点状坏死,而两个转基因烟草株系S6和K49的植株没有出现受伤害症状。在100μmol/L的CdSO4处理一周后,转基因植株中的PCs含量比对照有不同程度的提高,最多提高了2.88倍。当用300μmol/L Cd2+处理9天再用600μmol/L Cd2+处理2天后,Cd的积累量比野生型植株增加了2倍多;用50μmol/L As3+处理7天再用100μmol/L As3+处理2天后,转基因植株对As的积累量最多增加了3倍多。说明转入绊根草PC合酶基因的烟草增加了植物络合素的合成,并由此增加了对镉离子的抗性以及对镉离子和砷离子的积累。 4. 对转基因烟草中的CdPCS1进行了亚细胞定位研究。在激光共聚焦显微镜和荧光显微镜下分别用转基因烟草叶片组织和叶肉细胞原生质体观察融合GFP的CdPCS1,结果表明融合蛋白定位于细胞核中。 5. .利用RNAi技术抑制水稻种子中植物络合素合酶基因的表达,共获得39个转基因株系。其中35个株系为种子特异性ZMM1启动子驱动OsPCS1基因的RNAi,其余4个株系由组成型的Ubiquitin启动子驱动。RT-PCR的分析结果表明:一个由ZMM1启动子驱动的RNAi转基因水稻株系的种子中,OsPCS1的mRNA水平比对照中的下降了一半。
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植物耐受和积累重金属的细胞学基础是植物细胞内存在一些能够络合和区隔化金属离子的机制。细胞中络合重金属离子最重要的小肽分子是谷胱甘肽(GSH)和植物络合素(PCs),而YCFⅠ基因编码的ABC-type 液泡膜转运蛋白负责将重金属离子及其与上述小肽形成的复合物转运进入细胞液泡中,即将重金属离子区隔化。植物细胞中合成GSH 和PCs 的关键酶分别是γ-谷氨酰氨半胱氨酸合成酶(GSHⅠ)和植物络合素合酶(PCS),他们的编码基因分别为GSHⅠ 和PCS 。此外定位于细胞质中的小囊泡上且对二价阳离子的吸收和转运有重要作用的SMF2 蛋白可能也参与重金属离子的区隔化过程。 为了改良植物使之能够应用于清除土壤中的重金属污染,本研究基于植物耐受和积累重金属的细胞学机制,分别将酿酒酵母来源的GSHⅠ、YCFⅠ和SMF2 基因,以及GSHⅠ、YCFⅠ基因分别与镉抗性植物大蒜来源的AsPCSⅠ 基因构建为不同的基因组合表达载体,转化模式植物拟南芥。对不同组合转基因拟南芥的功能分析表明: 1、酵母来源的基因GHSⅠ、YCFⅠ分别在拟南芥中异源超表达可以在一定程度上提高转基因拟南芥耐受、积累重金属的能力;其中GSHⅠ基因在拟南芥超表达可以提高转基因拟南芥合成GSH 的能力,转基因拟南芥细胞中GSH 浓度比野生型增加。 2、将GSHⅠ基因和来自大蒜的AsPCSⅠ基因同时在拟南芥中超表达能够显著提高转基因拟南芥耐受和积累重金属的能力,且积累和耐受能力显著高于分别转GSHⅠ或AsPCSⅠ的单价转基因株系;将YCFⅠ基因和AsPCSⅠ基因同时在拟南芥中超表达也能够显著提高转基因拟南芥耐受和积累重金属的能力,且积累和耐受能力显著高于分别转YCFⅠ或AsPCSⅠ的单价转基因株系。两种双价转基因株系GSHⅠ+AsPCSⅠ和YCFⅠ+AsPCSⅠ在积累和耐受不同重金属胁迫方面没有明显差别。 3、将SMF2 基因在拟南芥中异源表达,研究了植物中囊泡转运是否参与了重金属离子的吸收和区隔化过程。研究结果表明:超表达SMF2 基因的拟南芥尽管耐受重金属胁迫的能力与野生型没有明显差异,但其积累重金属的能力显著提高。这为证明植物中小囊泡转运参与重金属转运提供了间接证据。 综上所述,同时将多个参与植物对重金属络合、转运和区隔化作用的关键基因在转基因植物中表达可以提高植物耐受和积累重金属的能力,是培育可用于植物修复的新型工程植物的值得探索的途径。本论文所设计和构建的双价基因组合及其对目标植物的转化,在环境重金属污染的清除中有潜在的应用价值。
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随着我国工业的快速发展,环境污染日益严重,其中重金属已经成为最主要的污染物 之一。重金属具有分布广泛、半衰期长等特点,因而对人们的生产生活危害巨大。镉作为 一种常见的重金属污染物,它能够引发废用性萎缩、肾功能衰竭和感染等疾病,因此对环 境中存在的痕量镉的进行检测显得极为重要。传统的痕量分析方法包括光谱分析法和色谱 分析法,但这两方法所使用的仪器比较笨重,操作过程复杂,因而不适于在线分析。电化 学分析方法因其快速、便携、价格低廉、灵敏度高等特点而受到了人们的广泛关注,其中 较为常用的阳极溶出伏安法已经在镉离子等重金属离子的现场快速高灵敏检测中发挥了 重要作用。然而传统阳极溶出法中使用的汞电极因具有毒性而被许多国家禁止使用,所以 寻找汞电极的替代电极成为近年来的阳极溶出技术的研究热点。铋膜电极因具有类似汞电 极的分析性能且环境友好而受到了广泛重视,特别是各种化学修饰方法使得铋膜电极的性 能得到了显著提高。但是目前铋膜电极仍存在稳定性低、抗干扰能力差等问题,这些不足 严重制约了该类电极在重金属的阳极溶出分析中的应用。本文旨在通过新的化学修饰方法 解决铋膜电极应用中的瓶颈问题,发展具有优异分析性能的化学修饰铋膜电极应用于镉离 子等重金属离子的阳极溶出分析。本文的主要研究内容包括: l)以阳极溶出法测定镉离子为例,研究了化学修饰铋膜电极的响应特性,考察了富 集时间、富集电位、铋离子浓度、离子载体浓度和Nafion 浓度等实验条件对检测灵敏度的 影响。 2)将离子载体引入铋膜电极与Nafion 结合使用,研究了镉离子在该电极上的阳极溶 出响应,并探讨了铜、铅、铟三种金属离子对镉离子检测选择性的影响。将这种改良后的 化学修饰铋膜电极用于实际海水样品的检测,所得结果与ICP-MS 的测量结果基本一致。 3)将四氟硼酸钠引入铋膜电极与离子载体、碳纳米管结合使用,研究了镉离子在该 电极上的阳极溶出响应,考察了铜、铅、铟离子对镉离子测定的影响。 4)考察了电解富集和开路电位富集两种富集方式对电极灵敏度和选择性的影响。 实验表明:通过预富集,在未除氧的溶液中即可得到显著的镉离子溶出电流峰,且背 景噪音低;加入离子载体后,电极对目标金属有良好的选择性,可以在复杂基体条件下测 定重金属离子镉;电解富集条件下电极的的灵敏度较高,而开路电位富集条件下电极的选 择性较好。这种环保的无汞化学修饰电极为海水中重金属污染物的检测提供了新的手段。
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The paper describes the rapid and label-free detection of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device based on gold films prepared by electroless plating. The plating condition for obtaining films suitable for SPR measurements was optimized. Gold nanoparticles adsorbed on glass slides were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Detection of the WSSV was performed through the binding between WSSV in solution and the anti-WSSV single chain variable fragment (scFv antibody) preimmobilized onto the sensor surface. Morphologies of the as-prepared gold films, gold films modified with self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers, and films covered with antibody were examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To demonstrate the viability of the method for real sample analysis, WSSV of different concentrations present in a shrimp hemolymph matrix was determined upon optimizing the surface density of the antibody molecules. The SPR device based on the electroless-plated gold films is capable of detecting concentration of WSSV as low as 2.5 ng/mL in 2% shrimp hemolymph, which is one to two orders of magnitude lower than the level measurable by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The effects of sublethal concentrations of phenol and cadmium on the phototactic responses of the stage II nauplii of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. Increased toxicant concentrations caused a reduction in phototactic responses. Balanus amphitrite nauplii exposed to nominal phenol concentrations of 100 ppm and higher for 1-12 h failed to exhibit phototactic responses, while longer exposure times of 24 and 48 h reduced the lowest observable effect concentration (LOECs) to 80 and 60 ppm, respectively. For cadmium, the LOECs, based on nominal concentrations, for B. amphitrite following 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h exposures were 20, 4.5, 4.0, 1, and 0.75 ppm, respectively. The LOECs can be significantly reduced by increasing the duration of exposure to the toxicants. A good relationship exists between the phototactic response and toxicant concentration as well as exposure time. Results of this study indicate that the toxicant-induced reduction in phototactic responses of barnacle larvae can be used in a sensitive, rapid screening test for ecotoxicological assessments. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Using an all-electron band structure approach, we have systematically calculated the natural band offsets between all group IV, III-V, and II-VI semiconductor compounds, taking into account the deformation potential of the core states. This revised approach removes assumptions regarding the reference level volume deformation and offers a more reliable prediction of the "natural" unstrained offsets. Comparison is made to experimental work, where a noticeable improvement is found compared to previous methodologies.
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Two-photon excited fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots on a two-dimensional SiN photonic crystal surface is investigated by using a femtosecond laser. By using a photonic crystal, a 90-fold enhancement in the two-photon excited fluorescence in the vertical direction is achieved. This is the highest enhancement achieved so far in the two-photon excited fluorescence in the vertical direction. The mechanism of the enhancement for two-photon excited fluorescence from quantum dots on photonic crystals is analyzed.
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We demonstrate theoretically that electric field can drive a quantum phase transition between band insulator to topological insulator in CdTe/HgCdTe/CdTe quantum wells. The numerical results suggest that the electric field could be used as a switch to turn on or off the topological insulator phase, and temperature can affect significantly the phase diagram for different gate voltage and compositions. Our theoretical results provide us an efficient way to manipulate the quantum phase of HgTe quantum wells.
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The exponential degradation of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity at the near-band-gap was observed in heavily doped or low-quality GaN with pristine surface under continuous helium-cadmium laser excitation. In doped GaN samples, the degradation speed increased with doping concentration. The oxidation of the surface with laser irradiation was confirmed by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements. The oxidation process introduced many oxygen impurities and made an increase of the surface energy band bending implied by the shift of Ga 3d binding energy. The reason for PL degradation may lie in that these defect states act as nonradiative centers and/or the increase of the surface barrier height reduces the probability of radiative recombination.
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We reported the synthesis of CdS semiconductor nanoparticles using a simple one-pot reaction by thermolysis of cadmium acetylacetonate in dodecanethiol. Optical measurements of the as-obtained CdS nanoparticles revealed that their optical properties were closely related to surface effects. Based upon the cocktail of poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and CdS nanoparticles, a bistable device was fabricated by a simple solution processing technique. Such a device exhibited a remarkable electrical bistability, which was attributed to the electric field-assisted charge transfer between PVK and the CdS nanoparticles capped by dodecaethiol. The conduction mechanism changed from an injection-controlled current to a bulk-controlled one during switching from OFF-state to ON-state.
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A novel heavy-metal chalcogenide glass doped with a high dysprosium ion (Dy(3+)) concentration was prepared by the well-established melt-quenching technique from high-purity elements. The results show that when Cadmium (Cd) is introduced into chalcogenide glass, the concentration of Dy(3+) ions doped in GeGaCdS glasses is markedly increased, the thermodynamic performance improves, and the difference between T(g) and T(x) is >120 degrees C. The Vickers microhardness is also modified greatly, about 245 kgf/mm(2). The optical spectra indicate that all absorption and emission bands of Dy(3+) are clearly observed and red-shifted with increasing Dy(3+) concentration.
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Thermoluminescence (TL) of CdS clusters encapsulated in zeolite-Y is reported for the first time. The TL of the clusters is much stronger than that of the bulk CdS and increases as the CdS loading decreases. This inverse dependence of TL intensity upon CdS loading is caused mainly by the size-effect of the clusters. All samples exhibit almost the same glow peak position and shape, indicating that traps or surface states are not sensitive to the cluster sizes.
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The excitation spectrum of CdS dusters in zeolite-Y is consistent with their absorption spectrum, both showing two absorption bands that are assigned to the Is-is and Is-lp transitions, respectively. A new emission at 400 nn is considered to be the recombination of the bounded excitons. The emission firstly increases then decreases with increasing cluster size or loading. The emission by excitation into the Is-is band is stronger and sharper than that by excitation into the Is-lp band. This phenomenon is attributed to the size inhomogeneity and the strong electron-phonon interaction of the dusters. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
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近年来,我国花生重金属镉超标的现象屡见不鲜,致使花生在我国出口创汇的能力受到了严重影响。因此,本项研究选用北方两种花生-锦花5号和阜花13号为供试材料,采用室外盆栽方式,初步探讨了镉胁迫对花生品质的影响及花生对镉胁迫的响应机制,揭示了花生易富集镉和对镉高耐性的原因。 1.在外源高镉处理下,两品种花生的产量随镉处理浓度的增加而降低;籽实Cd含量均随土壤中Cd含量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),在土壤低Cd处理时,花生籽实更易富集Cd;花生受Cd胁迫后,籽实的亮氨酸含量受Cd的影响较为严重;氨基酸组成比例在较低镉处理剂量下未受到影响。 2.受Cd污染的花生籽实,种皮Cd含量较高;蛋白质是络合镉的主要营养部位,而脂肪中镉的含量甚微,研究处理范围内均低于食品中Cd的限量值0.2 mg•kg-1 ;因此供试花生籽实不能作为人体对植物蛋白的来源,但可以作为人体对食用油脂的来源。 3.花生籽实中存在植物螯合肽PC4,它在花生中镉的耐性方面发挥着重要的作用。尽管非蛋白巯基(NPT)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、PC4和脯氨酸(Pro)含量受作物品种和外源镉处理剂量的影响,但它们对籽实中重金属镉的络合发挥着作用。此外,脯氨酸(Pro)还可以作为花生受镉胁迫的生物指示物。