无粪便生活污水SMBR快速处理技术研究

针对传统生活污水水质相对复杂，处理与回用较为困难的问题，提出在搜集时排除粪便水，选择厨房、洗漱、洗澡、洗涤的污水，利用浸没式膜生物反应器（SMBR）技术实现上述类型污水的快速处理，再生水回用于冲厕。研究结果表明：此种污水COD、NH4+-N和TP含量低，具有良好的可生化性，可大大降低处理周期与处理成本。本技术优化的主要工艺条件为：污泥浓度范围7000～9100 mg•L-1，污泥龄40～55d，HRT为80min，气水比为12～15:1，处理效果好，微滤膜对稳定出水水质起到重要作用。在此条件下，COD、NH4-N,TP去除率分别为85.47%, 53.11%,44.86%。出水COD在20～30mg•L-1之间，BOD5为1～5 mg•L-1；NH4+-N为2～3.08 mg•L-1，TP为0.59～0.9mg•L-1 mg•L-1，LAS为0.41～0.67mg•L-1，去除效果较好，再生水水质可达到《城市污水再生利用 城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920- 2002)标准。本文研究不足之处主要是由于文章所述污水搜集难度较高，实验用水为模拟废水，在一定程度上与实际污水有差距。 本研究结果可为生活污水的处理与回用提供一种新的思路与研究基础。

城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究

本文研究了城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理新技术。以深圳市下坪固体废弃物填埋场渗滤液为高浓度渗滤液的代表，首次采用以两级好氧生物增强技术为主，辅以 Fenton 试剂氧化的工艺组合。通过实验，确定了各级处理的最佳处理条件。处理后废水中污染物种类从 75 种降至约 12 种，有机酸和小分子烷烃基本被完全降解，经 37 小时处理后 COD 浓度从 11000mg/L 降至 150mg/L 左右，NH_3-N 浓度从 1250mg/L 左右降到 5mg/L 以下，总P浓度从 20mg/L 降至未检出，去除率分别过到 98.6%、99.6% 和100％，出水水质过到行业排放标准和国家二级排放标准。研究了该技术高浓度渗滤液的动力学规律。筛先到几组优势菌和几株高效菌，对其进行了初步鉴定，确定了高效菌的最佳培养条件。比较了两级处理中细菌群落的差异。初步确定了两株高效菌的相互关系。采用此工艺，投加高效菌后，能提高处理效率 22.9%；而且避免了常用的预处理工序，减少了基建设施和运行成本，具有广阔的应用前景。另以成都市长安垃圾场的渗滤液为低浓度渗滤液的代表。采用以生物氧化处理工艺为主，辅以化学沉淀法预处理和 Fenton 试剂氧化浓度处理的工艺组合来处理。确定了工艺的最佳处理条件。经处理后，COD 浓度从 1400mg/L 降至 150mg/L 左右，NH_3-N 浓度从 700mg/L 左右降至 25mg/L 以下，总 P 浓度从 20mg/L 降至未检出，去除率分别达到 89.3%、96.4 和100％，出水水质达到行业排放标准和国家二级排放标准。筛先到几组优势菌，对其进行了初步鉴定。

高浓度有机氰废水的可生化性及调控研究

本文通过广泛查阅国内外有关技术资料，针对高浓度有机氰废水难以生化处理的现实情况，详细分析了难生化处理的成因及存在的问题。在国内外首次全面研究了有机氰废水及主要污染物的生化特性，试验确定了主要污染物对产甲烷菌的50％抑制浓度，开创了主要有机氰废水的后化调控新技术，极大的改善了高浓度有机氰废水的生化特性，为有机氰废水的生化处理创造了有利条件。研究结果表明，丙烯腈生产一段急冷废水、二段急冷废水和腈纶生产工艺废水3种废水为难以生化降解的废水，其BOD_5／COD比值分别为0.15、0.17、0.33，BD％分别为36.3、45.8、53。据此，明确了生化调控的对象。高浓度有机氰废水中，聚合物、CN~-、AN、乙腈、NH_3-N、SO_3~(2-)为影响废水生化处理的主要水质因素，聚合物、CN~-、AN、乙腈的可生化性较差，其BOD_5／COD比值在0.3以下；聚合物、CN~-、AN、乙腈为抑制厌氧生物降解性能的主要有机毒性物质，其50％IC分别为1300、4.5、85、320mg/L, 氧氮、含硫化合物为抑制厌氧生物解的主要无机毒性物质。首次将精馏法用于丙烯腈生产一段急冷废水的可生化性调控，打破了传统的以氧化分解工艺为途径的可生化性调控模式，将制约废水生化性能的主要污染物丙烯腈、乙腈、HCN及聚合物从水中进行了有效分离，实现了有用物质的回收。同时极大的降低了废水中污染物的浓度，COD由调控前的124.6mg/L降到7.9g/L，有效地改善了废水的可生化性能，其BOD_5／COD比值由原来的0.15提高到0.41，BD％由原来的36.3提高到67.5。开发了Ca~(2+)～汽提法对丙烯腈生产二段急冷废水进行可生化性调控，废水中的氨氮及SO_4~(2-)的去除率达到99％以上，其浓度分别由原来的51728、147560 mg/L降为70.3、1100mg/L，氰类化合物亦有96％以上的去除率，从根本上提高了废水的可生化性能，废水的BOD_5／COD由原来的0.17提高到0.32，BD％由原来的45.8提高到70.2。开发了曝气～Ca~(2+)～混凝法对腈纶生产工艺废水进行可生化性调控，降低了对厌氧生化具有抑制作用的毒性物质，SO_3~(2-)由原来的843mg/L降到64mg/L；聚合物由原来的4730mg/L降到1190mg/L。废水的生化性能得到了改善，BOD_5／COD由原来的0.33提高到0.42，BD％由原来的53提高到76.2。提出了高浓度有机氰废水的总体处理方案，该方案具有明显的技术优势，环境效益和经济效益明显。方案分为可生化性调控及生化处理两部分，可生化性调控部分以改善废水的可生化性能为目的，同时实现废弃物的资源化；生化处理部分采用生物脱氮处理工艺，可望达到很好的处理效果。

两段组合式好氧生物处理方法（AS/UABF）设计与工艺研究

本项研究综合了活性污泥法、生物滤池法、AB法、上流好氧活性污泥床的处理特点，设计了两段式活性污泥-上流式活性生物滤池组合污水处理工艺（AS/UABF），并对工艺条件进行了系统研究。结果表明，通过合理的设计与组合，该工艺中显示出两段工艺的组合协同协应，系统的处理能力高于单元处理能力，AS段具有大幅度削减污染负荷的能力，UABF段保证了出水水质。污水经初淀池后进入活性污染池，HRT为1h，通过活性污泥去除、吸附大量悬浮物和有机污染物，污染物浓度大幅度降低。COD去除负荷为2.05kgCOD/m~3.d，BOD去除负荷达1.82kgBOD_5/m~3.d，COD、BOD、SS可降低48～65%；然后进入上向流生物滤池，水力停留时间为3小时，利用生物膜的净化能力对污水进一步处理，然后进入沉淀池，最后出水的COD < 25mg/L，BOD < 5mg/L，SS < 5mg/L，NH_3-N < 2mg/L，出水指标可达到回用水质量标准。AS/UABF的两段一体化设计保证了系统的稳定运行，有效地控制了污泥膨胀的了发生，在对进水负荷、毒物冲击方面也表现也很好的抵抗能力，并有脱氮、脱磷作用。该技术可用于生活污水、中等浓度有机废水的处理。为进一步优化AS/UABF的净化效率，本项研究对AS/UABF的布水方式进行了改进，在UABF底部增设了第二个布水点。试验结果表明，在有机负荷分别为0.86，1.20，1.40，1.54kgDOB_5/m~3.d的情况下，BOD_5的去除率为96.9%，92.7%，88.6%，85.8%，COD去除率为90.6%，89.1%，86.9%，83.9%，系统的处理能力进一步提高。

香根草生态学特性及其应用研究

用百喜草(Paspalum notatum)和水花(Alternanthera philoxeroides)等草本植物作对比，通过叶片离体实验、温室盆栽实验、田间小区实验和大田推广实验，并结合室内分析，较系统地研究了香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)的抗热、抗冻和抗盐特性和对污水的净化效果。此外，还探讨了矮化香根草和促进香根草分蘖的可能性；提出了香根草生态工程的思想，阐述了香根草生态工程推广应用的价值与效果；通过对国内野生香根草资源的调查和标本鉴定,指出了过去对这个种的错误描述，提出了保护野生香根草资源和香根草湿地的紧迫性与重要意义。主要研究结果如下： 1.离体叶片电解质渗漏的测定结果表明，3种植物对高温、冻害、干旱的抵抗力依次为香根草 > 百喜草 > 水花生，特别是在胁迫程度高、幅度大或胁迫时间长时，香根草所表现出的强抗逆性更加明显。香根草有比百喜草和水花生更强的适应能力。2.叶片电导率的实验结果显示，香根草、水花生和百喜草对盐胁迫的反应相差不明显，但盆栽实验则显示出较大差异，抗盐能力明显表现为香根草 > 水花生 > 百喜草。导致3种植物生物量下降10％的EC_(se)值分别为6.4、5.1和4.3 dS m~(-1)；导致生物量下降50％的EC_(se)分别为20.9、16.2和11.5 dS m~(-1)。在抗盐等级划分上，香根草和水花生属抗盐植物种类，百喜草属中度抗盐种类。总的来说，3种植物都表现出了相对较强的抗盐特性。以上结果还表明考察植物的抗盐性时必须用整株做为实验材料，离体叶片或组织培养所得到的结果不能作为植物抗盐能力的标准。3.植物体内Na~+和Cl~-含量随土壤盐度水平升高而升高，而茎叶中的Na~+和Cl~-又直接影响到植物的生物量、叶面积、株高等。这表明盐度对3种植物生长发育的影响相当明显，且植物体的Na~+和Cl~-很可能都是影响植物生长发育的直接因子。然而，叶片光合色素受Na~+或Cl~-的影响不甚明显，而且在Na~+和Cl~-的浓度不高时色素含量还随茎叶中Na~+和Cl~-的浓度升高而显现增加趋势，即使Na~+和Cl~-的浓度较高时，光合色素下降的幅度也远不及生物量的大。这可能由于光合作用是被“反馈抑制”，而不是直接被Na~+或Cl~-抑制。4.3种植物表现出完全不同抗盐机理。香根草表现出拒盐特性，而且将所吸收的盐分的大部分(尤其是Na~+)滞留在根系内：水花生表现为稀盐特性，即当植株体内含盐量增加时，其水分含量亦增加，并趋向肉质化；百喜草有较强的吸盐能力，并可能通过盐腺泌出体内高浓度的盐分且通过加速老叶死亡来排除过多的盐。5.广州市李坑垃圾卫生填埋场的渗滤污水含有高浓度的污染物，经过人工净化后仍未 达到排放标准，对植物产生毒害并带来严重的环境污染，须作进一步净化，并建议开展生物净化来辅助物理和化学净化。6.在被观测的4种植物中，风眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在高浓度和低浓度2种污水中均被毒害致死；百喜草在高浓度的渗滤液中不能存活，在低浓度中受严重伤害；水花生在高浓度污水中受较重伤害，但在低浓度形成庞大生物体，这可能是污水的“富营养化”所致；香根草在这2种污水中亦受伤害，但受害程度为4种植物中最轻。总的来说，它们的抗污能力和去污效果表现为香根草 > 水花生 > 百喜草 > 风眼莲。7.在污水中表现相对较好的2种植物中，水花生对低浓度污水的净化效果总体上好于香根草，尤其对总氮和硝态氮的净化效果明显好于香根草，但香根草对高浓度污水中的7种“污物”的净化效果均优于水花生，且对低浓度污水中的磷与COD的净化亦优于水花生。在被观测的7种水质指标中，植物对氨氮的净化效果最好，净化率在77％～91％之间。此外，香根草对磷也表现出了较强的净化能力，净化率高达70％以上。香根草和水花生可分别作为高、低2种浓度垃圾污水的净化植物来辅助净化污水。8.香根草虽不是水生植物，但能在水中生长。用香根草作为污水的净化植物时须用支撑物将其固定；香根草和水花生都生长迅速，生物体高大，因此用它们净化被污染的环境时，还应适时对其地上部分进行剪割以保证新生的植株体能不断地吸收水中“污物”，使它们都能成为“超级生物累积器”。但是，任何单一植物对污水或污物的净化能力都是有限的，要想对垃圾污水产生好的净化效果，最好的办法也许是将香根草、水花生等多种有良好净化效果的植物有机结合起来，同时种植在污水中。9.植物通过吸收来去除“污物”的能力是很有限的。香根草和水花生对污水中N、P、Cl~-的吸收量只占净化量的一部分，和原液中N、P、Cl~-的含量相比，吸收量所占的比例更低。植物净化系统中的去污方式除根系的吸收作用外，还有根系的吸附、元素的沉降、固结和挥发、水体中微小动物和微生物的作用等，即是通过根系微生态系统的综合作用来达到净化目的。10.植物生长延缓剂对香根草的株高生长、分蘖速度和抽穗开花等方面都产生影响，但不同的药剂种类和浓度所产生的影响相差甚远。低浓度的延缓剂不仅不抑制香根草的株高生长，而且还有显著地促进作用，高浓度虽有抑制作用，但这种抑制也只是短期的，一般不超过2个月。延缓剂对分蘖的形成具有较好的促进作用，而且这种促进作用持续3个月左右。3种延缓剂中，以低浓度的B9促进分蘖的效果最显著，比对照高出50％。不同的延缓剂对香根草抽穗扬花的影响表现不同，PP333具有一定的促进效果，而CCC和B9-尤其是B9-表现出明显的抑制作用。总的来说，B9对香根草矮化、促进分蘖和抑制开花方面产生的效果要好于CCC和PP333。11.植物生长延缓剂对香根草的作用效果与对一般作物的作用效果相差较远，这可能是香根草的抗性较强，延缓剂对它的影响不明显所致。总的来说，植物生长延缓剂对香根草株高生长的抑制效果不理想。有关这方面的研究还有待进一步开展。12.公路滑坡不仅带来严重的交通阻塞，而且危及到行车与行人的安全。常规治理公路滑坡的手段是采取砌石墙的工程措施，这不仅费用昂贵，而且缺乏生态效益，也难以达到根治效果。应用香根草生态工程(The Vetiver Eco-engineering)对滑坡路段进行综合治理,能产生良好护坡固土效果，而且所需成本仅为机械工程的12％～18％。香根草生态工程是指以香根草为主要或核心草种，同时与一些适合当地生长的植物—包括乔木、灌木、草本、藤本一进行有机搭配，并在需要时辅以一定的工程措施，用于水土流失治理和退化生态系统的恢复的植物生态工程措施。13.为了使香根草生态工程尽快生效，应采取一定的栽培管理措施。香根草应等高密植，注意施肥，前期不要被遮光；所搭配的植物应该是抗逆性强，乔、灌、草、藤结合起来，并注意在香根草带中间适当种植一些生长迅速、抗瘠能力强、覆盖效果好的草本植物，这不仅能使坡面更稳固，而且能变得更美观。总之，香根草生态工程在公路护坡方面所产生的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益都是相当明显的，在我国南方地区有着广阔的应用前景。14.一般认为，香根草原产印度，然而，中国亦有天然的香根草群落分布。早在70多年前就在海南发现野生的香根草种，1957年又在广东吴川发现一片面积达6000多hm~2的湿生性的天然香根草群落。40年来，这片珍贵的热带湿地遭到严重破坏，香根草的面积和密度都大幅度下降。对此，笔者建议尽快在当地划一块自然保护区，这不仅是为了保护珍贵的野生香根草资源，保护当地的生物多样性和生态环境，而且能为研究热带湿地和草原提供理想基地，并为研究香根草的起源、系统演化和分类提供理想素材。15.过去的文献一直把广东吴川这片湿地中的野生香根草种认为是V. nigritana,但本文的标本鉴定认为它并不是V. nigritana或其它种，而是V. zizanioides。不过，引种栽培观测和RAPD技术研究都表明，这一野生种和普通的栽培种属于同一个种的不同生态型或基因型，而导致形成这种差异的原因是由于野生种生长在长年渍水或干湿交替的环境所致。16.目前对香根草的起源和系统演化知之甚少，香根草属的系统分类还很不完善，有 关香根草对重金属、污染物的抗性机理等诸多方面都还不太清楚或很不清楚。因此，对 香根草这一神奇植物的研究还有待继续深入地开展下去。总之，香根草这一多年生的禾本科植物对盐、碱、酸、瘦、冷、热、早、涝都表现出了较强抗性，在水土流失防治、退化生境恢复、污染环境净化、贫瘠土壤改良、农田小气候改善等方面都表现出了较好效果。香根草无愧是一种神奇之草。然而，要真正将香根草生态工程在我国南方地区大规模推广开来，还需要做较多的工作，这包括更深一步的科学研究、更广泛的宣传、培训与示范、更充分的资源利用与经济创收等。

OLAND生物脱氮系统运行条件及其微生物群落结构的研究

OLAND两阶段生物脱氮系统是一项正在开发且极具应用前景的处理高氨氮、低COD废水的新技术。在实验室水平，对OLAND系统限氧亚硝化阶段MBR反应器和厌氧氨氧化阶段SBR反应器的启动和运行进行了系统研究。MBR反应器控制参数在DO0.1-0.3mg/L，pH7.8±0.1，温度30±0.5℃，SRT无穷大的条件下，可实现在较高的容积负荷By＝IO00mgN／L，水力停留时间HRT：ld下稳定的亚硝酸型硝化，使NH4+-N和NO2-N的出水比例达到理想的比值（1:1.20±0.20），保证厌氧氨氧化阶段SBR反应器的理想进水；SBR反应器在完全厌氧、pH7.8-8.2，温度30±0．5℃，SRT无穷大的条件下，无需外加任何有机碳源，在较高总氮负荷550mgN／L下，可实现NH4+-N和NO2--N同时稳定的去除，二者的消耗比例为1:（1.21±0.05），总氮去除率高达92％。采用巢式PCR、DGGE、 FISH等分子技术对MBR反应器硝化菌群随溶解氧的动态变化规律和SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化菌群结构、组成进行了研究，并探讨了硝化菌群与氮素组成变化之间的内在联系。结果表明：在限氧亚硝化阶段硝化菌群中氨氧化菌受溶解氧浓度的影响较大，其种群结构从反应器启动初期到稳定后期发生了非常明显的变化。亚硝酸氧化菌NOB的种群组成受溶氧影响并不明显，从启动初期到稳定后期其种群结构无明显变化。硝化菌群中氨氧化菌 AOB与亚硝酸氧化菌NOB的数量比例关系随溶解氧的降低而不断升高，从最初的3.6:1升高到稳定后期的5.5:1。MBR反应器优势硝化菌群主要由A、B、C三类氨氧化菌和硝化杆菌D、硝化螺菌F组成，其中优势菌C为维持MBR反应器稳定出水比例的主要功能菌。硝化菌群组成和结构的变化，带来了不同N素之间组成和比例的规律性变化。厌氧氨氧化阶段基本由厌氧氨氧化菌AnAOB和ANAMMOX两类菌组成，二者空间结构紧密，在反应器中的活菌数量比例分别为55％和42％。厌氧氨氧化菌AnAOB种群多样性相对比较丰富，主要由条带I和H所代表的两种优势菌组成；ANAMMOX菌种群多样性变化较小，其种群主要由优势菌K和J组成。对MBR和SBR反应器中的优势菌进行了克隆、测序和系统发育学分析，结果表明：限氧亚硝化阶段MBR反应器启动初期的优势菌A属于Nitrosomonadaceae科，是否是一个新属，还有待于进一步鉴定。运行中期优势菌B与Nitroso）nonaseurooaea亲缘关系最近，同源性高达99.1％，暂命名为Nilrosomonas sp.BI。稳定后期优势菌C与Nitrosomonas eutroPha亲缘关系最近，同源性为96.3％，暂命名为Nifrosomonas sp．cl。硝化杆菌属优势菌D与Nitrobacter alkalicus、Nitrobacter hambllrgensts和Nitlobac招rwinograsky 亲缘关系较近，同源性分别为95.5-97％、96.5～97％和95.8～96.8％。SBR反应器中AnAOB优势菌I与MBR反应器优势菌B亲缘关系最近，同源性高达98.7％，与Nitlosomonas euroPaea同源性为98.3％。根据序列比较和生理特性分析，优势菌I与优势菌B应为Nitrosomonas属两个不同的种，暂将优势菌I命名为Nitrosomonas sp．II。优势菌H与MBR反应器优势菌C亲缘关系最近，同源性达97.9％，与Nitrosomonas eutropha同源性为96.3％。结合其生理特性分析，二者应为Nitrosomonas属两个不同的种，暂将优势菌H命名为Nitrosomollas sp．Hl。ANAMMox优势菌K与未培养的 Planctomycete和已鉴定的另一种ANAMMoX菌尤uenenia sf况ttgartiensis亲缘关系较近，同源性分别为99.8％和96.6％。优势菌J与Gen bank收录的所有菌的相似性均低于76％，说明该菌是OLAND系统厌氧氨氧化阶段比较独特的菌，是迄今为止在厌氧反应过程中未发现的一个新菌。

黑土人工快速渗滤系统工艺参数筛选及净化功能

东北黑土区是我国主要粮食基地之一，水资源短缺和水环境污染问题严重；城市生活污水资源化堕待解决。本文根据污水土地处理技术，以黑土和石英砂为介质，采用室内模拟的方法，建立并运行了黑土人工快速渗滤系统。本文首次运用均匀设计原理，建立了以COD、TN、TP最大去除率和最大水力负荷为｝！标的优化工艺参数（人工土壤的组成、淹水时间、湿千比）筛选方法；并提出了以倒数方程来确定系统稳定的渗滤速度和稳定的COD、翎、TP去除率。在优化条件下，COD、TN、TP去除率和渗滤速度的理论结果分别为：85.02％、93.75％、92.62％和9.57cm/h；实际运行结果分别为：85.33％、93.01％、93.27％和9.26cm/h。表明此筛选方法是可行的。研究表明，在COD优化条件下可以实现COD（去除率=85.02％）和TP（去除率＝91.59％）共同有效地去除。加入草炭影响系统的净化效果。同时本文还研究了在优化条件下黑土人工快速渗滤系统Eh和微生物组成特征。黑土人工快速渗滤系统对LAs具有较强的净化能力，在＜100mg／L浓度条件下，LAS去除率在90％以上。LAS主要被吸附于20～40cm土层中；高浓度LAS会在系统中积累；延长干化时间可以提高系统对LAS的去除率。高浓度LAS会造成系统对其它污染物（cOD、TN、NH4+-N、TP，可溶性磷等）去除率的下降，造成Eh降低和微生物数量的减少等。

亚硝化—厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水研究

猪场废水COD浓度高、氨氮浓度高、悬浮物浓度高，已成为农村面源污染的主要来源，并严重威胁到农村饮用水安全。猪场废水氨氮浓度高、处理难度大，如何采用经济高效的方法，去除氨氮使其达到排放标准，一直是猪场废水处理中面临的重要难题。 厌氧氨氧化是近年受到国内外水处理研究者广泛关注的新型生物脱氮技术，具有不需要外加有机碳源、节省供氧量、降低能耗等优点。虽然国内外研究者对厌氧氨氧化过程的脱氮机理、厌氧氨氧化菌的生理生化特性等进行了多方面的研究，但已有的报道大多以模拟废水为研究对象，以猪场废水为研究对象的报道，在国内外文献中极少有报导。 本论文以猪场废水为主要研究对象，考察了猪场废水的亚硝化过程、厌氧氨氧化的启动过程，并对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化联合用于猪场废水脱氮进行了探索。 1．论文首先研究了猪场废水的亚硝化过程，考察了废水水质和主要运行条件对亚硝化过程的影响。实验表明：（1）亚硝化阶段反应时间为8到10h时，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度比可达到1：1～1：1.23，满足厌氧氨氧化反应对二者比例的要求；达到前述要求时，氨氮去除率达到58.3～65.6 %，亚硝化率在整个过程均保持在97 %以上，COD去除率在59.2～68.6 %；（2）曝气量（溶解氧）对亚硝化过程影响显著，随着曝气量增大，达到厌氧氨氧化要求的氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例所需水力停留时间τ越短，pH出现明显下降的时间越短；（3）τ对应的pH在7.8～8.1之间，无需进行pH调节即可满足厌氧氨氧化反应对pH的要求；（4）氨氮和COD降解过程遵循一级反应动力学，氨氮和COD降解的速率常数分别为0.0656～0.0724 1/h和0.0491～0.0664 1/h。 2．在进行亚硝化过程研究的同时，以模拟废水为试验对象，进行厌氧氨氧化启动研究。以反硝化污泥和养殖厂储水池厌氧底泥的混合污泥作为接种污泥，历时大约100天，培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥，氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮最高进水浓度分别为223.8 mg/L和171.4 mg/L，去除率最高分别达48%和41.5%，此时二者消耗比例为1.33：1。 3．在猪场废水的亚硝化研究完成和厌氧氨氧化过程初步启动成功后，在模拟废水中逐步加入猪场废水的亚硝化处理出水，逐步实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的组合。亚硝化出水添加到厌氧反应器后，厌氧氨氧化反应仍可继续进行，且去除效率逐步提高。研究发现添加的亚硝化出水中携带的亚硝化细菌在厌氧氨氧化菌膜外层生长并累积，增加了厌氧氨氧化反应基质的传质阻力，妨碍了厌氧氨氧化效率的提高。 4．亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化实际工程应用探索中，生物接触氧化池可在有效去除废水中的有机物的同时实现亚硝化，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐比例平均为1.10，可满足后续厌氧氨氧化的要求；在适宜的进水浓度和温度下，ABR池出现了厌氧氨氧化启动的迹象；研究同时发现，水质的波动和气温的变化是工程中影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性的重要因素。 论文的主要创新点在于：（1）以猪场废水为研究对象，以实现厌氧氨氧化为目标，对亚硝化过程进行了比较详细的考察，获得了亚硝化出水满足厌氧氨氧化要求的工艺条件，通过对其COD和氨氮降解过程的考察，得出亚硝化阶段COD降解和氨氮去除的动力学模型；（2）对亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水进行了探索，确立了影响其污染物去除率稳定的重要因素。 论文的上述研究成果，为厌氧氨氧化技术的实用性研究提供理论依据。 Piggery wastewater, which is characterized by high concentration of COD、ammonium and suspend substance, has become a most important source of non-point source pollution and also severely threats drinking water security in rural area. How to discharge piggery wastewater with the ammonium concentration meeting standard by economical and effective method? This is the most urgent problem in piggery wastewater treatment. As a new biological nitrogen removal technology, Anammox process has been paid more and more attention by researchers all over the world. Anammox has advantages of no need of organic carbon addition, low oxygen consumption and energy consumption. Plenty of investigations have been carried out to the mechanism, physiological and biochemical characteristic of bacteria about Anammox. Most of researches focused on synthetic wastewater, there is rare report about its application in piggery wastewater. In this paper，experimental studies were performed to investigate Sharon process in treatment of piggery wastewater，the start up process of Annammox using synthetic wastewater were studied, the feasibility of applying Sharon-Anammox process in the nitrogen removal of piggery wastewater was evaluated. 1. Sharon process of piggery wastewater was firstly investigated to analyze the effects of water quality and main running parameters, which meet the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of successive Anammox. Results showed: (1)During Sharon Process，after 8～10 hours’ reaction the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio in effluent reached 1:1.0～1:1.23, when the removal percentage of NH4+-N was 58.3～65.6 %, a semi-nitration rate of above 97 % was achieved during the process; meanwhile 59.2～68.6 % of the COD was also removed. (2)The aeration rate（oxygen） had obvious effect on the hydraulic retention time(τ) which met the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of Anammox. As aeration rate increased, the hydraulic retention time(τ) was shortened. (3) The pH corresponding to τ was between 7.8 and 8.1, thus it needed no artificial adjustment. (4) The reduction of ammonia and COD followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The velocity constants of ammonia and COD were 0.0656～0.0724 1/h and 0.0491～0.0664 1/h, respectively. 2. The startup of Anammox process using the artificial wastewater was performed simultaneously with Sharon. The aim was to investigate the running parameters of Anammox and make foundation for the combination stage. By using the mixture of denitrifying sludge and anaerobic sludge in tank of the breeding factory, sludge of Anammox activity was cultivated in UASB after 100 days. The removal percentage of NH4+-N and NO2-N were up to 48% and 41.5%, respectively, when the NH4+-N and NO2-N influent concentration were 223.8 mg/L and 171.4 mg/L, respectively, the NH4+-N and NO2-N removal rate was 1.33:1. 3. After investigation of Sharon and startup of Anammox, effluent of Sharon process was added into the synthetic wastewater to combine Sharon and Anammox step by step. It took some time after the addition of Sharon effluent that Anammox reaction continued and the removal rate kept increasing. It indicated that nitrifying bacteria were carried by the Sharon effluent cumulated in the outer layer of Anammox. This enhanced transfer resistance of Anammox reaction and the increasing removal rate was restrained. 4. In the bio-contact oxidation pond of practical project, Sharon process were carried out successfully and organic compounds were removed effectively. An average NO2-N/ NH4+-N rate of 1:1.0 was achieved in the effluent, which met the requirement of successive Anammox. Under condition of suitable influent concentration and temperature, there was evidence that Anammox could start up in ABR. The variety of wastewater and temperature had great affects on Anammox activity in practical engineering. Innovation of this paper: (1) The Sharon process for treating piggery wastewater was discussed in details. Technological parameters that met requirement of Anammox were obtained. The dynamic models of COD and ammonium removal in the process were educed. (2) Sharon-Ananmmox for treatment of piggery wastewater was investigated, and the primary influencing factors was studied. This paper could be a theoretical consult for research of Anammox utility.

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的中试研究

一体化反应器由于投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等优点而备受青睐。但现有的一体化反应器大都适用于处理中低浓度废水，耐受负荷普遍偏低。本课题研制出新型高效的厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器，旨在通过反应器结构优化、高效微生物载体研制、配合高效微生物菌剂技术处理中高浓度有机废水，实现高效和低耗，降低设备造价，提高反应器运行稳定性。 首先开展了菌剂对废水的适配试验。采用15种不同的微生物菌剂，以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水为基质，分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率，以其为指标比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性。根据结果选择活性高的14＃、8＃、10＃菌剂，在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验，取得良好的处理效果，为菌剂在厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器的小试、中试中的应用奠定了基础。 经小试研究后，又对厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器进行了处理发酵废水的中试研究。试验结果表明，反应器启动快，系统有机负荷2.72 kgCODm-3d-1时整个反应器去除率保持在84.5％～93.19％，在30多天内一次启动成功。冲击负荷试验中，系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88 kgCODm-3d-1，系统去除率稳定在88.10％～96.88%，说明反应器处理效率高，抗冲击能力强。稳定运行期间，COD去除率可达90％以上，各项指标都能达到国家排放标准。 此外，对反应器配套系统高效菌剂、高分子复合颗粒载体进行了研究。结果显示，菌剂与反应器适配良好，各功能区形成了丰富、高活性的微生物，厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9 gL-1，VS/TS为56.9％～57.4％，比产甲烷活性为280～350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1；好氧区固定化微生物TS高达1.921 gL-1，VS/TS为94.02～94.30％。对载体性能的研究表明，此高分子复合颗粒载体密度适中，易于流化，不易流失；粗糙多空，易于挂膜；且无生物毒害作用，稳定安全，是一种优良的生物载体。反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析，说明了反应器、菌剂、载体适配良好，在其协同作用下，实现了污染物的高效降解。 The integrated reactors were popular because of their characteristics such as little investment, small occupation of land, convenient of manage and running etc. But the present integrated reactors were mostly applied for treating wastewater of low concentration, the load tolerance was generally on the low side. A new type integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor was developed, which was conducted to treating organic wastewater of middle or high concentration by optimization of reactor structure, development of efficient microbe carrier and adaptation of high active microbial blends, to achieve high efficiency and low consume, reduce equipment cost, enhance running stabilization of reactor. The adaptability test of microbial blends on different wastewater was carried on firstly. Oxygen consumption rate and anaerobic specific activity of methane producing of 15 different microbial blends were measured separately taking glucose artificial wastewater, Chinese herb extracting wastewater, brewery wastewater and ammonia nitrogen artificial wastewater as substrate, by which the adaptabilities of different microbial blends to wastewater were compared. According to the results high active microbial blends 14#, 8# and 10# were selected and used in the continuous treatment of wastewater in the laboratory and had obtained good effect, which had laid a foundation for application microbial blends to small scale test and pilot test of integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor. After the small scale test, the pilot test of the integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor treating fermentation wastewater was carried on. The test results showed fast initiation of the reactor. When system organic load reached 2.72 kgCODm-3d-1the COD removal rate of the reactor was stable between 84.5%～93.19% and it initiated successfully in more than 30 days at a time. In the load shock test the maximum organic load of system could reach to 8.88 kgCODm-3d-1 and the COD removal rate could be stable between 88.10%~96.88% which indicated that the reactor was efficient for treating wastewater and had strong resistance to shock load. At stable running period the COD removal rate of the reactor was over 90% and each index of wastewater could reach to the national discharge standards. In addition, the high active microbial blends and the macromolecule compound granule carrier, the matching system of the reactor was studied. It showed that the microbial blends adapted well to the reactor and abundant and high active microbes were formed in each functional field. The TS of granule sludge in anaerobic field was as high as 83.9 gL-1, the VS/TS was 56.9%~57.4%, the specific activity of methane producing was 280~350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1. And the TS of immobilized biological granule was as high as 1.921 gL-1, the VS/TS was 94.02%~94.30%. Study on the carrier showed that the self-made macromolecular compound granule carrier was moderate of density, easy of fluidization, unease of running off, rough and porous, easy of films fixation, no bio-toxic, stable and safe, was a kind of superior carrier. Analysis of degradation process in each functional field confirmed the reactor, microbial blends and carriers were in good adaptation and wastewater was decontaminated by their cooperation.

钻井废水可生化性研究及处理技术探索

钻井废水是油气井开采钻探过程中产生的废水，钻井废水成分复杂，有机物浓度高、色度高、悬浮物浓度高，水质变化大，排放点分散，不经处理排放会污染环境，破坏生态。随着石油工业的不断发展和国家环保法律法规的日益严格，钻井废水的治理也越来越受到重视。如何采用经济有效的方法处理废弃钻井液，对油气井开采业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本论文以遂宁磨153 井的钻井废水为主要研究对象，在对废水进行絮凝沉降预处理和生物法处理探索的基础上，针对钻井废水可生化性差的特点，采用水解酸化和Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水的可生化性，对反应过程进行了比较详细的考察，对可生化性改善的机理进行了探索。主要研究结论如下：1 用PFS 和PAC 配制的混合混凝剂对钻井废水COD 的去除效果比较显著，在最佳条件下COD 的去除率可达75%，且絮体沉降速度较快，出水pH 保持中性；2 水解酸化法处理钻井废水可显著改善废水的可生化性。经48 小时水解酸化处理，钻井废水的理论BOD5可提高约22 倍，表观BOD5/COD值由0.004 提高到0.034。用接触氧化反应器处理经水解酸化处理后的废水，处理效果比较稳定，COD平均去除率达35.5%；3 研究了Fenton反应中各影响因子对废水COD去除率、BOD5/COD的影响并分析其作用机制，确定了最佳条件：初始pH为4.0，H2O2/Fe2+(摩尔浓度比)为20，H2O2/COD（质量浓度比）为1，反应时间为2 个小时。此条件下，废水的COD去除率约为40%，BOD5/COD值从0.002～0.003 提高至0.15～0.2，可生化性得到很大提高。本论文的主要创新点在于：1 以成分复杂、水质变化大的气井钻井废水为研究对象，从理论BOD 和表观BOD 两方面对水解酸化过程中废水可生化性的变化进行了分析；2 对Fenton 试剂改善钻井废水可生化性的过程、主要影响因素进行了比较详细的考察。本论文的研究成果，可为生物法处理钻井废水的深入研究提供理论依据。Drilling wastewater is produced in the process of oil-gas well drilling,because of its complicated composition, high concentrate of organic compound andsuspended solid, high chroma, levity of water quality and decentralization ofdischarge point, it pollutes environment seriously if discharged without treatment.With the development of petroleum industry and the issuing of more strict laws forenvironmental protection, it has been paid more and more attention on drillingwastewater treatment. It is of great importance for the sustainable development ofoil-gas well drilling to treat drilling wastewater by economical and effective methods.In this paper, drilling wastewater of Mo No.153 well in Suining was studied asthe main object. On the basis of research on pre-treatment with flocculant andbiological treatment, and according to the character of poor biodegradability, thedrilling wastewater was treated by hydrolytic acidification and Fenton’s reagent toimprove its biodegradability. The process and mechanism of biodegradabilitychanging were investigated. The primary conclusions are:1 It is effective to treat drilling wastewater with mixing PFS and PAC asflocculant. The removal rates of COD came up to 75% under optimal conditions, thesedimentation rate of flocculation is rapid, and the pH value of treated water remainedneutral;2 The biodegradability of drilling wastewater was highly improved afterhydrolytic acidification process. The theoretic BOD5 of drilling wastewater increasedby 22 times and its detected BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.004 to 0.034 afterhydrolytic acidification for 48 hours. The wastewater after hydrolytic acidificationwas treated by biological contact oxidation reactor. Stable treatment performance was achieved, and the average removal rates of COD came up to 35.5%;3 The effects of various affection factors on the removal efficiency of COD andBOD5/COD radio in treating drilling wastewater by Fenton’s reagent wereinvestigated and the mechanism was analyzed. The optimal conditions were: initialpH of solution was 4.0, the molar ratio of H2O2 and Fe2+ was 20, the concentrationratio of H2O2 and COD was 1 and the reaction time was 120 min. Under the aboveconditions, the removal efficiency was about 40% and the ratio of BOD5 and CODincreased from 0.002 ¡« 0.003 to 0.15 ¡« 0.2. The biodegradability of drillingwastewater was greatly improved.The innovations of this thesis are:1 The drilling wastewater was taken as the research object which hascomplicated composition and variational water quality, and the changes ofbiodegradability were analyzed from theoretic BOD and detected BOD aspects duringhydrolytic acidification process;2 The biodegradability changing process and primary affection factors of drillingwastewater treating by Fenton’s reagent were investigated.The results of this study could provide theoretic foundation for further researchon biological treatment of drilling wastewater.

泥生绿菌的分离鉴定及其在净化废水中作用的初步探讨

本文介绍了从厌氧间歇膨胀光合反应器内的活性污泥中分离并鉴定的泥生绿菌(Chlorobium limicola Nadson)S1,它属严格厌氧光能自养型细菌，在有硫化物和少量碳酸氢盐存在下，有广泛利用有机物的能力，它的最适生长温度为28-30℃,最适生长PH为6.5-7.0，且含有氢化酶。因此，它能与甲烷发酵菌共存而共同作用，达到废水净化之目的。通过光照(2#反应器)和黑暗(1#反应器)对比实验，表明了在光照条件下即有泥生绿菌S1存在下，反应系统能更好地降低CODcr、BOD5 和提高CH4 含量，在四个负荷段的运行中，2#反应器在后三个负荷段的甲烷含量能稳定在91.6%而1#反应器为87%，2#反应器的二氧化碳含量为4.5%而1#反应器为8.8%，于28.35g/l.d的负荷下，2#反应器CODcr去除率达83.4%，BOD去除率达74.53%，分别较1#反应器高10.8%,6.4%。COD去除率提高了14%，BOD去除率提高了9.3%。本试验的试验条件为：白天自然光照，晚上电源光照，光照强度为1000-2500lux，通过连续动态运转，并以恒定的流速将废液注入反应器中，进水PH控制在6.5-7.2，反应器厌氧，恒温室温度控制在30±1℃。为使整个试验中同一水质条件下进行，进水采用化学合成培养基。This paper reports a Chlorobium Liwicola S1's isolation and identification. It is a strictly anaerobic and photosynthetic autotrophic bacterium. Along with sulfidedepondent CO2 assiwilaton,a few simple organic compounds can be photoassimilated. Acetate is most effectively used. Its best conditons of growth are 28-30℃,PH 6.5-7.0, and it contains hydrogenase. So it can live with methanefermentative bacteria in order to treat wastewater. At the same time, the treatment of wastwater using Chlorobium Limicola S1 with methane-fermontative bacteria under dark anaerobic and light anaerobic conditions is studied. In contrast with 1# reactor-darken, 2# reactor-illuminated can lossen wastewater's CODcr, BOD5 and on hance CH4 content better. In the test, 2# reactor's CH4 content is stable at 91.6%, but 1# reactor's is 87%. The CO2 content of 2# reactor is 4.5%, but 1# reactor's is 8.8%. When the load of teatment is 28.35g/l.d, the COD removal effficiency is 83.4% and the BOD removal efficiency is 74.53% in 2# reactor. They are separately 10.8%, 6.4% higher than 1# reactor's.

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解性及其主要微生物类群研究

造纸行业是造成我国水环境有机污染物的重要污染源之一，其水污染的特点是小厂多、草浆多、工艺落后、污染扩散面广、造成废 水排放量大，每年排放的废水量约39亿立方米，占全国工业废水排放量的1/6，其中有机污染物（以BOD5计）160万吨左右，约占全 国工业废水中有机污染物总量的1/4。尤以占全国制浆造纸行业90%以上的碱法草浆造纸厂的蒸煮黑液量大面广，除含有机物外，还 含有木质素、残碱、硫化物、氯化物等污染物，属于PH值高、色度深、难于治理的高浓度有机废水，对水体污染特别严重，各地要 求治理呼声很高，急待研究并尽快找出各种有效的治理途径。对于碱法草浆蒸煮，黑液高浓度废水的治理，有各种方法，根据国内 的研究进展和我们已有试验工作表明，最经济有效，具有实用价值，在生产上可获得成功是厌氧处理法。近10多年来，国外关于高 效厌氧处理技术研究进展迅速，并出现了多种多样的工艺设备，如高效厌氧生物反应器，并在实用化方面取得了很大成绩，建立了 生产性装置，达到了高负荷运行，效果良好。本试验是根据我们已有研究基础，针对我国国情，对小型制浆造纸厂水污染防治除了 开发碱回收及各种综合利用技术外，要特别加强废水(废液)实用技术研究的指导思想，本试验采用改进型的上流式厌氧污泥床反应 器，设计了两种试验方案，通过试验结果如下。1. 试验方案I—碱法草浆黑液酸化和厌氧发酵I号UASB反应器动态模型试验结果表 明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器USAB内装有填料(陶粒)和三相分离器，具有保持高浓度生物量和防止污泥流失的特点 ，污泥浓度Vs 可达30%以上，因而具有高效、节能、产能、滞留期短的优点，当进水CODcr在7500-10000mg/l，HRT由7天缩短到3天 ，有机容积负荷在1.22gCODcr/l·d-3.43gCODcr/l·d时，CODcr平均去除率可达55%-45.5%，最高CODcr去除率可达60.2-63.5%， BOD5去除率可达75.9-83.2%,沼气容积产气率可达0.29-0.67l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率达0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，CH4含量 65.8-75.5%。厌氧发酵出水再用化学法进行后处理脱除难降解的木质素，CODcr总去除率达80%以上。(2). 动态试验结果表明：采 用酸化—厌氧发酵处理黑液工艺合理，技术路线可行。2. 试验方案II—黑液用化学法(Hcl)去除木质素进行厌氧发酵，II号UASB反 应器动态模型试验结果表明：(1). 采用中温35℃±1℃高效厌氧反应器UASB(内有软填料)，当进水CODcr7000-13000mg/l左右，HRT 由6天缩短到1天，有机负荷由0.98gCODcr/l·d增加到11gCODcr/l·d时，COD平均去除率均可稳定在70-77%，BOD5去除率为87.3- 93.1%，沼气容积产气率0.21-2.6l/l·d，每克CODcr转化为沼气产率为0.39-0.48l/gCODcr·d，高的可达0.53l/gCODcr·d，转化 率较高，CH4含量63-70%。(2). 试验证明碱法草浆黑液物化预处理—厌氧发酵处理的技术路线也是可行的，工艺合理、效果较好。 在有条件的工厂可采用。3.厌氧发酵阶段几大类群微生物计数表明：(1). 当发酵工艺和运行处于相对稳定状态时，微生物群体的 组成也达到相对的稳定，各类微生物之间保持动态平衡关系。当产乙酸菌的数量为107-108个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为105-106 个/ml，当产乙酸菌数量为106-107个/ml时，产甲烷菌的数量为103-105个/ml。(2).稳态运行条件下，黑液预处理为甲烷发酵创造 了有利的生态环境，获得了较好的处理效果和较高的COD转化为沼气的产率0.39-0.48l/g·CODcr·d，反应器中形成较为稳定而数 量较下水污泥中高1-2个数量级的厌氧发酵微生物区系组成。这一结果为黑液厌氧发酵提供了微生物理论依据。Paper industry is one of the important pollution source of water environment in our country. Its character of water pollution is many small factories, much grass pulp, disadvantageous technique, large preading area of pullution. Its effluent makes up 1/6 of whole country's industry wastwater. Its organic pollutant accounts 1/4 of whole country's. Alkaline grass paper pulp effluent with pollutants such as ligoin, remaining alkali sulfide, chloride besides organic material, is a kind of high concentrate organic wastewater which has high PH walug, dark colour and is difficult in treatment. There is urgent require to find ways to treat the wastewater. There are different ways to treat alkaline paper grass pulp effluent. According to the research advances and our experiment work, the most economical and useful way is anaerobic degradation which was advanced quick in last ten years. In the control of waste water of small pulp paper mill, the study of wastewater utilization technology should be emphasized, besides alkaline retrieving and different kinds of comprehensive utilization technology. Our experiment used modified UASB(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor). Two kinds of plan were disgned. The results are lined below. 1. The first experiment plant-aciding black pulp effluent and methanogenic digestion. The dynamic model experiment results of I-UASB reactor showed: (1)The mesophilic(35℃±1℃)high effect UASB reactor having haydite and threee state seperation in it had the character of keeping high bioimass concentration and preventing losss of sludge. It had advantages of high effect, energe saving, energe prodcing and short HRT(Hydroulic retention time). When the influent COD was 7500-10000mg, HRT was shortened from 7 days to 3days, organic loading rate was 1.22g-3.43COD/l· d, the average COD removal efficiency was 55%-45%. The highest COD efficiency was 60.2-63.5%, BOD removal of 75.9 -83.4% was achieved. Biogass production rate were up to 0.29-0.67l/l·d. Biogass converted efficiency from every gram of COD could reach 0.39-0.48l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 65.0-75.5%. Chemical method was used to deplate lignin in anaerobic digestion effluent. Total COD removal efficiency could be more than 80%. (2)Using aciding annaerobic digestion to treat the black effluent was reseanable in technique and technology. 2. The second experiment plan-anaerobic digestion was used after the chemical method was used to deplate lignin in the black effluent. The result of dynamic experiment of II-UASB reactor showed: (1)High effect mesophilic (35℃±1℃)UASB reactor having soft slaffing in was used. When influent COD was about 7000-13000mg/l, HRT was shortened from 6 days to 1 day and organic loading rate was increased from 0.90 to 11g COD /l·d, average COD removal efficiency remained stable on 70-77%. BOD, removal efficiency was between 87.3-93.1%. Biogass production rate was 0.2-2.6l/l ·d .Biogass converted efficiency from a gram of COD was 0.39-0.481/gCOD·d with the high value of 0.53l/gCOD·d. Methane content was 63-70%. (2)The way that using physical, chemical Pre-treatment-anaerobic digestion to treat alkaline black effluent is feasible and can be used in some factories when the condition exists. 3. Counting of several class of microoganisms in anaerobic digestion stage showed: (1)As the disgestion was in stable motion, the compositon of microorganic colony could get relative stable. Dynamic balance was remaining among different kinds of microorganism such as methanogenic bacteria, Acidogenic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria. (2)Under stable motion, the pre-treatment of black effluent produced favourable eco-enviroment for methanegenic digestion. Good treatment effect and high biogass convertent efficiency from COD(0.39-0.48l/g·COD· d)were gotten. Some stable and high quantity(10-100times more than sewage sludge)microorganism colony were formed in the reactor. This result provided theoretical basis for anaerobic digestion of black effluent.

超声与磁粉强化含单宁废水生物处理研究

单宁是一种典型的有毒难降解污染物，在制革、造纸、制药、印染等行业废水中广泛存在，对水环境造成污染并且影响废水生物处理效果。本研究针对含单宁废水生物处理效率低、较高浓度时微生物受抑制且污泥容易膨胀等问题，采用超声和磁粉来强化含单宁废水生物处理，研究超声和磁粉对微生物活性、污染物去除及污泥沉降性能的影响，并对其作用机理进行了分析和探讨。 研究结果表明，活性污泥系统中单宁酸容积负荷可以达到1.8kgCOD/(m3·d)，单宁酸和COD去除率分别达到85.2%和79.6%，但如果负荷进一步增大则微生物活性迅速降低。系统在pH 5~8、温度20~35℃、DO>1 mg/L的条件下具有较好的单宁酸降解效果和处理稳定性。单宁降解动力学参数为：μmax =0.208h-1；Ks=226mg/L；Ki=522mg/L；kd=0.0092h-1；Y =0.594。 磁粉对系统处理效果和污泥沉降性能有一定的促进作用，且效果要优于外磁场。适宜的磁粉粒径和投加量分别为0.05~0.15mm和1.0g/L，COD去除率比对照系统提高6.4%，SVI降低28.6%，污泥絮体结构紧密。磁粉强化主要是通过其对污泥菌胶团的凝聚、吸附作用以及对微生物活性的强化作用实现。 在适当强度（0.4W/cm2）和辐照时间（20min）的超声作用下污泥絮体和细胞膜通透性增大，酶分泌也增多，系统的COD去除率比对照提高了8.8%，单宁酶酶活提高了11%。但超声也使污泥絮体结构松散，沉降性能下降，SVI比对照系统升高9.3%。 由于污泥流失加剧导致污泥浓度相对较低，声磁联合强化系统相对于磁粉强化系统其处理效果并没有提高。但相对于单纯活性污泥系统，声磁联合作用下系统处理效果、污泥沉降性能以及系统运行稳定性都得到明显改善。本研究为难降解废水的生物处理提供了一个新的思路。 Tannins are typical refractory and toxic pollutants that commonly exist in wastewater from dye, medicine, paper and leather industries and cause many problems associated with environmental pollution and biological treatment of wastewater. Biological treatment efficiency of tannin-containing wastewater is usually low owing to its biological toxicity and low biodegradability, microbes are usually inhibited under high tannin concentration and sludge bulking frequently occurs. In this study, ultrasound and magnetic powder were used to improve the biological treatment performance of simulated tannic acid-containing wastewater. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation and magnetic powder on microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were investigated. The augmentation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed. The experimental results showed that the microbes were prominently inhibited under high tannic acid concentration, but moderate degradation efficiency can be maintained under a tannic acid load of up to 1.8kgCOD/(m3·d), with the tannic acid degradation and COD removal percentage of 85.2% and 79.6% respectively. The highest degradation rates and treatment stability were achieved at pH range of 5~8, temperature range of 20~35℃ and DO concentration of above 1mg/L. The kinetic parameters were estimated, including: μmax =0.208h-1；Ks=226mg/L；Ki=522mg/L；kd=0.0092h-1；Y =0.594. The microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were improved by adding Fe3O4 magnetic powder, and the augmentation performance was better than external magnetic field. The appropriate particle size and dosage of magnetic powder were found to be 0.05~0.15mm and 1.0g/L, respectively, under which the COD removal percentage was improved by 6.4% and SVI value decreased by 28.6%, and compact floc structure was observed. This was mainly caused by the flocculation and adsorption effects of magnetic powder against sludge floc and the stimulation of microbial activity under appropriate magnetic field. Under appropriate ultrasonic irradiation (ultrasonic intensity 0.4W/cm2, ultrasonic irradiation time 20min), the permeability of floc and cell membrane are improved, transfer of substrate and oxygen were reinforced; meanwhile, more enzyme were produced by microbes under the slight damage caused by ultrasound. However, the floc structure became loose under ultrasonic irradiation, leading to relatively poor sedimentation, with the SVI value 9.3% higher than the control system. Although the magnetic powder-ultrasonic irradiation combined augmentation system showed no improvement in treatment performance compared with sole magnetic augmentation system owing to its relatively low sludge concentration, it guaranteed the stable operation of system, meanwhile the tannic acid degradation and sludge sedimentation were significantly improved compared with sole activated sludge system. This study gives a new idea for biological treatment of refractory wastewater.

猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮研究

畜禽废水是农村水环境污染的主要来源之一，其处理的难点在于脱氮。传统生物脱氮法具有能耗高、需大量外加碳源等缺点，开发低成本、高效率的新型生物脱氮技术具有重要意义。 本研究将短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化两种脱氮新技术结合，让前者为后者创造去除可降解COD、降低总氮负荷、调整pH、调整氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例等进水条件，而后者可在无需外加碳源的条件下进一步脱氮，二者结合可成为高氨氮、低C/N废水脱氮的新途径。 试验以低碳氮比猪场废水为研究对象，首先进行了短程硝化反硝化预处理研究，同时启动并运行调控厌氧氨氧化反应器，最后以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水，进行厌氧氨氧化脱氮考察。实验表明：（1）短程硝化反硝化作为厌氧氨氧化的预处理工序是可行的。猪场废水通过短程硝化反硝化，可以达到基本去除可生化COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度之比在1︰1左右、pH在7.5～8.0的目的， COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%、49.1%,出水可达到厌氧氨氧化反应的进水要求。（2）采用模拟废水启动厌氧氨氧化反应器，经过5个月左右的运行调控，反应器启动成功并稳定运行，最高总氮去除率为87.1%，总氮容积去除率最高达到0.14kg/m3.d；整个稳定阶段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮的变化量之比为1︰1.21︰0.33。（3）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总氮、COD的平均去除率分别为93.0%、99.4%、84.6%、18.1%，处理效果与模拟废水处理系统相比无明显变化。（4）经过短程硝化反硝化预处理后，猪场废水中残留有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应过程中无显著变化，主要为酯类和烷烃类物质；残留有机物对厌氧氨氧化效果无明显影响。（5）采用PCR技术进行特殊功能菌种检测，结果表明模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有厌氧氨氧化菌和好氧硝化菌；通过blast比对，厌氧氨氧化菌扩增序列与未培养的Planctomycetales菌和Candidatus Brocadia fulgida菌16S rRNA部分序列相似性分别为95％、90%。（6）MPN法菌种计数结果显示，模拟废水处理系统和猪场废水处理系统的菌群中均含有硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌和少量反硝化菌，实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧硝化菌、反硝化菌共存的系统。 Poultry wastewater is one of the main source of water pollution in rural areas，and nitrogen removal is the most difficult part in treating poultry wastewater. There are some disadvantages in traditional nitrogen removal, such as high energy consumption and more additional organic carbon. It is important to develop ecolomical and efficient technologyies. Shortcut nitricfication/denitrification, as a pretreatment process, was combined with Anammox in this research, so that part of total nitrogen and most degradable COD could be removed by the former, and further nitrogen removal could be implemented by the latter. The combination of the two technologies was a new approach to treat wastewater with high ammonium and low C/N. Piggery wastewater with low C/N was treated in lab-scale experiment. Firstly, shortcut nitrification/denitrification was investigated, and Anammox reactor was started up successfully at the same time. Then piggery wastewater after pretreatment was treated by Anammox. The results showed :(1) It was feasible to take nitrification/denitrification as the pretreatment process of Anammox. By using this process, part of total nitrogen and COD were removed, the ratio of ammonium and nitrite reached around 1︰1 and the pH was about 7.8, which were favorable for Anammox. The average removal percentage of COD and total nitrogen were about 64.3% and 49.1%, respectively. (2) Simulated wastewater was used to start up Anammox reactor. The reactor was started up successfully within 5 months and stable performance was achieved. The highest nitrogen removal reached 87.1% and the biggest volumetric total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.14kg/m3.d. The average ratio of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate was 1:1.21:0.33. (3)Taking the effluent of shortcut nitrification/denitrification as the influent, the nitrogen removal efficiency of Anammox was stable, and the the average removal percentage of ammonium, nitrite, total nitrogen and COD were 93.0%, 99.4% , 84.6% and 18.1%, respectively, which had little difference with that by using simulated wastewater..(4) After pretreatment, the residual organic carbon in piggery wastewater showed no obvious change during the Anammox process, and the main organic compounds were saturated hydrocarbon and ester, which had no obvious negative effect on Anammox process.(5) By PCR technology, the existence of Anammox bacteria was confirmed and the aerobic nitrifying bacteria was found to coexist as well. The result of blast showed that the identities of Anammox bacterium to part of 16S rRNA sequence of uncultured Planctomycetales bacterium and Candidatus Brocadia fulgida bacterium were 95% and 90%, respectively.（6）By MPN method, nitrite oxidizer, ammonium oxidizer and denitrification bacteria were detected in both simulated and piggery wastewater treatment system of Anammox, and the microorganism system was composed of Anammox bacteria，aerobic bacteria and denitrification bacteria together.

菌剂强化处理炼油废水及苯酚冲击下功能菌响应机制研究

近年来，我国炼油行业发展迅速，炼油能力全世界第二，炼油行业已成为污染大户。本研究针对炼油废水生物处理中存在的稳定达标难、抗冲击负荷能力差、建设投资与运行成本高等问题，就菌剂强化处理炼油废水中试与工程应用展开了研究，以期为菌剂的工程应用与推广提供理论参考与技术支持；并以炼油废水中的主要特征污染物苯酚为研究对象，考察了不同浓度苯酚冲击下功能菌的响应机制，并以此为指导研制功能菌激活促进剂，考察其对功能菌生物学指标的调控效果，以期为废水生物处理有毒污染物冲击调控提供理论依据与技术支持。 中试研究表明，菌剂强化处理炼油废水，出水COD、NH4+-N 平均值为86.7、7.6 mg/L，其平均去除率较常规生物处理系统分别提高了35.47%、59.28%，其耐受COD、NH4+-N 容积负荷分别高达2.42、0.139kg/(m3·d)，具有良好的耐冲击能力。工程应用研究表明，菌剂强化处理炼油废水，出水COD、NH4+-N 平均值分别为85.05、8.4mg/L，其去除率较常规生物处理系统提高了25.1%、28.7%，出水水质各项指标均达到了国家《污水综合排放标准GB 8978-1996》一级排放标准。技术经济分析表明，菌剂强化处理炼油废水在建设成本、运行成本上分别降低38%、49%，具有良好的技术经济优势。 苯酚冲击下功能菌响应机制研究表明：不同浓度苯酚冲击下，生物学指标生物量、脱氢酶酶活、1,2-双加氧酶酶活对冲击都有不同程度的响应，其响应敏感程度为脱氢酶酶活＞生物量＞1,2-双加氧酶酶活。1,2-双加氧酶酶活与COD 降解率相关性良好，可表征苯酚降解过程，确认为调控重点。以此为指导研制出苯酚降解功能菌抗冲击激活促进剂，可有效调控功能菌对有毒污染物苯酚的降解效果，1000mg/L 苯酚冲击下，经调控，其COD 去除率较对照提高20%，降解时间缩短16%以上。其对生物学指标的调控效果为1,2-双加氧酶酶活＞生物量＞脱氢酶酶活，验证了功能菌在苯酚冲击下的响应机制。研究表明菌剂强化处理炼油废水切实可行，具有良好的技术经济优势。有毒污染物冲击下废水生物处理系统响应机制研究为抗冲击调控提供了新的研究思路。 Currently, China’s oil refining industry is developing rapidly and has become the second largest all over the world. The oil refining industry is one of the major pollution industries in our country. The pilot scale study and engineering application research were conducted aiming at the problems in refining wastewater such as poor treatment stability and water quality, poor anti-shock capacity and expensive running cost, etc., so as to provide theoretical references and technological supports for the engineering application and popularization of microbial preparation in wastewater treatment. Also, the response mechanism of functional microbe under shock of different phenol concentrations, which is the main pollutants in refinery wastewater, was studied. Based on this result, functional microbe activation accelerator was developed, and the regulation effect of functional microbe biological index under phenol shocking were studied, in order to provide theoretical basis and technological support for regulation of toxic shocking of wastewater biological treatment. The result of pilot scale research indicated: for treatment of refinery wastewater in bioaugmention treatment system of microbial preparation, the COD and NH4+-N average value of effluent was 86.7 and 7.6 mg/L, Comparing with normal biological treatment system, the average removal rates of COD, NH4+-N increased 35.47%,59.28% separately by bioaugmention treatment system, which showed better anti-shocking capacity, the volumetric load r of COD and NH4+-N reached 2.42 kg/(m3·d) and 0.139 kg/(m3·d), respectively. The research on engineering application of refinery wastewater bioaugmentation treatment by microbial preparation indicated:the average concentrations of effluent COD and NH4+-N in the bioaugmentation treatment system were 85.05 and 8.4mg/L, which increased by 25.1% and 28.7% comparing with normal biological treatment system of refinery wastewater, And the effluent quality meets the first grade of discharging standard of National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB 8978-1996. The economic analysis of technology indicated: the demonstration project of bioaugmentation treatment of refinery wastewater by microbial preparation decreased by 38% in construction cost and 49% in running cost. This technology has economic benefits. The response mechanism of functional microbe under phenol shock indicated: biological index such as the biomass concentration, dehydrogenase and 1,2-dioxygenase had different responses under phenol shocking of different concentrations. The response sensitivity of different biological index under phenol shocking of different concentrations is: dehydogenase activity ＞ biomass ＞1,2-dioxygenase activity, and high correlation of 1,2-dioxygenase and COD degradation percentage is achieved, thus 1,2-dioxygenase could be used to reflect the degradation situation of pollutants. So, 1,2-dioxygenase is the keypoint of regulation. The anti-shock activation accelerator of phenol degradation functional microbe was primarily developed. The results indicated: the activation accelerator could regulate the degradation effect of toxic substance-phenol by functional microbe effectively. For the functional microbe treatment system under phenol shocking of 1000mg/L, the COD degradation rate increased by 20% and the degradation time reduced by more than 16% under regulation of activation accelerator. The regulation effects of biological index are: 1,2-dioxygenase ＞ biomass ＞ dehydrogenase. In this way, the response mechanism of functional microbe under toxic shocking is verified. The result indicated: the augmented microbial preparation treatment of refinery wastewater is applicable. It has many technical and economical advantages. The research results of responses mechanism of wastewater treatment system on toxic pollutants would offer a new idea for regulation of anti-shock.