新型纳米材料及离子载体化学修饰电极的制备及其在痕量重金属检测中的应用

随着工农业生产的迅速发展，重金属污染问题越来越严重。由于重金属能 够在土壤、水体等环境中不断积累，并且通过食物链而进入人体内蓄积，因此对 人类健康构成潜在的危害。当人体内重金属含量过量时，会导致各种疾病的发生。 所以对痕量重金属污染物进行监测和分析，在食品安全、临床诊断和环境监测等 方面具有重要的现实意义。因此，研究快速、准确、灵敏、方便的检测重金属的 新方法十分必要。 近年来，化学修饰电极由于能够赋予电极新的、特定的功能，在提高电化 学选择性和灵敏度方面有着独特的优越性，因而成为电分析化学领域研究的热 点，并且被广泛应用于重金属元素的测定。但是，由于电极材料的限制，灵敏度 虽然有所改进，却始终很难达到一个新的高度。要提高化学修饰电极对重金属检 测的灵敏度，必须加入一些辅助的方法。 最近，纳米材料在很多分析方法中得到广泛应用，这些材料表现出很多它 们在常规尺度时所没有的独特的性质，如量子尺寸效应、表面效应、小尺寸效应、 量子隧道效应以及介电限域效应等。因此，作为一种新型的电极材料在电化学检 测和分析方面受到人们的日益关注。由于纳米材料本身具有大的比表面积和高的 表面自由能，这种纳米材料修饰电极的灵敏度得到大幅度提高。 离子载体是一类具有一个特定空腔的大环分子，能够从溶液中实现对某一 特定离子的萃取使之进入到有机相中。离子载体是电位型传感器敏感膜中的核心 成分，尽管它具有很高的选择性，但是除了电位分析外，在其它方面的用途却很 少被关注，可能是由于其本身的非导电性能所致。本论文采用纳米材料所特有的 对重金属离子强大的吸附性能和离子载体优良的选择性，制备了纳米材料及离子 载体修饰玻碳电极并用来对实际水样中痕量的重金属进行检测。主要内容包括以 下几个方面： 1.制备新型碳纳米管/铋膜复合修饰电极，研究了重金属钴在电极上的电化 学性能。结果表明，这种新型复合修饰电极的灵敏度得到显著提高，能实现最低 检测限为8´10-11 M的钴的吸附富集溶出。 2.利用羟基磷灰石的强吸附能力和碳纳米管的优异电化学性能，制备了新型 新型纳米材料及离子载体化学修饰电极的制备及其在痕量重金属污染物检测中的应用 II 的碳纳米管-纳米羟基磷灰石的双纳米复合材料，并将其用于金属镉的富集溶出。 结果表明，双纳米复合材料具有比单一材料更优异的性能，更有助于金属镉的富 集溶出。采用碳纳米管-纳米羟基磷灰石的双纳米复合材料修饰电极，能实现最 低检测限为4´10-9 M的镉的富集溶出，灵敏度得到明显提高。 3. 将导电性好、抗氧干扰能力强的铋膜与对重金属具有良好选择性的离子 载体相结合，制备了基于铋膜/离子载体的新型修饰电极，研究了金属铅在其表 面的富集溶出。结果表明，这种新型修饰电极的灵敏度和选择性都大为提高，具 有更高的溶出峰电流和更好的抗干扰能力，可以实现最低检测限为4.4´10-11 M 的铅的富集溶出。 4. 利用羟基磷灰石的强吸附能力和其三维多孔结构、离子载体对重金属离 子优异的选择性以及Nafion 膜良好的离子交换作用和化学稳定性，制备了基于 纳米材料和离子载体的新型化学修饰电极。这种方法不仅有助于提高对金属铅的 选择性和灵敏度，而且大大提高了富集效率。采用该新型化学修饰电极，能够实 现最低检测限为1´10-9 M的铅的富集溶出。

Preparation of nanoparticles of bipyridineruthenium and silicotungstate and application as electrochemiluminescence sensor

The novel nanoparticles, [Ru(bPY)(3)](2)SiW12O40 center dot 2H(2)O(2) were firstly synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and TEM. The nanoparticles were used to fabricate a chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by dispersing nanoparticles and graphite powder in silicone grease. Thus-prepared CPE shows bifunctional electrocatalytic activities towards the reduction of nitrite and the oxidation of oxalate, and exhibits sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL).

C-60 trianion-mediated electrocatalysis and amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide

Heterogeneous electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by C-60 is reported for the first time. C-60 is embedded in tetra octyl ammonium bromide (TOAB) film and is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Electrocatalytic studies show that the trianion of C-60 mediates the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 in aqueous solution containing 0.1 M KCl. Application of such film modified electrode as an amperometric sensor for H2O2 determination is also examined.

Hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of soybean Peroxidase immobilized on single-walled carbon nanohorn modified electrode

Single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) were used as a novel and biocompatible matrix for fabricating biosensing devices. The direct immobilization of acid-stable and thermostable soybean peroxidase (SBP) on SWCNH modified electrode surface can realize the direct electrochemistry of enzyme. Cyclic voltammogram of the adsorbed SBP displays a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of -0.24V in pH 5 phosphate buffer solution.

Determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on glassy carbon electrode modified by electrochemical reduction of aromatic diazonium salts

Carbon modified by the reduction of aromatic diazonium derivatives was first used as electrode for the electrochemical stripping analysis of heavy metals. As a model, the glassy carbon electrode was modified with benzoic acid by electrochemical reduction of diazobenzoic acid, and the resulting modified electrodes were used for determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The anodic peak currents of cadmium and lead at the benzoic acid-modified glassy carbon electrode are 7.2 and 6 times of that at the bare glassy carbon electrode. A linear response was observed for Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the range of 0.5-50 mu g/l.

Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of SiO2 nanoparticles/tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) multilayer films on indium tin oxide electrodes

In this paper, a simple method of preparing {SiO2/Ru-(bPY)(3)(2+)}(n) multilayer films was described. Positively charged tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) and negatively charged SiO2 nanoparticles were assembled on ITO electrodes by a layer-by-layer method. Electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) behaviors of the {SiO2/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)}(n) multilayer film-modified electrodes were studied. Cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and ECL were adopted to monitor the regular growth of the multilayer films. The multilayer films containing Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was used for ECL determination of TPA, and the sensitivity was more than 1 order of magnitude higher than that observed for previous reported immobilization methods for the determination of TPA. The multilayer films also showed better stability for one month at least. The high sensitivity and stability mainly resulted from the high surface area and special structure of the silica nanoparticles.

Electrochemiluminescent detection based on solid-phase extraction at tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-modified ceramic carbon electrode

A sensitive electrochemiluminescent detection scheme by solid-phase extraction at Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified ceramic carbon electrodes (CCEs) was developed. The as-prepared Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified CCEs show much better long-term stability than other Nafion-based Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-modified electrodes and enjoy the inherent advantages of CCEs. The log-log calibration plot for dioxopromethazine is linear from 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L-1 using the new detection scheme. The detection limit is 6.6 x 10(-10) mol L-1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The new scheme improves the sensitivity by similar to 3 orders of magnitude, which is the most sensitive Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL method. The scheme allows the detection of dioxopromethazine in a urine sample within 3 min. Since Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL is a powerful technique for determination of numerous amine-containing substances, the new detection scheme holds great promise in measurement of free concentrations, investigation of protein-drug interactions and DNA-drug interactions, pharmaceutical analysis, and so on.

Multilayer films of carbon nanotubes and redox polymer on screen-printed carbon electrodes for electrocatalysis of ascorbic acid

Multilayer films containing multiwall carbon nanotubes and redox polymer were successfully fabricated on a screen-printed carbon electrode using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled method. UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical method were used to characterize the assembled multilayer films. The multilayer films modified electrodes exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA). Compared with the bare electrode, the oxidation peak potential negatively shifted about 350 mV (versus Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) could be used for the determination of ascorbic acid in real samples.

A strategy for constructing a hybrid bilayer membrane based on a carbon substrate

We construct a hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) on a new substrate-carbon electrode. It is an extension of HBM based on other substrates. Primary alkylamine was chemically modified onto the surface of a carbon electrode by electrochemical scans; thus, a monolayer was formed on the electrode. Because the alkane chains section is toward the outside, a hydrophobic surface was constructed. Then a lipid monolayer was spread on the hydrophobic surface of the carbon electrode. The formed HBM was characterized by electrochemical and ATR-FT-IR methods. From ATR-FT-IR results, the lipid order parameter (S) of 0.73 was obtained. This kind of hybrid membrane has the advantages of a lipid/alkanethiol HBM. A potential application of this HBM as a biosensor (detecting K+) was given.

Preparation of poly(thionine) modified screen-printed carbon electrode and its application to determine NADH in flow injection analysis system

A poly(thionine) modified screen-printed carbon electrode has been prepared by an electrooxidative polymerization of thionine in neutral phosphate buffer. The modified electrodes are found to give stable and reproducible electrocatlytic responses to NADH and exhibit good stability. Several techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), have been employed to characterize the poly(thionine) film. Further, the modified screen-printed carbon electrode was found to be promising as an amperometric detector for the flow injection analysis (FIA) of NADH, typically with a dynamic range of 5-100 muM.

Sol-gel derived carbon ceramic electrode bulk-modified with tris(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)iron(II) hexafluorophosphate and its use as an amperometric iodate sensor

A surface-renewable tris (1,10-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione) iron (II) hexafluorophosphate (FePD) modified carbon ceramic electrode was constructed by dispersing FePD and graphite powder in methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) based gels. The FePD-modified electrode presented pH dependent voltammetric behavior, and its peak currents were diffusion-controlled in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 + H2SO4 solution (pH = 0. 4). In the, presence of iodate, clear electrocatalytic reduction waves were observed and thus the chemically modified electrode was used as an amperometric sensor for iodate in common salt. The linear range, sensitivity, detection limit and response time of the iodate sensor were 5 x 10(-6)-1 x 10(-2) mol/L, 7.448 muA.L/mmol, 1.2 x 10(-6) mol/L and 5 s, respectively. A distinct advantage of this sensor is its good reproducibility of surface-renewal by simple mechanical polishing.

Fabrication and electrochemical behavior of a sol-gel-derived carbon ceramic composite electrode entrapping 2 : 18-molybdodiphosphate

A new type of inorganic-organic hybrid material incorporating carbon powder and alpha -type 2:18-molybdodiphosphate (P2Mo18) in a methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) based gel has been produced by a sol-gel process and used to fabricate a chemically modified electrode. The P2Mo18-doped carbon ceramic composite electrode was characterized using SEM and cyclic voltammetry. Square-wave voltammetry with an excellent sensitivity was exploited to conveniently investigate the dependence of current and half-wave potential (E-1/2) on pH. The chemically modified electrode has some advantages over the modified film electrodes constructed by the conventional methods, such as long-term stability, reproducibility, and especially repeatability of surface-renewal by simple polishing in the event of surface fouling or dopant leaching. In addition, the modified electrode shows a good catalytic activity for the electrochemical reduction of bromate in an acidic aqueous solution. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Renewable manganous hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite organosilicate composite electrode and its electrocatalytic oxidation of L-cysteine

Manganous hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) supported on graphite powder was dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gels to yield a conductive composite, which was used as electrode material to construct a renewable three-dimensional MnHCF-modifed electrode. MnHCF acts as a catalyst, graphite powder ensures conductivity by percolation, the silicate provides a rigid porous backbone, and the methyl groups endow hydrophobicity and thus limit the wetting section of the modified electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was exploited to investigate the dependence of electrochemical behavior on supporting electrolytes containing various cations. The chemically modified electrode can electrocatalytically oxidize L-cysteine, and exhibits a distinct advantage of polishing in the event of surface fouling, as well as simple preparation, good chemical and mechanical stability, and good repeatability of surface renewal.

Investigation of the model compounds at 4-aminobenzoic acid modified glassy carbon electrode by scanning electrochemical microscopy

In this paper, we studied the reactions of both potassium ferricyanide and hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride at a 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in different pH solutions. The surface of the modified electrode has carboxyl groups, the dissociation of which are strongly dependent upon the solution pH values. The rate constant kb of the oxidation of ferrocyanide on the modified electrode can be obtained by fitting the experimental tip current-distance (I-T-d) curves with the theoretical values. The surface pK(a) of the 4-ABA modified GCE was estimated from the plot of standard rate constant k(o) versus the solution pH and is equal to 3.2, which is in good agreement with the reported result. The SECM approach curves for Ru(NH3)(6)(3+) both on the bare and the modified electrodes show similar diffusion control processes. These results can be explained by the electrostatic interactions between the modified electrode surface and the model compounds with different charges. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved.

Surface-renewable cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite organosilicate electrode and its electrocatalytic oxidation of thiosulfate

Cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) was deposited on graphite powder by an in situ chemical deposition procedure and then dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gels to prepare a surface-renewable CoHCF-modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode in different supporting electrolyte solutions was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, square-wave voltammetry was employed to investigate the pNa-dependent electrochemical behavior of the electrode. The CoHCF-modified electrode showed a high electrocatalytic activity toward thiosulfate oxidation and could thus be used as an amperometric thiosulfate sensor.