80 resultados para Boltzmann


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采用电弧离子镀方法在镍基高温合金DZ125上沉积NiCrAlYSi涂层,通过对不同氧化时间后Al和Cr原子浓度分布曲线的分析,运用Boltzmann-matano方法,计算了Al和Cr元素在1373K分别加热0.5,2h和5h的互扩散系数,并拟合了这三个时间段的计算结果。结果表明:相同温度下,Al和Cr的互扩散系数分别随Al和Cr的原子浓度增加而增大。随氧化时间的延长,Al的互扩散系数随原子浓度的变化先增大然后基本不变,Cr的互扩散系数则逐渐减小;伴随着元素间互扩散行为的增强,涂层中的Al和Cr向基体扩散,基体合金元素Ni,Co,Mo,Ti和W则向涂层扩散,但涂层中Mo和Ti的含量相对较少。由于元素间互扩散行为,涂层中各元素的含量将趋向于更加均匀。

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Molecular dynamics simulations are adopted to calculate the equation of state characteristic parameters P*, rho*, and T* of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and poly(ethylene-co-octene) (PEOC), which can be further used in the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice fluid theory (SLLFT) to describe the respective physical properties. The calculated T* is a function of the temperature, which was also found in the literature. To solve this problem, we propose a Boltzmann fitting of the data and obtain T* at the high-temperature limit. With these characteristic parameters, the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data of iPP and PEOC are predicted by the SLLFT equation of state. To justify the correctness of our results, we also obtain the PVT data for iPP and PEOC by experiments. Good agreement is found between the two sets of data. By integrating the Euler-Lagrange equation and the Cahn-Hilliard relation, we predict the density profiles and the surface tensions for iPP and PEOC, respectively. Furthermore, a recursive method is proposed to obtain the characteristic interaction energy parameter between iPP and PEOC. This method, which does not require fitting to the experimental phase equilibrium data, suggests an alternative way to predict the phase diagrams that are not easily obtained in experiments.

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The MPB4 theory is used to calculate the differential capacitance of the interface between LiCl in water and TBATPB in 1,2-dichloroethane at electrolyte concentrations of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 M. The effects of the ion size and the image force, and the influence of the electrolyte concentration, the surface charge density and the solvent effect on the inner layer potential drop are considered simultaneously. These effects can be ascribed to the ionic penetration into the opposite solution and ion-ion correlations across the interface. Our results are in better agreement with experimental data than those obtained using Gouy-Chapman theory. This indicates that the MPB4 theory may also describe the structure of the water \1,2-dichloroethane interface provided that the influence of the electrolyte concentration, the surface charge density and the solvent effect on the inner layer potential distribution are included in the calculation. Comparison of the theoretical results with those of the water \nitrobenzene interface shows that the structure of the water \1,2-dichloroethane interface is similar to that of the water \nitrobenzene interface, except that in the former case the inner-layer potential drop is much higher and the effects of the image force and the ion size are more pronounced.

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We use the MPB4 theory to calculate the differential capacitance of the interface between NaBr + water and tetrabutylammoniumtetraphenyl borate (TBATPB) + nitrobenzene at electrolyte concentrations of 0.01 M, 0.02 M and 0.05 M. In addition to the effects

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利用被动微波遥感亮度温度数据反演月壤厚度是“嫦娥”探月工程的科学目标之一,也是人类探测月壤厚度的一种新的尝试。深入研究月表太阳辐射、月球内部热流以及月表温度的分布和变化规律,是解译遥感数据,反演月壤厚度的前提条件,也为进一步开展月球探测、开发利用月球资源乃至建立月球基地相关研究工作提供必要的参考。 本文根据月表有效太阳辐照度与太阳常数、日月距离和太阳辐射入射角的关系,建立了月表有效太阳辐照度的实时模型如下: (1) 其中, (2) (3) 通过对月表有效太阳辐照度实时模型的各个参数分析发现,影响月表有效太阳辐照度变化的主要因素是日地距离和太阳辐射入射角的变化。对模型的误差分析表明,从1950年到2050年的100年内,月表有效太阳辐照度计算结果的误差百分比小于0.28%,能更准确地反映月表有效太阳辐照度的变化情况。从2007年月表有效太阳辐照度的计算结果发现,该年内的月表有效太阳辐照度变化在1321.5~1416.6 W•m-2之间,平均为1368.0 W•m-2,一个月内的变化最小幅度为6.0 W•m-2,最大幅度为23.6 W•m-2。 在月表有效太阳辐照度的实时模型基础上,根据能量守恒和Stefan-Boltzmann定律,本文还得出了月表温度分布模型如下: (4) 其中,初始条件由下式决定, (5) 通过与月表温度实际观测结果的比较发现,当月表反射率、热发射率和热惯量分别取0.127、0.94和125 J•m-2•s-1/2•K-1时,模型的计算结果与实际观测值比较符合,能较好地预测理想条件下的月表温度。 月表热参数研究的一个重要应用就是解译对月被动微波遥感的亮度温度数据。在对月被动微波遥感探测中,辐射计获得的亮度温度反映了月球表层的热辐射特性。月球表层的热辐射与其自身的热状况紧密相关,结合文中建立的月表热参数模型,根据辐射传播理论进一步分析了对月微波遥感探测中,月球表层在不同情况下对亮度温度的贡献,确定了亮度温度随月表温度和月壤厚度的变化关系,对被动微波遥感探测月壤厚度的可能性和可能达到的精度进行了估算。 对月球表层的热辐射传播的分析发现,对月被动微波遥感探测获得的亮度温度受月球表层热辐射的控制,与月壤厚度具有指数相关性,并受到月表温度的影响。当月壤和月岩的复介电常数分别为2 + 0.005 j和9 + 1 j、相对磁导率均为1时,对应3.0GHz、7.8GHz、19.35GHz和37.0GHz四个频率的亮度温度与月壤厚度及月表温度的关系可分别近似表示为, 3.0GHz亮度温度: (6) 7.8GHz亮度温度: (7) 19.35GHz亮度温度: (8) 37.0GHz亮度温度: (9) 当月壤厚度和月表温度分别在0.5m~30m和100K~400K之间变化时,上述四个频率的亮度温度变化范围分别在212.5K~252.8K、207.4 K~266.7K、193.8 K~288.6K和174.0 K~310.9K之间。对于较低频率的被动微波遥感,亮度温度随月壤厚度的增大逐渐增大并趋于稳定;对较高频率的被动微波遥感,亮度温度随月壤厚度的增大会产生起伏波动,不利于用单波段反演月壤厚度。亮度温度梯度在频率较高时梯度较大,在很小的月壤厚度范围内很快就趋于0,不利于厚度较大时的月壤厚度反演,但对于厚度较小时的月壤厚度反演精度较高;同时,除3.0GHz外,7.8GHz、19.35GHz和37.0GHz三个频率的亮度温度梯度随月表温度的升高降幅较大,尤其是19.35GHz,适合在夜间对月壤厚度较小的地区进行更精确的探测。对于3.0GHz,其亮度温度梯度受月表温度变化的影响很小,能反映出较深层月壤厚度的信息,可以对月球进行全球全天时探测。若辐射计的分辨率为0.02K,3.0GHz频率对10m厚月壤的判别精度达到0.07m;对于20m厚月壤的精度为1.4m。当月壤厚度小于0.5m时,随着月壤厚度从0到0.5m增加,月球表层的亮度温度贡献呈先减小后增大的趋势,从而使某一亮度温度值可能对应存在两种不同的月壤厚度。因此,对于月壤厚度小于0.5m的区域,利用单波段被动微波遥感亮度温度反演月壤厚度是比较困难的。 在对月被动微波遥感探测中,可以利用月球夜晚时段的亮度温度数据判别月壤厚度是否小于0.5m。当月表温度为100K时,3.0GHz、7.8GHz、19.35GHz和37.0GHz四个频率的亮度温度判别参考值分别为212.9K、207.4K、193.5K和174.1K;月表温度为240K时,上述四个频率的亮度温度判别参考值分别为220.8K、226.8K、234.1K和237.2K。当亮度温度小于参考值时表示月壤厚度小于0.5m,反之,表示月壤厚度大于0.5m。更进一步地,可以根据月表温度的影响系数对月岩是否裸露于月表进行判断。当3.0GHz、7.8GHz、19.35GHz和37.0GHz四个频率的月表温度影响系数接近0.77、0.82、0.84和0.85时,可以认为月岩直接暴露于月表。