Solid-state electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] has received considerable attention. By immobilizing Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) on an e electrode surface, solid-state ECL provides several advantages over solution-phase ECL, such as reducing consumption of expensive reagent, simplifying experimental design and enhancing the ECL signal.This review presents the state of the art in solid-state ECL of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+).

Synthesis of carbon nanofibers for mediatorless sensitive detection of NADH

Highly sensitive amperometric detection of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by using novel synthesized carbon nanofibers (CNFs) without addition of any mediator has been proposed. The CNFs were prepared by combination of electrospinning technique with thermal treatment method and were applied without any oxidation pretreatment to construct the electrochemical sensor. In amperometric detection of NADH, a linear range up to 11.45 mu M with a low detection limit of 20 nM was obtained with the CNF-modified carbon paste electrode (CNF-CPE).

Microarray-Based Study of Carbohydrate-Protein Binding by Gold Nanoparticle Probes

In order to develop a novel high-throughput tool for monitoring carbohydrate-protein interactions, we prepared carbohydrate or glycoprotein microarrays by immobilizing amino modified carbohydrates on aldehyde-derivatized glass slides or glycoprotein on epoxide-derivatized glass slides and carried out lectin binding experiments by using these microarrays, respectively. The interaction events are marked by attachment of gold nanoparticles followed by silver deposition for signal enhancement. The attachment of the gold nanoparticles is achieved by standard avidin-biotin chemistry.

Size-controlled synthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles stabilized by polyelectrolyte-functionalized ionic liquid

The size-controlled synthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized by polyelectrolyte-functionalized ionic liquid (PFIL) is described. The resulting AuNPs' size, with a narrow distribution, can be tuned by the concentration of HAuCl4. Such PFIL-stabilized AuNPs (PFIL-AuNPs) showed a high stability in water at room temperature for at least one month; they were also quite stable in solutions of pH 7-13 and high concentration of NaCl.

Electrochemiluminescence detection based on Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) immobilised in sulfonic-functionalised titania nanoparticles by ion exchange strategy

A novel Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)-based solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed in this paper. The sensor was fabricated by immobilising tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) in sulfonic-functionalised porous titania (TiO2-SO3H) nanoparticles via an ion exchange strategy, followed by employing environment friendly and stable biopolymer chitosan (CHIT) to entrap Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)/TiO2-SO3H onto the ITO electrode.

Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide

In this paper, the characterization and application of a chemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon (CR-GO/GC) electrode, a novel electrode system, for the preparation of electrochemical sensing and biosensing platform are proposed. Different kinds of important inorganic and organic electroactive compounds (i.e., probe molecule (potassium ferricyanide), free bases of DNA (guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T), and cytosine (C)), oxidase/dehydrogenase-related molecules (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)), neurotransmitters (dopamine (DA)), and other biological molecules (ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and acetaminophen (APAP)) were employed to study their electrochemical responses at the CR-GO/GC electrode, which shows more favorable electron transfer kinetics than graphite modified glassy carbon (graphite/GC) and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes.

Electrochemiluminescence detection of NADH and ethanol based on partial sulfonation of sol-gel network with gold nanoparticles

We developed a stable, sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on the synthesis of a new sol-gel material with the ion-exchange capacity sol-gel to coimmobilize the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and enzyme. The partial sulfonated (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane sol-gel (PSSG) film acted as both an ion exchanger for the immobilization of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and a matrix to immobilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film modified electrode allowed sensitive the ECL detection of NADH as low as 1 nM. Such an ability of AuNPs/PSSG/Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) film to promote the electron transfer between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and the electrode suggested a new, promising biocompatible platform for the development of dehydrogenase-based ECL biosensors. With alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as a model, we then constructed an ethanol biosensor, which had a linear range of 5 mu M to 5.2 mM with a detection limit of 12 nM.

Highly ordered mesoporous carbons-based glucose/O-2 biofuel cell

This study demonstrates a novel compartment-less glucose/O-2 biofuel cell (BFC) based on highly ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) with three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected and ordered pore structures. OMCs are used as supports for both stably confining the electrocatalyst (i.e., meldola's blue, MDB) for NADH oxidation and the anodic biocatalyst (i.e., NAD(+)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, GDH) for glucose oxidation, and for facilitating direct electrochemistry of the cathodic biocatalyst (i.e., laccase, LAC) for O-2 electroreduction. In 0.10 M pH 6.0 PBS containing 20 mM NAD(+) and 60 mM glucose under the air-saturated atmosphere, the open circuit voltage (0.82 V) and the maximum power output (38.7 mu W cm(-2) (at 0.54V)) of the assembled compartment-less OMCs-based BFC are both higher than those of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based BFC (0.75 V and 2.1 mu W cm(-2) (at 0.46 V)).

A simple route to incorporate redox mediator into carbon nanotubes/Nafion composite film and its application to determine NADH at low potential

Through a new and simple ion-exchange route, two-electron redox mediator thionine has been deliberately incorporated into the carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Nafion composite film due to the fact that there is strong interaction between any of two among the three materials (ion-exchange process between thionine and Nafion, strong adsorption of thionine by CNTs, and wrapping and solubilizing of CNTs with Nation). The good homogenization of electron conductor CNTs in the integrated films provides the possibility of three-dimensional electron conductive network. The resulting integrated films exhibited high and stable electrocatalytic activity toward NADH oxidation with the significant decrease of high overpotential, which responds more sensitively more than those modified by thioine or CNTs alone. Such high electrocatalytic activity facilitated the low potential determination of NADH (as low as -0.1 V), which eliminated the interferences from other easily oxidizable species. In a word, the immobilization approach is very simple, timesaving and effective, which could be extended to the immobilization of other cationic redox mediators into the CNTs/Nafion composite film. And these features may offer potential promise for the design of amperometric biosensors.

Electrooxidative polymerization of phenothiazine derivatives on screen-printed carbon electrode and its application to determine NADH in flow injection analysis system

The electrooxidation polymerization of phenothiazine derivatives, including azure A and toluidine blue 0, has been studied at screen-printed carbon electrodes in neutral phosphate buffer. Both compounds yield strongly adsorbed electroactive polymer with reversible behavior and formal potentials closed to 0.04 V at pH 6.9. The modified electrodes exhibited good stability and electrocatalysis for NADH oxidation in phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), with an overpotential of more than 500 mV lower than that of the bare electrodes. Further, the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were found to be promising as an amperometric detector for the flow injection analysis (FIA) of NADH, typically with a dynamic range of 0.5-100 muM.

Electropolymerization of azure B on a screen-printed carbon electrode and its application to the determination of NADH in a flow injection analysis system

The electrooxidation polymerization of azure B on screen-printed carbon electrodes in neutral phosphate buffer was studied. The poly(azure B) modified electrodes exhibited excellent electrocatalysis and stability for dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation in phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), with an overpotential of more than 400 mV lower than that at the bare electrodes. Different techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been employed to characterize the poly (azure B) film. Furthermore, the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were found to be promising as an amperometric detector for the flow injection analysis (FIA) of NADH, typically with a dynamic range of 0.5 muM to 100 muM.

A modified Wittig polycondensation - to high-trans- and high-molecular weight PPVs

A modified Wittig polycondensation was developed by replacing the bulky -PPh3 with -PBu3 ylide. Our studies suggested that the modified polymerization dramatically enhances trans-selectivity due to the decreased 1.3-steric interaction between butyl chain and triphenylamine group, together with the 1,2-steric interaction between the phenyl ring of the ylide and the triphenylamine group of the aldehyde. Moreover, the method also enhances high-molecular weight products by increasing the activity and solubility of the ylide.

Preparation of poly(thionine) modified screen-printed carbon electrode and its application to determine NADH in flow injection analysis system

A poly(thionine) modified screen-printed carbon electrode has been prepared by an electrooxidative polymerization of thionine in neutral phosphate buffer. The modified electrodes are found to give stable and reproducible electrocatlytic responses to NADH and exhibit good stability. Several techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), have been employed to characterize the poly(thionine) film. Further, the modified screen-printed carbon electrode was found to be promising as an amperometric detector for the flow injection analysis (FIA) of NADH, typically with a dynamic range of 5-100 muM.

Effect of lanthanum ion on peroxidase in plant

The interaction of MP-11 as a model of antioxidatase enzymes with La3+ was investigated. It was found that La3+ can increase in the non-planarity of heme and the content of alpha helix and beta turn conformations of the MP11 molecule. The change in the secondary structure of the MP-11 molecule can increase in the exposure extent of heme to the solution. Therefore, the electrochemical reaction of MP-11 is promoted and the electrocatalytic activity to the reduction of H2O2 is increased. The results are consistent with that for the interaction of peroxidases(POD), one of the antioxidatase enzymes, obtained in the living plant experiments at low concentration of La3+.

Kinetics separation of copper and palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation and its analytical application

The method of the kinetics separation of copper and palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation was described. The reaction orders, apparent rate constants, apparent activation energy of the reactions between sodium hydroxide and copper, and palladium were determined, and the introduced error for the determination of palladium with separating copper and-palladium by sodium hydroxide precipitation was calculated, The proposed method has been applied to determine palladium in the aldehyde catalyst with good result.