100 resultados para 6,9,12,15-Hexadecatetraenoic acid


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By incorporating bio-specific receptors, such as p-10,12-pentacosadiyne-1-N-(3,6,9-trioxaundecylamide)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (MPDA), into 10,12-pentacosadiyonic acid (PDA) monolayer, the MPDA/PDA monolayer underwent affinochromatic transition in response to the bacteria binding to the receptor. Here, we described a new method to study the membrane/macromolececular interaction between Escherichia coli (E coli) and mannose and its relative affinochromism by modifying MPDA/PDA with CdS nano-crystallites (MPDA/PDA-CdS). CdS not only triggered the strong tropism of the bacteria but also reduced the rigidity of the MPDA/PDA backbone, resulting in the enhanced affinochromism. This discovery might be of significance in basic biophysical studies of membrane/macromolececular and designing novel biosensor.

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A new chemiluminescence(CL) system for the determination of ascorbic acid has been established. By the fast reduction reaction between chromium(VI) and ascorbic acid, chromium(M was generated to react with luminol and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline aqueous solution and hydrogen peroxide to produce CL. The CL emission intensity was correlated with ascorbic acid concentration in the range 8.0 x 10(-9) to 1.6 x 10(-4) mol/L, and the detection limit was 8.0 x 10(-9) mol/L ascorbic acid. The relative standard deviation (n = 11) for 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L ascorbic acid is 0.9%. The method has been applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in vitamin C tablets with satisfactory results.

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A novel amperometric glucose biosensor was constructed by electrochemical formation of a polypyrrole (PPy) membrane in the presence of glucose oxidase (GOD) on the surface of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) modified ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FCA) mediated sol-gel derived ceramic carbon electrode. The amperometric detection of glucose was carried out at +0.16 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.9) with a linear response range between 8.0x10(-5) and 1.3x10(-3) mol/L of glucose. The biosensor showed a good suppression of interference and a negligible deviation in the amperometric detection.

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A series of liquid crystalline copolyethers has been synthesized from 1-(4-hydroxy-4'-biphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and different alpha,omega-dibromoalkanes [coTPP(n/m)]. In this report, coTPPs having n = 5, 7, 9, 11 and m = 12 are studied, which represent copolyethers having both varying odd number and a fixed even number of methylene units. The compositions were fixed at an equal molar ratio (50/50). These coTPPs(nlm) show multiple phase transitions during cooling and heating in differential scanning calorimetry experiments. The undercooling dependence of these transitions is found to be small, indicating that these transitions are close to equilibrium, Although the coTPPs possess a high-temperature nematic (N) phase, the periodicity order along the chain direction is increasingly disturbed when the length of the odd-numbered methylene units decreases from n 11 to 5. in the coTPPs(5/12, 7/12, and 9/12), wide-angle X-ray diffraction experiments at different temperatures show that, shortly after the N phase formation during cooling, the lateral molecular packing improves toward a hexagonal lattice, as evidenced by a gradual narrowing of the scattering halo. This process represents the possible existence of an exotic N phase, which serves as a precursor to the columnar (Phi(H)) phase. A further decrease in temperature leads to a (PH phase having a long-range ordered, two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. In coTPP(11/12), the phase structures are categorized as highly ordered and tilted, smectic and smectic crystal phases, similar to homoTPPs, such as the smectic F (S-F) and smectic crystal G (SCG) phases. An interesting observation is found for coTPP(9/12), wherein a structural change from the high-temperature Phi(H) phase to the low-temperature S-F phase occurs. It can be proven that, upon heating, the well-defined layer structure disappears and the lateral packing remains hexagonal. The overall structural differences in this series of coTPPs between those of the columnar and highly ordered smectic phases are related to the disorders introduced into the layer structure by the dissimilarity of the methylene unit lengths in the comonomers.

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Charge-transfer salt (DBTTF)(6)HSiMo(12)O(40)4H(2)O was synthesized by electrocrystallization and characterized by IR spectrum and electronic spectrum. Its magnetic property, conductivity and crystal structure were determined. The title compound consists of heteropoly anions, water molecules and DBTTF columns which are formed by repeated arrangement of tetramer (DBTTF), in the direction of 15 degrees to the a axis in the tunnel constituted by the anions and other type of DBTTF. The title compound is paramagnetic and semiconducting. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A process for in situ synthesis of terbium complex with salicylic acid by a two-step sol-gel method in silica matrix has been proposed. The luminescence properties of the silica gels codoped with terbium and salicylic acid have also been discussed with respect to that of the gel doped with terbium and that of pure terbium complex with salicylic acid.

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The structure of phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA(Phe)) in solution was explored by H-1 NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the effect of lanthanide ion on the structural and conformational change. It was found that La3+ ions possess specific effects on the imino proton region of the H-1 NMR spectra for yeast tRNA(Phe). The dependence of the imino proton spectra of yeast tRNA(Phe) as a function of La3+ concentration was examined, and the results suggest that the tertiary base pair G(15). C-48, which is located in the terminal in the augmented dihydrouridine helix (D-helix), was markedly affected by La3+ (shifted to downfield by as much as 0.35). Base pair U-8. A(14) in yeast tRNA(Phe), which are stacked on G(15). C-48, was also affected by added La3+ when 1 similar to 2 Mg2+ were also present. Another imino proton that may be affected by La3+ in yeast tRNA(Phe) is that of the tertiary base pair G(19). C-56. The assignment of this resonance in yeast tRNA(Phe) is tentative since it is located in the region of highly overlapping resonances beween 12.6 and 12.2. This base pair helps to anchor the D-loop to the T Psi C loop. The binding of La3+ caused conformational change of tRNA, which is responsible for shifts to upfield or downfield in H-1 NMR spectra.

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A new class of liquid crystalline poly(ester-imide)s was synthesized by melt polycondensation. The basic physical properties of the resulting polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (t.g.a.), and rheological and mechanical testing. All of these poly(ester-imide)s were amorphous, as reflected by the results obtained from the WAXD and d.s.c. studies. Characterization and comparison of these poly(ester-imide)s with the corresponding polyesters suggested that the introduction of imide groups into the polyester chain is favourable for the formation of liquid crystalline phases. These results, together with the rheological studies, suggested that there existed a form of strong inter- or intramolecular electron donor-acceptor interaction which played a significant role in the liquid crystalline properties of the poly(ester-imide)s. The polymer products thus obtained exhibited good mechanical properties, with flexural strengths and moduli as high as 174 MPa and 6.9 GPa, respectively. The morphology of the fracture surfaces of extruded rod samples showed a sheet-like structure which consisted of ribbons and fibres oriented along the flow direction. The glass transition temperatures and thermal stabilities of the polymers were improved by the incorporation of imide groups. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

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P>NF-kappa B is a B-cell specific transcription factor that plays crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, development and differentiation. In the present study, a novel NF-kappa B-like transcription factor Relish was cloned from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (designated as EsRelish) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique based on expressed sequence tag (EST). The full-length cDNA of EsRelish was of 5034 bp, consisting of a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 57 bp, a 3' UTR of 1335 bp with two mRNA instability motifs (ATTTA), a polyadenylation signal sequence (AATAAA) and a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 3645 bp encoding a polypeptide of 1214 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 134.8 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.26. There were a typical Rel homology domain (RHD), two nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequences (KR), an inhibitor kappa B (I kappa B)-like domain with six ankyrin repeats, a PEST region and a death domain in the deduced amino acid sequence of EsRelish. Conserved domain, higher similarity with other Rel/NF-kappa Bs and phylogenetic analysis suggested that EsRelish was a member of the NF-kappa B family. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was employed to detect the mRNA transcripts of EsRelish in different tissues and its temporal expression in hemocytes of E. sinensis challenged with Pichia methanolica and Listonella anguillarum. The EsRelish mRNA was found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues. It could be mainly detected in the hemocytes, gonad and hepatopancreas, and less degree in the gill, muscle and heart. The expression level of EsRelish mRNA in hemocytes was up-regulated from at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after P. methanolica challenge. In L. anguillarum challenge, it was up-regulated at 9, 12 and 24 h. The results collectively indicated that EsRelish was potentially involved in the immune response against fungus and bacteria.

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This study examined the effects of storage time and cryoprotectant concentrations on the post-thaw sperm of red seabream, Pagrus major. Sperm treated with 12%, 15%, 18% and 21% DMSO were cryopreserved for 10, 30, 60 and 360 days, and fertilization and hatching rates were analysed. For all groups, there were no differences in the fertilization rates and hatching rates between sperm cryopreserved for < 60 days and fresh sperm (98.8 +/- 0.8%, 96.4 +/- 1.3%). However, for sperm cryopreserved for 360 days, both fertilization rates (88.6 +/- 3.0% to 7.0 +/- 1.9%) and hatching rates (79.4 +/- 7.2% to 3.3 +/- 0.8%) decreased drastically. Furthermore, the cryoprotectant concentrations affected sperm quality significantly (P < 0.05). When cryopreserved for 360 days, sperm treated with 15% DMSO obtained the best results compared with other concentrations. We suggest that 15% DMSO may be an effective cryoprotectant for long-term sperm cryopreservation of red seabream.

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本研究在实验室内采用静水系统以典型滤食性贝类菲律宾蛤仔为实验对象,从生理生态学的角度研究了体重和环境因子对菲律宾蛤仔摄食生理活动的影响,探讨了滤食性贝类的摄食机制和贝类本身对环境的适应性。同时,对蛤仔的碳代谢和能量收支进行了研究,建立了不同温度和饵料浓度下的能量收支方程。实验的主要结果如下:1.温度的影响在9±0.1℃,16±0.5℃,22±0.2℃,26±0.6℃四个温度下对菲律宾蛤仔的滤食率FR、清滤率CR、吸收率AE进行了测定。结果表明:在9-22℃温度范围内蛤仔滤食率、清滤率、吸收率均随温度的升高而增大,在22℃达到最大值,并且各温度间差异显著(ANOVA,P<0.05)。当温度达到26℃时,滤食率、清滤率、吸收率均有所下降,但和22℃值相比较差异并不显著(ANOVA,P>0.2)。这表明蛤仔生长的最适温度应当在22℃左右。对不同体重蛤仔的实验表明小个体蛤仔比大个体对温度有更高的敏感性。碳最小需求量MCR、生长余力(SFG)和生长效率均受温度的显著影响,在较低温度下(9℃)SFG出现负值。经计算9℃,16℃,22℃,26℃下的能量收支方程分别为:2.体重的影响蛤仔摄食率、清滤率、呼吸率都随个体体重的增加而增大,它们之间呈幂函数关系Y=aX~b(b值均小于1);而单位体重的摄食率、清滤率、呼吸率随个体体重的增加而减小。吸收率和体重无明显的相关性,体重对生长效率无显著影响。蛤仔的碳最小需求量MCR、生长余力均和软体部干重呈幂函数关系Y=aX~b,b值在实验的四个温度下分别为0.43±0.12和0,78±0.09。3.饵料浓度的影响在实验的饵料浓度范围内(2.33-6.15mgPOM/L),水温15℃,蛤仔摄食率和清滤率随着饵料浓度的增加而增大,呈幂函数关系(y=aX~b)。当饵料浓度达到一定值后,清滤率迅速下降,而摄食率只略微有所下降,基本上保持平稳不变。这说明蛤仔可以通过调节清滤率来稳定其摄食率,对环境具有生理适应性。蛤仔吸收率与饵料浓度无显著的相关性,不同饵料浓度其吸收率始终保持在57.93±2.94%左右。水温15℃,投喂小球藻的条件下,计算得出蛤仔(壳长3.53±0.02cm、软体部干重0.41±0.02g)产生假粪的饵料阈值为2.16mgPOM/L。饵料浓度对蛤仔生产碳有明显的影响,在实验的饵料范围内生产碳随着饵料浓度的增加而增加,在低浓度饵料时,生产碳出现负值。蛤仔的SFG随饵料浓度的增加而增加,在1.54±0.12mgPOM/L时蛤仔的生长余力出现负值。实验发现摄食能随温度变化显著而代谢能变化相对不明显,这表明对蛤仔生长来说饵料浓度可能是比温度更重要的环境因子。16℃投喂小球藻时蛤仔在不同饵料浓度下的能量收支方程为:4.底质的影响温度为17℃,饵料为三角褐指藻、浓度为2.87±1.07mgPOM/L(无假粪产生)。实验测定蛤仔在铺砂以后,摄食率和清滤率都增加了大约2倍,差异极显著(ANOVA,P<0.01)。实验中对蛤仔的吸收率也进行了对比研究。结果表明:铺砂组蛤仔的吸收率比未铺砂组提高了10.71士4.57%,经单因子方差检验铺砂和未铺砂时蛤仔吸收率差异显著(ANOVA,P<0.05)。实验表明底质对蛤仔摄食生理和代谢有显著的影响,这和实际生产中发现底质对蛤仔生长有明显影响是一致的。

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本研究应用显带技术和荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,鉴定了牡蛎的染色体;应用FISH方法定位了一系列的重复序列和大分子的P1克隆DNA;制备了染色体特异性探针。应用FISH特异性探针成功地鉴定了长牡蛎的三体10。结果如下:1.分析了G带和C带在美洲牡蛎染色体上的分布。G带在每一条染色体上的带型不同,某些染色体间(如第1对和第4对染色体,第7对和第9对染色体)的带型差别不是很明显。G带型容易受染色体收缩程度的影响。C带型重复性较好,染色体带型较清楚,分布在染色体的端粒区域和着丝粒区域。G带和C带带型能够用来鉴定牡蛎的染色体,但是重复性低和带型差异不显著,并不适合常规的染色体鉴定。2.早期胚胎和担轮幼虫制备的染色体适合于FISH分析。染色体制备方法重复性好,可适用于其它贝类的染色体制备。3.研究了重复序列基因--rDNA的定位:1)18S-5.8S rDNA在研究的五种巨蛎属Crassostrea牡蛎均只有一个位 点。太平洋种(C.gigas,C. ariakensis和C. plicatula)中,杂交信号位于最短的染色体一第10对染色体长臂的端粒区域,在大西洋种(C. virginica和C. rhizophorae)中,同一序列定位在第2对染色体短臂的端粒区域。2)18S-28S rDNA在两种蛤中有两个位点。rDNA探针定位在侏儒蛤(Mulinis Lateralis)的第15对和第19对染色体的端粒区域,同一序列定位在硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)的第10对染色体的长臂和第12对染色体短臂的端粒区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间有差异。 3)5s rDNA位于美洲牡蛎的第5对染色体的短臂上靠近着丝粒区域和第6 对染色体的短臂的中间区域。信号强度在两对染色体之间没有显著差异。5S rDNA探针可以作为鉴定和识别第5对和第6对染色体的特异性探针。4.研究了一些重复序列的定位1)两个短的重复序列1G8,1P2均产生很强的荧光信号分布在美洲牡蛎所有的染色体上。在低严谨条件下,这些序列均产生很强的信号散布在所有的染色体上。在高严谨条件下,信号强度大大减弱,但是信号仍散布在所有的染色体上。这些重复序列散布在美洲牡蛎的整个基因组中。2)高度重复序列Cgl70产生的信号分布在长牡蛎的7对染色体的着丝粒区域,没有发现间区信号。在第1对,第2对,第4对和第7对染色体上的荧光信号强且稳定。在第5对,第8对和第10对染色体上的信号相对弱且不稳定。在剩余的染色体上(第3对,第6对和第9对染色体)没有检测到荧光信号。结果表明此卫星序列是一个着丝粒卫星序列。在美洲牡蛎的染色体上没有检测到荧光信号,表明了这个着丝粒卫星序列在这两种牡蛎中的分布存在着显著的差异。3)脊椎动物端粒序列(TTAGGG)n的FISH信号局限在四种双壳贝类(美洲牡蛎,the mangrove oyster,硬壳蛤,侏儒蛤)所有染色体的端粒区域,没有发现间区信号的存在。研究结果与已报道的研究结果表明脊椎动物端粒序列或许存在于所有双壳贝类的染色体末端。双壳贝类是目前研究过的唯一含有脊椎动物端粒序列DNA的无脊椎动物。4)研究了RAPD探针在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。大多数RAPD探针产生了多个信号散布在间期细胞核和所有的染色体上。引物OPX-03,OPX-04,OPX—06,OPG-02,OPM—04,OPM-11,0PS-02制备的探针在适宜的条件下产生特异性荧光 信号,分布在牡蛎的特定的染色体上。PCR特异性带产生的探针OPX—06—310和0PG-02—300产生了特异性的荧光信号:OPX—06—310产生的信号位于第5对染色体的短臂的近端粒区域,0PG—02—300探针定位到第3对染色体的短臂上。这两个探针是鉴定美洲牡蛎单条染色体的特异性探针。5.研究了大分子Pl克隆DNA(插入片断为80~100 kb)在美洲牡蛎染色体上的定位。Pl克隆DNA通过切口平移方法标记digoxigenin—11-dUTP用作FISH的探针。Cot-1 DNA作为竞争剂有效地抑制了Pl克隆序列中的重复序列产生的信号。杂交信号用fluorescein标记的anti—digoxigenin抗体来检测,用两层抗体rabbit-anti-sheep抗体和FITC anti—rabbit抗体来扩增信号。9个P1探针成功地定位在特定的染色体上。46—1探针杂交到第1对染色体的长臂靠近着丝粒区域;47-10探针定位到第2对染色体的长臂近端粒区域;Cvpl和48-13两探针定位到第3对染色体上:Cvpl位于短臂的端粒区域,48-13探针位于长臂的近着丝粒区域;48—10探针杂交到第4对染色体的长臂上;48-1探针杂交到第5对染色体长臂的近着丝粒区域;49-11探针位于第7对染色体长臂上;探针49-10和44-11位于第8对染色体长臂上。同时我们成功地将2个P1探针杂交到同一染色体分裂相中,进一步确定了Pl探针在美洲牡蛎染色体 上的定位。6.应用18S-28S rDNA探针成功地鉴定出长牡蛎非整倍体中的三体10。经鉴定AF-35,AF-39和AF-3三体家系属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在三条染色体上,即多出的一条染色体为染色体10。相应地在间期细胞核上有三个信号出现。AF-34和AF-36家系不属于三体10家系。rDNA探针分布在两条染色体上,相应地在间期细胞核上有两个信号出现。FISH和染色体特异性探针为非整倍体的鉴定提供了一个快速准确可靠的方法和途径。

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在基础饲料中分别添加0.04%低聚木糖、0.13%酵母细胞壁、0.08%胆汁酸和同量组合添加,形成5个处理组。采用随机区组试验设计,将体重151.3±15.2 g 的健康大菱鲆鱼165尾平均分配到5个处理组(A~E)中(每组3重复),经72天试验,进行了生长、水质、消化、免疫等试验和测定,结果如下: 组合组的生长效果和饲料利用率最好,酵母细胞壁或低聚木糖单独添加,表现出优良的促生长和饲料利用率;单独添加胆汁酸也有良好效果。4试验组(组合组、酵母细胞壁组、低聚木糖组、胆汁酸组)与对照组比较,增重率分别提高15.4%、13.9%、12.4%(p<0.05)和7.4%(P>0.05),饲料系数分别降低6.9%、6.2%、5.4%(p<0.05)和3.8%(P>0.05)。 不同添加剂及组合对试验鱼所处水环境因子变化仅有小幅影响,统计差异不显著(p>0.05)。4试验组比对照组的水体氨氮含量分别提高4.0%、3.2%、3.0%和0.8%(P>0.05),COD含量分别提高2.8%、-2.2%、-3.4%和0.8%(P>0.05)。根据试验结果,建议水环境因子(氨氮、磷酸盐、COD等)作为水产动物营养与饲料研究的主要衡量指标之一。 3种添加剂组合后达到提高生长大菱鲆非特异性免疫功能的最优效果,对补体C3和C4、细胞吞噬活力和SOD的提高作用尤为显著;酵母细胞壁单独添加对补体C3和细胞吞噬活力的作用更加显著;低聚木糖单独添加对补体C4和细胞吞噬活力的作用显著;单独添加胆汁酸提高免疫力的作用相对较弱。 4试验组比对照组的蛋白质消化酶活力在胃和前肠,分别提高20%和24%、17%和19%、16%和15%(p<0.05)、11%和3%(P>0.05);脂肪消化酶活力在前肠和中肠,分别提高22%和19%、19%和17%(p<0.05)、7%和12%(p>0.05)、19%和18%(p<0.05)。 4试验组比对照组的蛋白质消化率分别提高了3.6%、2.9%、3.7%(p<0.05)和1.5%(p>0.05);粪蛋白质排出量减少12.7%、7.1%、13.4%和2.4%(p>0.05)。说明,3种添加剂显著提高了生长大菱鲆蛋白质消化率,使粪蛋白质排出量不同程度降低,显示了试验使用添加剂的无公害效应。 权衡不同添加剂及其组合对大菱鲆生长期生长性能、饲料利用率、水生态因子、消化酶活力、非特异性免疫、蛋白质消化与粪蛋白质排出的综合影响,本研究从生态与环保角度得出:3种添加剂组合的效果最好,酵母细胞壁或低聚木糖单独添加表现出优良效果;单独添加胆汁酸也有良好作用。

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近年来,由于对海区不合理的开发,我国浅海贝类筏式养殖接连遭受重创,这亟需从理论上和实践中确定养殖容量和养殖模式。本文在我国北方典型养殖海湾四十里湾对筏式养殖的贝类开展了现场生理生态学研究,对贝类对浮游植物等悬浮颗粒物的处理过程即贝类对颗粒有机物及营养元素C、N、P的摄食、吸收、排泄、排粪和生长进行了剖析,分析了贝类在沿岸养殖生态系中的物质和营养循环中所扮演的角色,为海区贝类养殖容量和养殖模式的最终确定提供了基础数据。另外,本文还对海水、沉积物及生物体中磷的分析方法进行了大量的实验工作。主要结果如下:① 比较系统地评述了双壳贝类的生物沉积(biodeposition)的原理、测定方法及其生态效应。贝类通过生物沉积在沿岸生态系中的物质和营养循环中扮演着重要的角色。国际上已有不少研究专门报道了贝类在海区现场的生物沉积。而在我国,这方面的研究却罕见。② 综述了双壳贝类各种形态的 N 和 P 排泄及其生态效应。对于我国广泛养殖 的栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝和牡蛎等双壳贝类的TDN、TP排泄尚未见报道。 ③ 在6~7月,在四十里湾的不同养殖海区(8个站位)对扇贝的生物沉积进行了现场测定。在整个四十里湾海区,一龄栉孔扇贝(壳高 41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10 g/ind))每个每天所产生生物沉积物干重平均为59.9mg,对颗粒有机质(POM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)和颗粒有机磷(POP)的生物沉积速率范围及平均值分别为: 6.88、3.09、0.392 和 0.022mg/ind·d。还在一个站位测定了海湾扇贝(壳高 24.6±2.3mm;软体干重 O.14g/ind)的生物沉积速率为 24.3mg/ind·d,或179.2mg/g·d。不同站位一龄栉孔扇贝的生物沉积速率有较大变化,这主要与饵料浓度不同有关。二龄栉孔扇贝(壳高60.9±8.2mm;软体干重1.91±0.32 g/ind)的生物沉积速率平均为 112.7mg/ind·d,对POM、POC、PON和POP的沉积速率分别是一龄扇贝的1.85倍、1.68倍、1.77倍和2.33倍。养殖海区与非养殖海区比较,前者近海底沉积速率是后者的 1.51~3.47 倍。根据以上数据,作者计算了中等规格栉孔扇贝(用壳高 41.1±4.8mm 扇贝估算)在四十里湾在夏季每天的生物沉积量达 162 吨(干重),或18.6tPOM、8.37tPOC、1.06tPON和60kgPP。在四十里湾的贝类筏式养殖海区,可以估计贝类每年因生物沉积的生产而循环427tN和98.OtP(包括20.0t OP的贡献),它们能分别满足浮游藻类生产所需求N和P的17.0%和28.3%(其中OP贡献 6.9%)。可见,贝类在养殖生态系的物质和营养盐循环中扮演着重要的角色。高密度、大面积的贝类养殖使大量的生物沉积物聚集于海底,可能对海区环境产生冲击。作者分析,98年8月份烟台养殖区赤潮的发生很可能与海底生物沉积物营养盐的快速释放以及栉孔扇贝大面积死亡而使浮游藻类失去了摄食控制有关,而风平浪静和养殖笼对水流的阻挡也为赤潮的发生提供了有利条件。④ 采用半现场流水系统法测定了栉孔扇贝在不同养殖密度、不同养殖模式(扇贝单养、贝藻混养、贝藻参混养)中的生物沉积。实验时间尺度大,前后计80天。结果说明扇贝的生物沉积速率与其养殖密度呈反比关系。养殖密度的高低影响饵料浓度的变化(两者呈负相关的对数函数关系),而饵料浓度的高低直接决定着扇贝的生物沉积速率的高低,两者呈正相关关系(生物沉积速率与POC和叶绿 a 分别呈对数和指数函数关系)。不仅生物沉积物的数量与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关,生物沉积物的质量同样与养殖密度(或饵料浓度)有关。栉孔扇贝的养殖使沉积物的有机质含量及C、N 和 P 含量降低,且密度越高,它们的含量越低。这反映了扇贝对环境的适应能力。在海带和扇贝的混养模式中,海带对扇贝生物沉积物的数量和质量不构成影响,当然这是在海带不影响浮游植物数量的前提下得出的结果。而实际上在自然海区两者可能是竞争关系。⑤ 对从海区取回到实验室的多种滤食性动物,包括经济双壳贝类(栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝、长牡蛎、贻贝、菲律宾蛤仔等)和养殖中的污损动物(栖海鞘、玻璃海鞘、藤壶、玟斑稜蛤)的 N 和 P 排泄进行了测定,包括排泄成分和排泄速率。在N排泄中,NH_4-H 占主要部分,如笼式养殖的双壳贝类 NH_4-N 占总N排泄的70%以上,平均值范围为70.8~80.1%。氨基酸是第二大排泄成分,平均占总N排泄的10~25%。其它形态的N,如尿素、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐也有检出,如双壳贝类尿素氮在总氮排泄中占 2~5%。但在双壳贝类中未检出尿酸氮。比较而言,海鞘、藤壶的尿素氮相对高一些。在P排泄中,OP约占TDP排泄的15~27%。栉孔扇贝TDP排泄速率为0.281μmol/h·ind。作者以实验室测定结果计算,在整个四十里湾的夏季,所养殖的双壳贝类每天将排泄4.54t总溶解氮,其中NH_4-N 3.36t、Amino-N 0.69t、Urea-N 0.2t。 同时每天磷的排泄为0.57t TDP,其中OP O.15t。对面积为1.3 * 10~4hm~2的海区而言,贝类的N、P排泄分别能满足浮游植物生产所需N、P的44%和40%。尽管Urea-N所占比例有限,但也能满足海区浮游植物所需 N 的 2%左右。以上说二月高密度的贝类养殖对海区生态系统营养盐循环的影响是很显著的。附着动物(柄海鞘等)的N、P 排泄也不容忽视,它们分别能满足浮游藻类生产所需 N、P 的 ll%和 12%。它们一方面通过排泄和排粪加速营养盐和物质的循环对浮游植物的生长产生刺激作用;另一方面,对藻类产生摄食控制,如果海区中滤食性动物太多,即使营养盐再丰富也难以使浮游植物大量繁殖,这无疑将影响滤食性动物的生长速率。⑥ 运用近年来发展起来的生物沉积法对四十里湾半现场流水系统中贝类的滤水率、吸收率、生长率、生态效率等生理生态学参数进行了测定。栉孔扇贝(收获时规格0.194~0.412g软体干重/ind)滤水率平均为3.65 1/ind·h。扇贝放养密度和饵料浓度没有显著关系。扇贝的总摄食率平均为3.98mg/ind·h,对POM、POC、PON的 摄食率范围为0.84~1.87、0.335~0.748、0.0515~O.1293mg/ind·h。扇贝的摄食率随放养密度的升高而降低,与POM呈正相关关系。扇贝的吸收速率受密度和饵料浓度的影响不明显。扇贝对N的吸收效率较C、P稍高,对总有机质的吸收效率为75.9±4.1%,如此高的吸收效率与低饵料浓度有关。扇贝氨基酸泄漏所损失的能量高于排氨的能量损失。代谢能与吸收能呈明显的正相关关系。SFG与饵料浓度呈正相关关系。总生长效率K1(* 100)变化较大,范围为20~49;净生长效率K,K_2(* 100)随POM的升高而升高。扇贝对N的总生态效率范围为6.2~12.8%(平均9.9%),这高于对C(平均5.9%)和P(平均4.1%)的总生态效率。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的生长余力(SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P)平均分别为197、46.8和6.2μg/ind·h,它们分别与POC、PON和PP呈正比关系。扇贝对N的净生长率高于对C和P的净生长率。在N的预算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N的排泄而忽视其它形态氮的排泄,将会产生很大偏差(平均约20%)。扇贝贝壳生长所需的能量在整个扇贝生长所需能量的9.0~15.1%(平均 11.2%);贝壳C、N和P在扇贝生长中所占的比例分别为10.5~17.8%、9.4~16.1%和8.7~15.O%。可见,贝壳不管在能量预算还是在元素预算中都不应该被忽视。理论计算而得到的SFG和SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P与扇贝的实际生长和扇贝C、N、P的实际增长量之间呈正相关关系,但前者明显过高地估计了扇贝的生长。⑦ 运用生物沉积法在四十里湾养殖海区现场对栉孔扇贝的生理生态学特征进行了研究。不同海区扇贝的滤水率有变化,一龄扇贝(41.1±4.1mm,软体干重 0.48±O.10g/ind)滤水率变化范围为 0.72~2.54(平均 1.27)1/ind·h 或 1.65~5.97(平均 2.61)1/g·h。与半现场研究结果一致,滤水率与TPM没有明显关系,而摄食率却与TPM呈正相关关系。二龄扇贝(软体干重 1.91±0.32g/ind)滤水率为 2.09~3.99(平均 3.10)1/ind·h。吸收速率与POM(或TDM)呈正相关关系,与饵料质量(POM/TPM)无明显的相关关系。吸收效率AE_(POM)与TPM(或POM)没有相关关系,却与饵料质量呈明显 的正相关关系。扇贝对POC、PON和PP的吸收效率平均分别为68.9%、64.0%和63.6%。不同海区SFG差别很大。一龄扇贝SFG范围为-O.174~24.08 J/ind·h,SFG与饵料浓度POM呈正相关关系。SFG负值的出现主要与低饵料浓度有关。SFG_C、SFG_N、SFG_P分别与POC、PON和PP呈正相关关系。在N的生长余力计算中,如果仅考虑NH_4-N排泄,而不考虑其它形态N的排泄,就可能产生相当大的偏差,偏差范围为11~360%,这高于半现场的偏差值,显然SFG_N越低,产生的偏差就越大。这说明在饵料不足、扇贝生长受到限制的环境下进行N生长余力的计算时必须考虑其它形态N的排泄。⑧ 对四十里湾养殖海区一些双壳贝类和藻类的化学组成和有机净生产量进行了讨论。不同双壳贝类的软体有机碳含量差别不大,而N含量差异较大。栉孔扇贝N含量最高(占软体干重的12.36%),而牡蛎、毛蚶软体N含量相对较低,为 8~9%。从双壳贝类贝壳的组成来看,贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔贝壳中N含量最高,分别为 0.55% 和 0.56%;而栉孔扇贝贝壳N含量相对较低,在 O.1%左右。贻贝贝壳有机磷含量 (308ppm) 也明显高于栉孔扇贝贝壳(62.1 ppm)。不同海区海带的 C/N 比值较高,变化明显,范围为17.36~30.23。石莼与此相似。大型藻类高 C/N 比值说明海区营养元素N的不足。海带的不同部位N含量差别很大,中带部和边叶在不同海区有较大变化,即对环境的营养状况比较敏感。紫贻贝贝壳中C、H、N 和 P 的含量在整个贻贝中占有相对大的比例,分别为 30.4%、30.2%、31.8%和 29.6%。

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中国牡蛎种类丰富,但是由于贝壳可塑性强,表型变化大,分类学及系统发生学研究进展缓慢,存在诸多争议。本文在全国部分海区采集牡蛎样品,并通过表型和分子生物学方法进行鉴定,重点调查潮下带牡蛎的分布情况。选取江苏南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为典型海域,研究亲缘关系接近的巨蛎属牡蛎之间在繁殖上如何维持相互之间的关系。本研究的目的在于摸索牡蛎物种鉴定的实用方法,并阐明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎生殖隔离是如何维持的。研究结果对牡蛎等海洋贝类的分类及系统发生学研究具有一定的借鉴作用,为牡蛎礁的生态保护提供生物学参考依据。 在辽宁营口、海洋岛,河北秦皇岛,山东西霞口、潍坊、青岛,江苏南通,浙江舟山、奉化,福建莆田,广东汕头等地区采集牡蛎样品,重点采集潮下带的牡蛎,通过地理分布、表型、DNA含量测定和COI种特异性探针鉴定对各地区的牡蛎物种组成进行分析。选取了南通小庙洪牡蛎礁作为研究牡蛎物种间相互关系的最佳地点。该地区牡蛎由主要分布在潮间带的熊本牡蛎和主要分布在潮下带的近江牡蛎组成。 对南通小庙洪牡蛎礁上两种巨蛎属牡蛎在空间上的分布进行调查;定期取样,制作性腺切片,观察两种牡蛎的性腺发育情况;同时,定期在海区挂板,采用半人工采苗的方式采集海区牡蛎幼体,通过ITS1基因鉴定采集的稚贝所属物种。通过调查发现二者的分布存在重叠区域;两种牡蛎在2007年6月中旬至9月中旬存在两个明显的繁殖高峰期,在每个繁殖期内两种牡蛎同时发生大量繁殖行为的可能性极高。结果表明,两种牡蛎不存在明显的生态隔离和季节隔离等交配前生殖隔离机制。 在室内对两种牡蛎进行2×2完全双列杂交,并通过ITS1基因的克隆测序验证杂种后代。双列杂交受精实验采用多亲本混合交配的方式(即每个物种的卵子或精子均来自多个个体),共进行7次重复。结果表明,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够被近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率(24.6%)受精,且形成的后代确实为两个物种杂交产生,而反方向不能受精。 幼虫和稚贝生长存活的双列杂交实验共进行3次重复。估测受精率、受精卵的孵化率,第1至29日每两天测量一次D形幼虫的壳高和密度。结果表明杂交幼虫(熊本牡蛎♀与近江牡蛎♂的杂交,SA)的受精率(12.5%)显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.4%)和近江牡蛎(84.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);自受精至29日龄,杂交幼虫壳高的生长速度明显低于纯种对照组(P < 0.05);但是存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异(P > 0.05)。杂交幼虫附着变态期间死亡率高;93日龄,熊本牡蛎有10.08%的匍匐期面盘幼虫存活至稚贝,显著大于(P < 0.05)近江牡蛎(2.18%)和杂交幼虫(0.76%);杂交稚贝壳高显著小于(P < 0.05)纯种对照组。稚贝在海区挂养3个月。与挂养前相比,杂交稚贝在潮下带的存活率为19.2%,125个稚贝仅存24个,壳高平均增加2.15 mm。熊本牡蛎在潮间带的存活率达到65%,壳高平均增加3.99 mm。近江牡蛎在潮下带的存活率达到85.7%,壳高平均增加5.22 mm,在潮间带的存活率仅10.9%,壳高平均增加3.28 mm。受精6个月后,所有杂交稚贝仅剩3枚,运回实验室暂养一段时间后全部死亡。 设置20、25、30、35共4个盐度梯度,估算双列杂交组合在不同盐度下的受精率、孵化率、7日内的存活率和壳高生长,实验共进行3个重复。结果表明,杂交组合在4个盐度下的受精率(平均为11.2%)均显著低于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(75.0%)和近江牡蛎(77.5%)纯种对照组;而孵化率与对照组无显著差异(P > 0.05);杂交组合在盐度35时的孵化率(85.0%)显著大于20(49.6%)、25(51.3%)和30(55.4%)三个盐度梯度。7日龄杂交幼虫(10.5%)和近江牡蛎(11.4%)的存活率显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(30.3%);杂交幼虫的壳高(75.7 μm)显著小于(P < 0.05)熊本牡蛎(81.5 μm)和近江牡蛎(85.6 μm)对照组。两因素方差分析表明,杂交组合方式对受精率、孵化率、7日龄存活率和7日龄壳高均有显著影响,盐度对7日龄壳高的影响显著。 实验结果表明,江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁上的熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间在分布空间上存在重叠区域,繁殖时间也存在重叠,并未产生明显的生态隔离和季节隔离。二者之间存在不对称性杂交,熊本牡蛎的卵子能够与近江牡蛎的精子以较低的受精率受精,而反方向完全不亲和。杂交幼虫在受精率上存在显著劣势;但是受精卵的孵化率与纯种受精卵无显著差异;杂交幼虫在生长上也存在显著劣势;而存活率与熊本牡蛎无显著差异;杂交幼虫附着变态期间大量死亡,存活下来的稚贝生长缓慢,死亡率高。表明熊本牡蛎和近江牡蛎之间即存在交配前的配子不亲和性隔离,又存在交配后隔离,主要表现为杂种不活。