黄土高原沟壑区林草景观界面土壤养分、水分和微生物的研究

对黄土高原沟壑区林草景观界面(包括林地、草地和林-草界面3种生态系统)土壤的养分(有机质、氮、磷、钾和pH)含量、水分含量和微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量进行测定,分析比较了其养分、水分和微生物分布特征。结果表明,林草景观界面3种生态系统土壤养分分布不平衡,有机质、全氮、水解氮和速效钾在0～40 cm土层的平均含量为林地>草地>林-草界面;全磷平均含量为林地>林-草界面>草地;速效磷平均含量为草地>林地>林-草界面;全钾平均含量和pH为林-草界面>草地>林地;各种养分含量在各生态系统土壤剖面中有明显的层次性,表层0～20 cm土层的养分含量基本上高于20～40 cm土层;不同土层的土壤水分在水平方向上,随着水平距离梯度的变化表现出上升或下降的趋势,草地和林地内水分变化不显著,而在林-草界面内不同距离梯度上的含水量变化极显著;随着土层深度的增加,土壤平均含水量在草地区逐渐升高,在刺槐林地中呈逐渐降低趋势,而在林-草界面区域则表现为先降低后升高的趋势;林草景观界面下土壤中各种微生物数量存在明显差异,在总体数量上均以细菌为主,占微生物总量的98%以上,微生物总数量为林-草界面>草地>刺槐林地;微生物数量的垂直动态明显,林-草界面和草地0～20 cm土层数量较20～40 cm土层显著增多,而林地0～20 cm土层微生物数量少于20～40 cm土层。

基于RS和GIS的县域土地利用变化特征分析

基于RS和GIS技术,结合土地利用变化指数模型定量分析了江西省新建县1991—2000年(分两个时段)的土地利用变化时空特征。结果表明,研究期间耕地面积减少2199.181hm2,林地面积增加1655.375hm2,建设用地面积增加1880.467hm2,未利用地减少1290.016hm2,草地和水域面积变化不大。6种土地利用类型中建设用地变化动态度最大,其次为未利用地,再次为林地和耕地,且研究区1991—2000年区域综合土地利用动态度为0.165%。土地利用程度综合指数1991年、1996年、2000年分别为243.687、244.084、244.868,呈上升趋势。土地利用空间动态度仍以建设用地为最大,其次为未利用地和草地,耕地最小。同时,研究得出了各土地利用类型在研究时段的“涨势”或“落势”状态。新建县1996—2000年区域土地利用变化空间动态度比1991—1996年有所下降,且土地利用变化逐渐由双向转移向单向不平衡转移转化。

控释肥料的研究现状与进展

对控释肥料进行分类,控释肥料可分为物理型、化学型以及物理化学型。并分别对各种类型的控释肥料给以简单的概述。同时还阐述了影响控释肥料养分释放的因素、控释肥料养分释放特性的评价和预测方法,最后指出控释肥料存在问题及解决对策。

大巴山北坡垂直带土壤特性及系统分类

通过野外考察与室内分析相结合 ,对大巴山北坡不同海拔高度的土壤特性进行研究 ,确定了各剖面的诊断层和诊断特性及其在系统分类中的位置。结果表明大巴山北坡各垂直带土壤在系统分类中可划归 2个土纲的 6个土类 ,系统分类中土壤的分类位置与发生分类位置并不具有简单的一一对应的关系。

山鸡椒上一种新的干基腐朽病

本文报道了我国贵州北部山鸡椒上一种新的干基腐朽病害 ,其病原菌是粗皮灵芝 (Ganodermatsunodae (YasudaexLloyd)Trott.)。基于本研究采集的标本及日本模式产地的标本 ,对此病原菌进行了详细描述。该菌主要危害贵州北部的山鸡椒 ,造成干基白色腐朽 ,最后导致树木死亡。对病害的症状 ,造成的危害及病原菌的分布进行了讨论

21世纪中国地理学发展的若干思考

20世纪我国现代地理学的发展取得了辉煌成就,同时也面临着许多挑战和机遇。基于地球系统科学的最新研究成果与发展态势,结合我国地理学发展的自身特点及国家需求,本文从理论研究、方法论、学科建设、能力建设等方面,对21世纪我国地理学发展的若干问题进行了思考和探索。

三江源自然保护区土地覆被变化特征分析

基于中国土地利用/覆被遥感分类系统,利用1970年代中后期、1980年代末、2004年和2008年4期遥感图像分析三江源自然保护区近30a来土地覆被类型面积变化、转类途径与幅度及各保护区各圈层转类指数变化特征,结果表明:近30a来,草地总面积经历了一个增加-减少-增加的过程。自然保护区1970年代中后期至1980年代末和1980年代末至2004年土地覆被类型变化主要是草地覆盖度下降,土地覆被总体上具有转差趋势。近4a来草地退化趋势得到遏制,大部分的保护区和内部各圈层土地覆被都有转好趋势,可能与《规划》实施有关。

对强震迁移的统计分析:以华北地区为例

目前对强震迁移的研究多是集中在发现迁移现象方面,一些总结迁移规律的尝试则较为主观。本文认为,强震迁移如果具有规律性则其迁移指标应具有某种统计意义,并且对整体数据集的统计分析可避免传统迁移分析方法中的问题。通过对华北地区强震迁移的3个指标(迁移方位、迁移距离、迁移时间)的统计分析,表明研究地区存在较明显的优势迁移方向(西偏南-东偏北方向)、优势迁移距离(100km内以及300～700km范围)和优势迁移时间间隔(1年内以及3～4年内),不同震级范围以及不同活跃期内的迁移特征略有区别。

NDVI spatial pattern and its differentiation on the Mongolian Plateau

GIMMS NDVI database and geo-statistics were used to depict the spatial distribution and temporal stability of NDVI on the Mongolian Plateau. The results demonstrated that: (1) Regions of interest with high NDVI indices were distributed primarily in forested mountainous regions of the east and the north, areas with low NDVI indices were primarily distributed in the Gobi desert regions of the west and the southwest, and areas with moderate NDVI values were mainly distributed in a middle steppe strap from northwest to southeast. (2) The maximum NDVI values maintained for the past 22 years showed little variation. The average NDVI variance coefficient for the 22-year period was 15.2%. (3) NDVI distribution and vegetation cover showed spatial autocorrelations on a global scale. NDVI patterns from the vegetation cover also demonstrated anisotropy; a higher positive spatial correlation was indicated in a NW-SE direction, which suggested that vegetation cover in a NW-SE direction maintained increased integrity, and vegetation assemblage was mainly distributed in the same specific direction. (4) The NDVI spatial distribution was mainly controlled by structural factors, 88.7% of the total spatial variation was influenced by structural and 11.3% by random factors. And the global autocorrelation distance was 1178 km, and the average vegetation patch length (NW-SE) to width (NE-SW) ratio was approximately 2.4:1.0.

Blue long lasting phosphorescence of Tm3+ in zinc pyrophosphate phosphor

Phosphate long lasting phosphorescence (LLP) phosphors with composition of (Zn1-xTmx)(2)P2O7 were prepared by the high-temperature solid-state method. Their properties were systematically investigated utilizing XRD, photoluminescence, phosphorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) spectra. These phosphors emit blue light that is related to the characteristic emission due to the D-1(2)-H-3(6), D-1(2)-H-3(4) and (1)G(4)-H-3(6) transitions of Tm3+. After the UV light excitation source was switched off, the bright blue long lasting phosphorescence can be observed which could last for more than 1 h in the limit of light perception of dark-adapted human eyes (0.32 mcd/m(2)). Two TL peaks at 336 K and 415 K appeared in the TL spectrum. By analyzing the TL curve the depths of traps were calculated to be 0.67 eV and 0.97 eV, respectively.Also, the mechanism was discussed in this report.

NOVEL COMPOSITES OF POLY(L-LACTIDE) AND SURFACE MODIFIED BIOACTIVE SiO2-CaO-P2O5 GEL NANOPARTICLES: MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Bioactive SiO2-CaO-P2O5 gel (BAG) nanoparticles with 40 nm in diameter were synthesized by the sol-gel route and further modified via the ring-opening polymerization of lactide on the surface of particles. Surface modified BAG (mBAG) was introduced in poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) matrix as bioactive filler. The dispersibility of mBAG in PLLA matrix was much higher than that of rough BAG particles. Tensile strength of the mBAG/PLLA composite could be increased to 61.2 MPa at 2 wt% filler content from 53.4 MPa for pure PLLA. The variation of moduli of the BAG/PLLA and mBAG/PLLA composites always showed an enhancement tendency with the increasing content of filler loading. The SEM photographs of the fracture surfaces showed that mBAG could be homogeneously dispersed in the PLLA matrix, and the corrugated deformation could absorb the rupture energy effectively during the breaking of materials. In vitro bioactivity tests showed that both BAG and mBAG particles could endow the composites with ability of the calcium sediment in SBF, but the surface modification of BAG particles could weaken this capability to some extent. Biocompatibility tests showed that both BAG and mBAG particles could facilitate the attachment and proliferation of the marrow cells on the surface of the composite.

Electronic structures of 4d transition metal monoxides by density functional theory

Bond distances, dissociation energies, ionization potentials and electron affinities of 4d transition metal monoxides from YO to CdO and their positive and negative ions were studied by use of density functional methods B3LYP, BLYP, B3PW91, BPW91, B3P86, BP86, SVWN, MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE. It was found that calculated properties are highly dependent on the functionals employed, especially for dissociation energy. For most neutral species, pure density functionals BLYP, BPW91 and BP86 have good performance in predicting dissociation energy than hybrid density functionals B3LYP, B3PW91 and B3P86. In addition, BLYP gives the largest bond distance compared with other density functional methods, while SVWN gives shortest bond distance, largest dissociation energy and electron affinity. For the ground state, the spin multiplicity of the charged species can be obtained by +/- 1 of their corresponding neutral species.

Preparation of Ni0.65Zn0.35Cu0.1Fe1.9O4/SiO2 nanocomposites by sol-gel method

(Ni0.65Zn035Cu0.1Fe1.904)-Cu-./SiO2 natiocomposites were fabricated by the sol-gel method using tetraethylorthosilicate as a precursor of silica, and metal nitrates as precursors of NiZnCu ferrite. With infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, Raman spectra, Mossbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements, the formation of single phase nanocrystalline NiZnCu ferrites dispersed in silica matrix is confirmed when the sample is annealed at 550degreesC. The transition from the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic state is observed as the annealing temperature increases from 750degreesC to 1150degreesC. The magnetic properties of these nanocomposites are clearly size dependent. The saturation magnetization increases with the annealing temperature.

Direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on active carbon

For the first time horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized on the surface of active carbon powder modified at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode has been shown to undergo a direct quasi-reversible electrochemical reaction. Its formal potential, E-o/, is -0.363 V in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s and is almost independent of the scan rate in the range of 50-700 mV/s. The dependence of E-o/ on the pH of the buffer solution indicated that the conversion of HRP-Fe(III)/HRP-Fe(II) is a one-electron-transfer reaction process coupled with one-proton-transfer. The experimental results also demonstrated that the immobilized HRP retained its bioelectrocatalytic activity to the reduction of H2O2. Furthermore, the HRP adsorbed oil the surface of the active carbon powder can be stored at 4 degreesC for several months without any loss of the enzyme activity. The method presented for immobilizing HRP can be easily extended to immobilize and obtain the direct electrochemistry of other enzymes.