The Effects of Visual Object Size in The Depth Perception in KM Mouse

Whether mice perceive the depth of space dependent on the visual size of object targets was explored when visual cues such as perspective and partial occlusion in space were excluded. A mouse was placed on a platform the height of which is adjustable. The platform located inside a box in which all other walls were dark exception its bottom through that light was projected as a sole visual cue. The visual object cue was composed of 4x4 grids to allow a mouse estimating the distance of the platform relative to the grids. Three sizes of grids reduced in a proportion of 2/3 and seven distances with an equal interval between the platform and the grids at the bottom were applied in the experiments. The duration of a mouse staying on the platform at each height was recorded when the different sizes of the grids were presented randomly to test whether the Judgment of the mouse for the depth of the platform from the bottom was affected by the size information of the visual target. The results from all conditions of three object sizes show that time of mice staying on the platform became longer with the increase in height. In distance of 20 similar to 30 cm, the mice did not use the size information of a target to judge the depth, while mainly used the information of binocular disparity. In distance less than 20 cm or more than 30 cm, however, especially in much higher distance 50 cm, 60 cm and 70 cm, the mice were able to use the size information to do so in order to compensate the lack of binocular disparity information from both eyes. Because the mice have only 1/3 of the visual field that is binocular. This behavioral paradigm established in the current study is a useful model and can be applied to the experiments using transgenic mouse as an animal model to investigate the relationships between behaviors and gene functions.

广西河池地区鱼类资源调查及两支流的鱼类多样性比较

于1994年至2008年间,对广西河池地区的柳江水系和红水河水系进行了鱼类资源调查.依据实际调查,并结合以往文献记载,这两水系中分布的鱼类共有185种,分别隶属于9目21科107属.较以前调查,新增种类21种,包括1新属19新种.柳江水系分布的鱼类共有134种,分别隶属于8目19科88属.其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲈形目鱼类次之,鲇形目鱼类第三,其他目的鱼类种类相对较少,仅1-3种.红水河水系分布的鱼类共有157种,分别隶属于8目20科101属.其中,鲤形目鱼类的种类最多,鲇形目鱼类次之,鲈形目鱼类第三.其他目的鱼类种类相对较少.红水河水系的鱼类多样性较柳江水系丰富,其主要原因为红水河流经区域喀斯特地貌发育,地下河流众多而且流域面积广,水量充沛.

中鲤亚属的分支系统学分析

基于外部形态特征和内部骨骼特征对鲤科鲤属中鲤亚属进行了分支系统学分析。内群包括中鲤亚属的全部5种和鲤亚属的2种鱼类，外群采用乌原鲤。在鲤属鱼类和外群间共有48个性状存在变化。系统发育分析采用PAUP~(*)软件的Parsimony和Bootstrap两种方式的Branch-and-Bound算法。排除不能极化的特征和特有离征之后，还有28个特征可用，由这28个特征可得到唯一的系统树，树长69，一致性系数0.7246，排除无用特征的一致性系数0.6122，保留系数0.6346。由5种中鲤组成的中鲤亚属明显不构成一个单系群。结果表明：中鲤亚属是一个复系群，该类元应该被撤销。

A new species of the genus Tor from Yunnan, China (Teleostei : Cyprinidae)

A new species of the subfamily Barbinae, Tor yingjiangensis, is recognized from Yunnan province, China. It can be distinguished from other Tor species by the following combination of characters: last simple dorsal-fin ray osseous and non-serrated; no forward directed predorsal procumbent spine; head length considerably longer than body depth; no tubercles on the snout or sides of the face; 18-20 gill rakers on the outside of first gill arch; 24-26 lateral line scales; median lobe of lower lip short, its posterior margin truncate, not extending to the vertical across the inner corners of the mouth; and the condition of the lower lip consistent in individuals of different sizes. The new species has been misidentified previously as Tor putitora (Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches. Edinburgh & London. 405 pp), which occurs in the Ganges and Indus River basins. The new species can easily be distinguished from T. putitora by having 3-3.5 (vs. 2.5) scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin origin, shorter caudal peduncle length (13.0% vs. 17.2% of standard length), lesser body depth (26.4% vs. 24.0% of standard length) and longer caudal peduncle depth (12.0% vs. 10.9% of standard length), no longitudinal stripe present along side of body, and eyes visible in ventral view of head.

蓝氏贾第虫分离株tim 基因序列分析比较研究

　为了探讨来源于不同地理位置贾第虫分离株之间的遗传学关系, 采用tim 基因扩增、限制性酶切和 DNA 序列分析方法对来自我国(C1、C2、、CH2、CH3)、柬埔寨(CAM )、澳大利亚(A 1、A 2) 和美国(BP、CDC) 共9 株 蓝氏贾第虫的基因型进行了分析比较。结果表明,A 1、A 2 和CAM 属第1 型(WB) ; CH2 和CH3 属第2 型(JH) ; C1、 C2、BP 和CDC 属第3 型(GS)。本实验结果提示, 虫株间遗传学关系并非由地理位置的远近所决定。来源于同一地 理位置的虫株其遗传学特性可有很大的差异。相反, 来源于地理位置相隔很远的虫株其遗传学特性却可极为相近。 贾第虫分离株基因型的确定可为本虫分子系统进化和分子流行病学研究提供重要资料。

独龙牛遗传多样性及其种群遗传结构的等位酶分析

用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术, 进行30头独龙牛41种蛋白质共计44个遗传座位的等位酶分析,只在Tf、Hp、Amy、Est等4个座位发现多态性。每个座位等位基因的平均数、多态座位百分 比和平均杂合度值分别为A=1.0909、P=0.0682和H=0.0262。贡山县和福贡县独龙牛群体从酶基因的角度上看遗传多样性贫乏, 可能是分别由小种群引种而来, 受到瓶颈效应的作用, 并伴随着创立者事件的发生。表3参12

中国大白蚁亚科壤白蚁新属新种(等翅目:白蚁科)

壤白蚁属 Parahypotermes Zhu et Huang, 新属模式种: 曼允壤白蚁Parahy potermes manyunensis, 新种. 属征: 兵蚁头近卵圆形, 头背面被毛稀少, 两侧缘于触角前骤然狭缩, 头中部最宽, 后缘宽圆, 头背面中部明显隆起; 左上颚内缘中部第1缘齿上方具2—3枚小齿. 比较与讨论: 本新属与地白蚁属 Hypotermes Holmgren 较接近. 但 Hypotermes 头两侧缘触角前不呈狭缩状; 左上颚第1缘齿上方不具锯齿状小齿; 头背面中部呈弧状隆起。

进化观点与有机结构进化的根本问题——谨以此文悼念中国自然辩证法研究会前秘书长查汝强先生

1.生物体内的一切有机结构及其所进行的生命活动过程全都是进化的产物. 生命在本质上就是跟进化密不可分的. 因此, 进化的观点在一切生物学领域都是普遍有效的, 包括细胞生物学和分子生物学. 从进化的观点进行考察, 是进一步发展细胞生物学以至分子生物学的一条新的必然的道路, 即进化细胞生物学的道路. 2.该文结合有机结构的层次性分析了有机结构的结构体制、其所进行的生命活动的活动机理与它们所承担的机能任务三者之间的内在联系. 3.有机结构与其生命活动过程的进化的动力源泉, 在于它们与其所承担的机能任务之间的矛盾。

云南黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)分布及栖息地类型调查

黑颈长尾雉是鸡形目鸟类中的濒危物种,分布局限于印度东北部、缅甸北部、泰国西北部和中国西南部。在中国,该雉仅栖息于广西西部和云南中部、西部及南部地区。1992年至1995年在云南对黑颈长尾雉的分布及栖息生境进行了专门的调查,共有13县18个地点记录到黑颈长尾雉分布。通过访问还获得一些可能有黑颈长尾雉分布但需进一步证实的地点。黑颈长尾雉在云南的栖息生境主要有热带季雨林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、暖温性针叶林、暖热性针叶林和落叶阔叶林等5种类型。栖息地丧失和高强度狩猎是导致黑颈长尾雉濒危的主要原因。