Laser-induced wavy pattern formation in metal thin films

Laser-induced well-ordered and controllable wavy patterns are constructed in the deposited metal thin film. The micrometer-sized structure and orientation of the wavy patterns can be controlled via scanning a different size of rectangle laser spot on the films. Ordered patterns such as aligned, crossed, and whirled wave structures were designed over large areas. This patterning technique may find applications in both exploring the reliability and mechanical properties of thin films, and fabricating microfluidic devices. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Two-way coupling model for shock-induced laminar boundary-layer flows of a dusty gas

The present paper describes a numerical two-way coupling model for shock-induced laminar boundary-layer flows of a dust-laden gas and studies the transverse migration of fine particles under the action of Saffman lift force. The governing equations are formulated in the dilute two-phase continuum framework with consideration of the finiteness of the particle Reynolds and Knudsen numbers. The full Lagrangian method is explored for calculating the dispersed-phase flow fields (including the number density of particles) in the regions of intersecting particle trajectories. The computation results show a significant reaction of the particles on the two-phase boundary-layer structure when the mass loading ratio of particles takes finite values.

Ocean currents-induced pipeline lateral stability on sandy seabed

Unlike previous mechanical actuator loading methods, in this study, a hydrodynamic loading method was employed in a flow flume for simulating ocean currents induced submarine pipeline stability on a sandy seabed. It has been observed that, in the process of pipeline losing lateral stability in currents, there usually exist three characteristic times: (1) onset of sand scour; (2) slight lateral displacement of pipeline; and (3) breakout of pipeline. An empirical linear relationship is established between the dimensionless submerged weight of pipeline and Froude number for describing pipeline lateral stability in currents, in which the current-pipe-soil coupling effects are reflected. Scale effects are examined with the method of "modeling of models," and the sand particle size effects on pipeline stability are also discussed. Moreover, the pipeline stability in currents is compared with that in waves, which indicates that the pipeline laid directly upon the sandy seabed is more laterally stable in currents than in waves.

Centrifuge modeling of suction bucket foundations for platforms under ice-sheet-induced cyclic lateral loadings

This paper presents the results of a series of centrifuge model tests performed to study the behavior of suction bucket foundations for a tension leg platform in the Bohai Bay, China. The target lateral loadings were from ice-sheet-induced structural vibrations at a frequency of 0.8-1.0 Hz. The results indicate that excess pore water pressures reach the highest values within a depth of 1.0-1.5 in below the mud line. The pore pressures and the induced settlement and lateral displacement increase with the amplitude of the cyclic loading. Two failure modes were observed: liquefaction in early excitations and settlement-induced problems after long-term excitations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal stress wave and spallation induced by an electron beam

Thermal stress wave and spallation in aluminium alloy exposed to a high fluency and low energy electron beams are studied theoretically. A simple model for the study of energy deposition of electrons in materials is presented on the basis of some empirical formulae. Under the stress wave induced by energy deposition, microcracks and/or microvoids may appear in target materials, and in this case, the inelastic volume deformation should not vanish. The viscoplastic model proposed by Bodner and Partom with corresponding Gurson's yield function requires modification for this situation. The new constitutive model contains a scalar field variable description of the material damage which is taken as the void volume fraction of the polycrystalline material. Incorporation of the damage parameter permits description of rate-dependent, compressible, inelastic deformation and ductile fracture. The melting phenomenon has been observed in the experiment, therefore one needs to take into account the melting process in the intermediate energy deposition range. A three-phase equation of state used in the paper provides a more detailed and thermodynamical description of metals, particularly, in the melting region. The computational results based on the suggested model are compared with the experimental test for aluminium alloy, which is subjected to a pulsed electron beam with high fluency and low energy. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Long pulsed laser induced reverse bulging and plugging

A new kind of failure mode is observed in circular brass foils whose peripheries are fixed and whose surfaces are subjected to a long pulsed laser over a central region. The failure is classified into three stages; they are referred to as thermal bulging, localized shear deformation and perforation by plugging. A distinct feature of the failure mode is that bulging and plugging occurred in the direction opposite to the incident laser beam. The failure mode is different from the well-known types of laser induced material damage, such as spallation, melting and/or vaporization.

On laser-induced reverse plugging effect

A new kind of failure induced by long pulsed laser, named as reverse plugging effect (RPE), was experimentally observed in thin foil of brass. The whole failure process can be divided into three stages, namely thermal reverse bulging, shear deformation localization and reverse perforation. In this paper, a description of experimental and theoretical study on this newly discovered phenomenon is presented in detail.

Embryo-damage induced nucleation of microcracks in an aluminum-alloy under impact loading

The nucleation of microdamage under dynamic loading was investigated through planar impact experiments accomplished with a light gas gun. The microscopic observation of recovered and sectioned specimens showed that microcracks were nucleated only by cracking of brittle particles inside material. However, for comparison the in situ static tensile tests on the same material conducted with a scanning electron microscope showed that the microcracks were nucleated by many forms those were fracture of ductile matrix, debonding particles from matrix and cracking of brittle particles. The quantitative metallographic observations of the specimens subjected to impact loading showed that most of the cracked particles were situated on grain boundaries of the aluminium matrix. These facts suggested the concept of critical size and incubation time of submicroscopic cavities in the dynamic case and the mechanism of embryo-damage induced nucleation by fracture of brittle particles in the aluminium alloy under impact loading was proposed.

Numerical simulation of evolution-induced catastrophe

A numerical simulation of damage evolution in a two-dimensional system of micocracks is presented. It reveals that the failure is induced by a cascade of coalescences of microcracks, and the fracture surface appears fractal. A model of evolution-induced catastrophe is introduced. The fractal dimension is found to be a function of evolution rule only. This result could qualitatively explain the correlation of fractal dimension and fracture toughness discovered in experiments.

Reflection of shock-wave in pur foam from rigid wall

Keller proposed that a building, a mechanical installation or a body wrapped bya layer of foam plastics may be an efficient means for protection from damage ofblast wave. However, the practical effect was beyond expectation. For example, agunner wearing the foam plastics-padded waistcoat was injured more seriously by theblast wave from a muzzle. Monti took the foam plastics as homogeneous two-phasemedium and analyzed it with the theory of dusty flow. The obtained results showthat the peak pressure behind the reflected shock wave from rigid wall with foamcoat exceeds obviously that without foam coat under the same condition. Gel'fand,Patz and Weaver made experimental observations by means of shock tubes and veri-

Evolution induced catastrophe

Fracture due to coalescence of microcracks seems to be catalogued in a new model of evolution induced catastrophe (EIC). The key underlying mechanism of the EIC is its automatically enlarging interaction of microcracks. This leads to an explosively evolving catastrophe. Most importantly, the EIC presents a fractal dimension spectrum which appears to be dependent on the interaction.

Viscosity-induced mode splitting and potential energy criterion for mode stability

This paper points out that viscosity can induce mode splitting in a uniform infinite cylinder of an incompressible fluid with self-gravitation, and that the potential energy criterion cannot be appropriate to all normal modes obtained, i.e., there will be stable modes with negative potential energy (<0). Therefore the condition >0 is not necessary, although sufficient, for the stability of a mode in an incompressible static fluid or magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) system, which is a correction of both Hare's [Philos. Mag. 8, 1305 (1959)] and Chandrasekhar's [Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability (Oxford U.P., Oxford, 1961), p. 604] stability criterion for a mode. These results can also be extended to compressible systems with a polytropic exponent.

Principles of flow field diagnostics by laser-induced biacetyl phosphorescence

A new method for measuring the density, temperature and velocity of N2 gas flow by laser induced biacetyl phosphorescence is proposed. The characteristics of the laser induced phosphorescence of biacetyl mixed with N2 are investigated both in static gas and in one-dimensional flow along a pipe with constant cross section. The theoretical and experimental investigations show that the temperature and density of N2 gas flow could be measured by observing the phosphorescence lifetime and initial intensity of biacetyl triplet (3Au) respectively. The velocity could be measured by observing the time-of-flight of the phosphorescent gas after pulsed laser excitation. The prospect of this method is also discussed.

Oscillatory Flow Induced Hydrodynamic Forces upon a Pipeline near Erosive Sandy Seabed

An experimental study of the properties of hydrodynamic forces upon a marine pipeline is presented in this paper, in the equilibrium scour conditions for various Keulegan-Carpenter numbers and various initial relative gaps between pipeline and the erosive sandy seabed. The tests are conducted in a U-shaped oscillatory water tunnel with a sand box located at the bottom of the test section. According to the experimental results, the maximum horizontal forces on the pipelines with an initial gap to seabed will decrease to some extent due to scouring process. For engineering appliances, it seems safer to estimate wave induced forces on pipelines under the assumption that seabed is plane. However, it should be noticed that great changes would be brought to the frequency properties of lift forces because of the sandy scour beneath the pipeline, which occurs for certain KC numbers.

The Effects of Backfill Soil Properties on Wave-induced Pore Pressures around a Trenched Pipeline

Offshore pipelines are always trenched into seabed to reduce wave-induced forces and thereby to enhance their stability. The trenches are generally backfilled either by in-site sediments or by depositing selected backfill materials over the pipeline from bottom-dump barge. The actual waves in shallow water zone are always characterized as nonlinear. The proper evaluation of the wave-induced pressures upon pipeline is important for coastal geotechnical engineers. However, most previous investigations of the wave–seabed–pipe interaction problem have been concerned only with a single sediment layer and linear wave loading. In this paper, based on Biot’s consolidation theory, a two-dimensional finite element model is developed to investigate non-linear wave induced pore pressures around trenched pipeline. The influences of the permeability of backfill soil and the geometry profiles of trenches upon soil responses around pipeline are studied respectively.