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植物源杀菌剂的开发应用以及从植物中寻找杀菌活性物质作为先导化合物,是目前杀菌研究领域的热点之一。本文以蓼科植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.) 为材料,研究了虎杖提取物的杀菌活性和作用机理,确定了虎杖中的有效杀菌活性成分,并以此为先导化合物进行了衍生物合成与结构活性关系的研究。 不同溶剂提取物制备与杀菌活性测定结果表明,乙醇适合作为虎杖植物杀菌剂的提取溶剂,提取率高,对多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的杀菌和抑菌活性,除对黄瓜白粉病(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)表现出很好的防治效果外,对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、玉米小斑病菌(Helminthosporium maydis)、葡萄炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoconia solani)等也具有很好的抑制作用。虎杖回流提取物对黄瓜白粉病的杀菌作用以保护作用为主,兼具一定的治疗作用,并且具有一定的内吸活性,持效期约为4-7 d。温室试验结果表明,虎杖乙醇回流提取物10%可溶性液剂对黄瓜白粉病的EC90值为172.83 mg/L,田间小区试验表明该制剂在800-1600 mg/L的浓度下,对黄瓜白粉病的防效达到76.3-93.4%,具有较好的应用前景。 对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用机理表明,虎杖乙醇提取物对该病原菌有明显的抑制作用,能够抑制蛋白质、葡萄糖等菌体细胞内物质的合成,从而使病菌代谢速度减慢,抑制其生长。虎杖提取物还能够使几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶这两种细胞壁相关水解酶的活性升高,降解细胞壁而破坏菌体结构,使菌体自溶。 过测定虎杖乙醇回流提取物对黄瓜体内等一些防御酶和病程相关蛋白活性的影响,表明在40 mg/L和400 mg/L浓度下,虎杖乙醇提取物能够使黄瓜叶片内的过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶等不同程度的升高,从而在一定程度上提高植物对病原真菌的抗病能力。 通过生物活性跟踪测定以及pH梯度提取法确定了虎杖中的主要杀菌活性成分为蒽醌类化合物大黄素(emodin)和大黄素甲醚(physcion),结构通过了HPLC-MS和1H NMR确认,并且通过HPLC确定了虎杖乙醇回流提取物中二者的含量分别为3.28%和1.11%。 以虎杖中的有效成份之一的大黄素为原料,通过羟基的甲基化反应合成了包括已知物大黄素甲醚在内的11个大黄素衍生物,其中5个化合物为首次报道,并进行了初步结构活性关系研究。结果表明通过对大黄素3-OH位置以短直链烷基取代,其衍生物对黄瓜白粉病的活性大大提高,其中以甲基取代的衍生物大黄素甲醚的活性为母体大黄素的16.7倍,而以取代苄基修饰的衍生物的活性没有明显提高。一些目标化合物的活性明显优于三唑酮。研究中还意外发现大黄素的甲基化衍生物三甲氧基大黄素在4000 mg/L时能够明显抑制甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食与生长发育,而大黄素和大黄素甲醚则无此作用。

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随着工农业的快速发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,在我国东北,大面积的蔬菜种植地受到Cd、Pb的污染。大白菜在东北地区一直得到广泛种植,然而,Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对这一地区大白菜的胁迫效应仍然缺乏系统的研究。本研究以辽宁省普遍种植的四种大白菜(抗病金春KB、东洋春夏DY、青绿王QL、强势QS)为对象,用发芽实验、砂培实验和盆栽实验,研究了Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫下大白菜的生理生化变化。 在发芽阶段,Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫下,重金属浓度与根长、芽长和生物量抑制率间呈极显著线性相关,根伸长对Cd、Pb的毒害最敏感。KB对Cd毒害的抗性最强,DY对Pb单一和Cd、Pb复合胁迫的抗性最强,而QS对Cd、Pb单一及复合胁迫的抗性最弱。Cd、Pb复合胁迫时,对根伸长、芽伸长和生物量抑制的联合作用类型都为相加作用。 砂培实验中,在Cd、Pb浓度较低时,4种大白菜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量都不同程度提高,但是随Cd、Pb浓度的提高,各生理过程受到抑制。KB和QS中PRO的含量约是DY和QL中的2-3倍,高PRO累积量很可能是Cd、Pb耐性大白菜品种所具有的特点。 盆栽实验中,在各生长时期,抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),及可溶性糖和SP的含量随Cd、Pb浓度的提高先升高后下降。硝态氮的含量基本随Cd、Pb浓度的提高而上升。在整个实验期间,KB和QS中MDA都保持较低的水平,KB对Cd、Pb的耐性主要是由于其体内PRO及AsA、GSH等抗氧化剂的累积;而GSH和可溶性糖对QS的Cd、Pb耐性起重要作用。QL和DY中MDA的含量要高于KB和QS,它们体内的抗氧化酶活性,及PRO、AsA和GSH含量在某个生长时期会达到较高的水平,但是与KB和QS相比,这些变化并不稳定,所以比KB和QS对Cd、Pb的耐性要弱。

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仅以污染物浓度定义土壤污染并评价其潜在风险,缺乏对其生态毒性效应的综合考虑,不能反映土壤污染对生物及人体健康的潜在危害。传统的生态毒理研究仅局限于依据宏观生理指标,如半致死剂量,产茧量等,这些指标对环境浓度(亚致死浓度)土壤污染的响应较差甚至不响应,无法应用于环境浓度的污染土壤诊断。土壤生物微观生理、生化指标,作为一种较为敏感的土壤生态毒理效应及毒性诊断手段,近几年来成为研究热点。 本文以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为供试生物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以国际标准组织(International Standard Organization-ISO)方法指南为参考,以蚯蚓微粒体细胞色素P450含量、抗氧化酶系(超氧化物歧化酶-SOD、过氧化氢酶-CAT和过氧化物酶-POD)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性为指标,进行了的典型多环芳烃污染物-苯并(a)芘和内泌干扰物-壬基酚在土壤中暴露的动态量效关系研究,试验浓度范围为0.1-2 mg•kg -1。 研究结果如下:1)苯并(a)芘与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。总体上,诱导效应明显,诱导时间对P450活性影响显著(P<0.05);2)在试验浓度范围(0.1-2 mg•kg-1)内, GST对试验浓度的BaP未产生生态毒性响应;3)CAT 和POD酶活性对低浓度的BaP暴露响应具有延时性(即第7d开始响应)和阶段性(即第7d前无明显响应、第7d后响应消失)特征;4) 在BaP胁迫下,蚯蚓体内SOD产生明显响应,苯并(a)芘暴露1~3d,SOD酶活性整体升高,最大升幅30%,与对照差异显著。苯并(a)芘暴露的第7d和14d, 除0.1 mg•kg -1外,0.5~2 mg•kg-1 BaP处理组中SOD酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),这表明BaP造成了抗氧化防御酶系的损伤。以上结果表明: 5项指标中, 代谢解毒酶系指标P450和抗氧化酶系指标SOD对BaP暴露响应较为敏感,CAT,POD以及GST的敏感性较差。各指标敏感性总体为:P450>SOD>CAT,POD>GST。综合本试验及其他相关实验结果初步确认,苯并(a)芘生态毒性>芘>菲。 低浓度(0.1~2.0 mg•kg-1)壬基酚(NP)土壤暴露动态关系研究结果表明:1)壬基酚(NP)与细胞色素P450含量具有动态响应关系。1、7、14d时,P450整体表现为低浓度下抑制,而高浓度下诱导的趋势。随着诱导时间的延长P450含量表现出显著的升高趋势;SOD活性在较高浓度3d暴露后降低,而第7、14d时显著升高。NP诱导与P450含量与SOD酶活性两种指标的响应趋势与BaP诱导下的响应趋势大体吻合。CAT的响应较前两者差,随着诱导时间的延长,在第7、14d个别浓度下CAT表现出升高趋势。GST与POD对试验浓度下的NP诱导未产生明显和快速的毒性响应。NP诱导第3dGST出现升高趋势。NP诱导的第14d POD (2 mg•kg-1)有显著降低。总体上,各指标对NP诱导的敏感性顺序依次为:P450,SOD>CAT>GST, POD。 继前期的“蚯蚓P450对土壤菲、芘暴露生态毒理研究”以及“土壤低浓度PAHs胁迫下蚯蚓差异表达基因筛选研究”之后,本论文中所进行的“土壤BaP暴露生态毒性响应研究”作为上述整体研究内容的组成部分,从两个方面获得研究进展:第一,进一步证实P450指标对低剂量多环芳烃污染响应的相对敏感性。第二,从代谢解毒酶系的角度发现苯并(a)芘生态毒性>芘>菲。这一结果与基因水平上论证的细胞色素P450(类似Cyp2R1)对 PAHs胁迫下的研究结果一致。 本论文中进行的土壤NP暴露生态毒性响应研究,首次将内分泌干扰物纳入土壤毒理研究中,丰富了土壤生态毒理学的研究内容。研究进一步证实蚯蚓细胞色素P450指标对多种污染物低剂量暴露诊断的广谱适应性。研究也为内分泌干扰物的生态毒性评价提供了基础依据。

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针对蚕豆根尖微核试验方法现存的问题并结合土壤自身的特性,进行了蚕豆微核试验方法改进的试验研究。在此基础上,本文选择蚕豆幼苗次生根根尖为供试材料,以细胞有丝分裂指数(MI)、染色体畸变率(CAF)和微核率(MNF)为试验指标,开展了我国典型土壤(红壤、棕壤和黑土)中低剂量(0~10 mg•kg-1)镉污染遗传毒性剂量-效应关系研究。研究针对蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性评价指标“污染指数”的缺陷,首次提出“毒性指数”。“毒性指数”将有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率和微核率指标所得数据结合,评价土壤镉遗传毒性水平。与此同时,研究选择蚕豆幼苗叶片为供试材料,进行了以抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)和植物激素含量(ABA、GA3和Z&ZR)为指标的镉污染胁迫生态毒理试验研究,并比较了上述三类指标对土壤镉污染的毒性响应及敏感性。 蚕豆根尖微核方法改进试验结果表明,在三种备选试验材料中,蚕豆初生根、次生根根尖细胞和芽尖细胞均对镉胁迫响应显著。与芽尖细胞相比,根尖细胞MI、CAF和MNF之间具有较好的相关性;而次生根尖细胞比与初生根尖细胞对镉响应更敏感,遗传毒性效应显著相关。在上述方法学研究基础上,将蚕豆幼苗次生根根尖微核试验应用到典型土壤镉污染的研究中,结果表明,同一剂量下,红壤中镉的遗传毒性效应最强,棕壤次之,黑土最不显著。土壤pH值与有机质含量对镉的遗传毒性影响较大。 抗氧化防御酶活性试验结果表明,POD和SOD在0~10 mg•kg-1镉浓度范围内先升高后降低,对镉毒性的指示效果最明显;CAT反应与SOD、POD相反,其作用机理有待进一步探讨。植物激素试验结果表明,ABA和Z&ZR对镉胁迫响应敏感,其含量与镉浓度存在良好的剂量-效应关系;GA3随着镉浓度的增加表现出无规律性,表明它对污染物的响应具有选择性。 试验数据显示,不同指标对镉胁迫均具有响应,但响应的域值及敏感度不同。比较而言,蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性指标指示效应更明显。将各指标联合使用可使土壤镉污染的遗传和生态毒性诊断更为全面、有效。本研究为土壤镉污染早期诊断敏感指标筛选及指标组合提供了实验依据,为土壤重金属污染早期诊断奠定试验和理论基础。

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本文通过水培试验,盆栽试验研究缺铁条件下对重金属Cd的吸收与积累,供试植物为龙葵、番茄、玉米和小麦,主要考察了缺铁条件下不同Cd浓度处理下,不同植物对重金属Cd的吸收影响,根际环境的变化,根系分泌物的变化,以及植物铁载体分泌率的变化,同时研究了植物在铁缺乏条件下对重金属Cd的抗性机制和胁迫响应机理,得出以下主要结论: 液体培养条件下,营养液进行加铁和缺铁处理,不同Cd浓度处理中,缺铁处理植物的生物量低于相应的加铁处理,富集的Cd高于相应的加铁处理,缺铁处理转移系数与富集系数高于加铁处理。缺铁处理溶液酸碱度低于加铁处理,氧化还原电位高于加铁处理。缺铁处理促进了Cd的吸收和积累,主要是由于缺铁条件下对根系环境产生的变化,有助于植物对Cd的吸收。 液体培养条件下,营养液进行加铁和缺铁处理,不同Cd浓度处理中,基本上缺铁处理植物的根系分泌物中四种有机酸的含量显著高于相应的加铁处理。无论是加铁还是缺铁处理,四种有机酸的分泌量:酒石酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸>乙酸。通过相关分析,加铁处理龙葵与番茄根系分泌物中酒石酸含量与镉含量呈极显著正相关,而缺铁处理的呈极显著负相关,表明番茄与龙葵根系分泌物中酒石酸可以指示缺铁处理对Cd的积累。加铁处理与缺铁处理龙葵与番茄的柠檬酸与Cd积累无相关性。加铁处理与缺铁处理玉米苹果酸与Cd积累无相关性,其他有机酸与之呈现正相关,加铁处理与缺铁处理小麦与四种有机酸均呈现正相关。 液体培养条件下,营养液进行加铁和缺铁处理,不同Cd浓度处理中,缺铁处理植物的叶绿素、可溶性糖含量、SOD、POD和CAT活性低于相应的加铁处理,电导率、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量高于相应的加铁处理。重金属Cd和缺铁处理导致植物膜脂过氧化作用,主要体现在MDA和细胞质膜膜透性升高,导致植株生物量降低,叶绿素含量降低,导致可溶性糖含量下降。脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量的升高是降低和缓冲植物重金属逆境胁迫产生的伤害,抗氧化酶系统的不同变化对缺铁和Cd胁迫所产生的伤害进行修复。 盆栽实验表明,缺铁处理的生物量低于相应的加铁处理,富集的Cd高于相应的加铁处理,转移系数与富集系数高于加铁处理。缺铁处理铁的地上部和根部含量显著低于相应的加铁处理。玉米与小麦加铁与缺铁的植物铁载体的分泌率随着Cd浓度升高呈现降低的趋势,并且缺铁处理植物铁载体的分泌率高于加铁处理。

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人类长期且大量的使用药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs),使其持续不断地输入环境,导致它们在环境中的残留浓度日益增加,并对人类和其他生物产生了不良的生态毒理效应。本文以四种典型PPCPs(对乙酰氨基酚、土霉素、三氯生、佳乐麝香)为研究对象,采用常规的毒理学实验方法,研究了它们对小麦种子发芽、根伸长的急性毒性,以及低浓度长期暴露对小麦幼苗叶绿素(CHL)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等生理生化特性的影响。由于PPCPs具有生态风险性,而传统的水处理工艺却不能有效的将这些物质去除。因此,开发更多的新技术以强化处理PPCPs,使它们在环境中残留的浓度尽可能降低是一项很重要的工作。本研究以零价铁处理有机物的原理为依据,自制铁铜双金属复合物,研究了其对PPCPs溶液的处理效果及影响因素,并对整个过程中的反应机理进行了初探。实验结果表明: 实验浓度下,四种PPCPs与小麦根长及芽长抑制率之间具有良好的剂量-效应关系。根据线性回归方程计算的EC50可知,不同种类的PPCPs对小麦种子发芽的毒性大小不同,而且小麦的芽及根部对不同PPCPs胁迫的敏感部位不同。对乙酰氨基酚、土霉素、三氯生对小麦根长的抑制较芽长显著,它们的EC50分别为668.8 mg/L、34.7 mg/L和147.8mg/L;而佳乐麝香对小麦芽长的抑制更为显著,EC50为143.4 mg/L。实验浓度范围内,四种PPCPs对小麦种子的发芽率均没有显著的抑制作用。四种PPCPs暴露21天后,2.8~22.4 mg/L对乙酰氨基酚、0.15~2.4 mg/L土霉素以及0.2~3.0 mg/L三氯生和佳乐麝香显著抑制小麦叶片/根部中的CHL和SP,而且使POD和SOD酶活性降低或上升,从而打破抗氧化系统的动态平衡;暴露21天内对CHL、SP、POD和SOD等含量在不同PPCPs胁迫下的变化趋势具有各自的特点。 以零价铁降解有机物的原理为依据,自制了铁铜双金属复合体系,以强化处理PPCPs溶液。电子扫描显微镜(SEM)及X-衍射(XRD)分析得出铁铜复合物(FeCu/Cu2O)由Fe、Cu及Cu2O组成。与零价铁相比,FeCu/Cu2O显著提高了对PPCPs的去除效果,主要是由于Cu的存在扩大了反应的电极电位差,即增加了Fe-Cu之间的外加阳极电流,从而加速Fe的阳极溶解,产生更多的高活性物质以更好的去除PPCPs。溶解氧是影响FeCu/Cu2O对PPCPs处理效果的重要因素,它们可以在FeCu/Cu2O表面获得电子后生成O2-,形成类Fenton体系。此外,由于Cu2O的光化学活性,光照也可以强化FeCu/Cu2O对PPCPs的处理效果。不同的反应条件下体系内的pH值及自由基的产生量不同。根据实验现象及相关的经典理论,本文对FeCu/Cu2O处理PPCPs的作用机理进行了初探,认为整个反应过程包括Fe的还原反应、Cu2O的光催化反应、Fe-Cu微电解反应以及絮凝过程等。

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本文以蒙古栎和华山松为对象,通过开顶箱法研究了在连续一年高浓度CO2(700 μmol•mol-1)、O3(80 nmol•mol-1)及二者复合处理条件下蒙古栎和华山松的次生代谢动态变化情况,阐明了高浓度CO2、O3对蒙古栎、华山松次生代谢的影响,为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应与反馈,城市森林适宜树种选择提供了重要理论依据。 得出的主要结果如下: 1. 高浓度CO2处理提高了蒙古栎叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)两种酶活性且于生长季末期达差异显著,对蒙古栎(过氧化物酶)POD活性无显著影响;对华山松松针中PAL、PPO两种酶活性无显著影响,于生长季末显著提高了华山松POD活性。 2. 高浓度CO2处理增加了蒙古栎叶片中总酚、单宁、类黄酮、木质素和纤维素含量,并于生长季的不同时期达到差异显著,其中木质素和纤维素在生长季初期曾显著减少;显著增加了华山松松针中单宁和纤维素含量、显著减少了总酚和类黄酮含量,对木质素无显著影响。 3. 高浓度O3处理显著提高了蒙古栎叶片PAL、PPO两种酶活性,对蒙古栎POD活性无显著影响;显著提高了华山松松针中PAL和POD(于生长季中期曾显著降低)活性,降低了PPO活性。 4. 高浓度O3处理于生长季初期显著增加了蒙古栎叶片中总酚含量,于生长季末显著减少了类黄酮含量,于生长季初期显著增加末期显著减少了单宁含量,显著增加了木质素和纤维素含量;显著减少了华山松松针中总酚、单宁和类黄酮含量,对木质素含量无显著影响,于生长季初期显著增加后期显著减少纤维素含量。 5. 复合处理于生长季末期显著降低了蒙古栎叶片PAL活性,于生长季中期显著提高了POD活性,于生长季中期显著降低了华山松松针中PPO和POD活性。 6. 复合处理显著增加了蒙古栎叶片总酚和木质素含量,先显著增加后显著减少了单宁含量,先显著减少后显著增加了纤维素含量;先显著减少后显著增加了华山松松针中总酚、单宁和木质素含量,先显著增加后显著减少了纤维素含量,显著减少了类黄酮含量。 7. 使用DPPH法对蒙古栎叶片醇提物进行了总抗氧化能力的测定,结果表明高浓度CO2和O3及其复合处理均显著提高了蒙古栎总的抗氧化能力,但是不同处理分别于生长季的不同阶段达到差异显著水平。

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人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物,其生态行为及生态效应已经越来越受到关注。城市土-水界面污染流是除农业面源污染以外第二大面源污染,其成分复杂,采用常规的理化监测方法很难对其生态安全性加以评价。本研究在水生生态毒理实验基础之上,利用城市标识污染物-重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、佳乐麝香(HHCB)和城市土壤模拟城市土-水界面污染流,并以斑马鱼、草鱼为对象,以超氧化物岐化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT),丙二醛(MDA),可溶性蛋白(SP)为生物标志物,对其急性和亚急性生态毒理过程进行模拟研究,并通过对联合毒性实验的开展,系统研究了Cd、Pb和HHCB的单一与联合毒性效应、机理和过程。主要结论如下: HHCB和Cd均为中等毒性污染物,Cd和HHCB对斑马鱼的96h-LC50值分别为30.33和4.45 mg/L;在HHCB和Cd的等毒性复合急性实验中,联合作用类型随暴露时间的延长从联合变为拮抗,HHCB是复合污染中的主要污染物。 对水体中总浓度0.95-15.16 mg/L 的Cd和0.14-2.22mg/L的HHCB7天急性毒性机理实验显示,暴露于单一Cd污染斑马鱼体内抗氧化酶活性升高,暴露4天后,其体内MDA含量升高;而在HHCB胁迫2-4天后抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量均降低;联合作用中Cd在暴露的前1-4天对抗氧化酶的变化起主要作用,而之后HHCB开始起主导作用;斑马鱼急性胁迫下,抗氧化系统的诱导是斑马鱼对Cd胁迫的最初反应之一,而对于受HHCB胁迫的斑马鱼,蛋白含量的降低相对于抗氧化系统来说是斑马鱼受到损害的更重要原因。 对水体中总浓度0.005-0.05mg/L的Cd、0.5-4mg/L的Pb和0.01-0.2mg/L的HHCB对草鱼不同器官的14天亚急性毒性机理研究显示:肝脏受污染物的毒性作用最为显著,体内生物标志物也最为敏感;在Cd和Pb胁迫下,肝脏和肾脏内抗氧化酶随浓度的升高被显著抑制,而HHCB对各器官SOD和CAT活性产生诱导作用; MDA在重金属胁迫下其含量变化均不明显,SP含量轻微降低,而在HHCB胁迫下却分别呈现显著的升高和降低的趋势,所以MDA和SP含量可以作为检测HHCB的生物标志物;复合作用下HHCB的加入能使草鱼各器官中抗氧化酶的活性有所升高, MDA含量显著大幅度升高,SP含量显著大幅度降低,HHCB和Cd表现出很强的协同作用,而且HHCB在复合污染中起主导作用。

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乙草胺作为我国应用最多的三大除草剂之一,被广泛地应用于玉米、花生、大豆等农田中。作为外源有机污染物,乙草胺在施入土壤后,对作物构成一定的逆境胁迫。作物在逆境胁迫下,自身会发生相应的改变抵御迫害,其中根际、活性氧清除系统、除草剂的代谢酶等在作物抵御乙草胺等除草剂的迫害中起着十分重要的作用。 本文以我国重要的粮食作物-玉米作为供试作物,在田间实验条件下研究了低(田间用量)、中(田间用量的2倍)、高(田间用量的5倍)三个浓度乙草胺处理下,乙草胺在玉米根际和非根际环境中的残留特征,并探讨了玉米根际微生物和玉米超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、还原性谷胱甘肽、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶对乙草胺施用的响应特征。 研究表明:(1)乙草胺在土壤中的降解迅速,并且在根际的降解得到强化,随着乙草胺的施用浓度增加,其在土壤中的最终残留量增大。(2)由于根际效应的存在,根际微生物量、真菌和细菌数量都显著高于非根际土壤,且根际和非根际土壤、高浓度处理和低、中浓度处理土壤间微生物群落结构明显不同。乙草胺各处理对根际微生物量有先抑制后刺激的作用,对根际细菌尤为显著,抑制作用随乙草胺浓度的增加而加强。乙草胺对本体土壤的微生物量影响较复杂,高浓度对本体土壤微生物量主要表现为抑制作用,而低、中浓度则是抑制和刺激作用交替出现,低浓度乙草胺对非根际土壤微生物的抑制作用未达到显著水平。乙草胺对对非根际真菌的抑制程度大于根际真菌。虽然各处理的微生物量都能恢复到正常水平,但非根际的恢复比根际需要更长的时间。土壤中细菌和真菌对乙草胺响应存在非同步性,并且群落变化具有一定的补偿作用。(3)除草剂乙草胺对玉米过氧化物酶(POD)的活性影响较小,POD不能作为乙草胺污染的生物标记物;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)对乙草胺的污染有一定的指示作用,但其对乙草胺的敏感性不如谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)高。低、中浓度乙草胺处理使玉米GST活性和GSH含量先升高后降低,高浓度抑制GST活性,降低GSH的含量。GST和GSH对乙草胺的响应非常敏感,可以作为评价除草剂对作物安全性评价的重要指标。 5倍田间用量乙草胺处理虽然对玉米产生了一定的影响,但玉米经一个月左右能恢复正常生长,说明乙草胺对玉米的安全性较高。但由于乙草胺在土壤中的最终残留量与初始浓度密切相关,且对土壤(根际和非根际)微生物群落会产生一定影响,所以应严格控制乙草胺的用量,以降低对土壤环境、水体环境和人类生活健康的风险性。

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作为常用的除草剂和氮肥,乙草胺、尿素在黑土区广泛应用。本文就乙草胺和尿素单一及复合污染对黑土农田的生态毒理效应及机理进行研究,为黑土区农业持续发展提供理论参考。乙草胺和较高浓度的尿素均对蛆蝴有毒害作用,可导致蛆叫体重下降及死亡;污染胁迫引起生物体生内产生大量O2-等自由基,抗氧化酶系中两种关键酶SOD和POD活性受活性氧自由基诱导而应激性升高,可溶性蛋白含量下降,过高浓度则将导致酶系崩溃,生物死亡。乙草胺和较高浓度的尿素均对小麦和白菜的发芽、根伸长及幼苗生长有毒害作用,可降低发芽率,抑制其根、芽的伸长;乙草胺导致小麦叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量降低,对SOD和POD活性则表现为先诱导后抑制;低浓度尿素能增加小麦仆卜绿素及蛋白质含量,提高SOD和POD活性,但高浓度导致小麦叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD活性降低,POD活性进一步升高,影响生物膜的生物合成及完整性,使植株生长受阻,甚至枯死。乙草胺对黑土土壤微生物有不同程度的抑制作用,低浓度下可较快恢复,高浓度与此相反。乙草胺、尿素均为低浓度促进黑土呼吸作用,浓度升高则促进作用减弱。二者的联合作用多呈现为低浓度尿素可部分拮抗乙草胺的毒性作用,高浓度尿素则强化乙草胺的毒害作用,表现为协同作用。

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本研究针对我国土壤PCBs的污染特点,初步探讨了含有PCBs的变压器油分析与测定,两种典型的机合修复过程和PCBs代谢产物的植物毒理三个方面的问题,得出如下结论:1.采用一种经过检验的新前处理方法,分析变压器油样中含有2种二氯联苯,4种三氯联苯,4种4氯联苯,3种5氯联苯,1种六氯联苯,共13种PCBs同类物,各同类物在ΣPCB中占的百分含量在1.2%-13.4%之间。2.采用KMnO4和好氧降解菌系拙合时,祸合方式不同,藕合效果不同,土壤介质不同锅合的效果也存在差异。3.模拟缺氧条件下,不含脱氯微生物啤酒厂污泥,在经过一定迟滞期后(4星期),存在脱氯情况,添加按计卜油醇可减少迟滞期,有明显的诱导作用。单独投加零价金属的脱氯效果与其化学性质和投加量有关,Fe。和zno辛禺合厌氧微生物的脱氯效果要好于两者单独的脱氯效果,其中Zn0耦合厌氧微生物的脱氯效果最好。4,在实验区间内,两种白菜的POD可与根伸长、发芽率一起作为CBA的生态毒理指标,且比根伸长和发芽率敏感,SOD和CAT则不适合。

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土-水界面污染流污染物成分复杂,采用常规的理化监测方法,很难对其生态安全性加以评价。本研究在水生生态毒理实验基础之上,利用重金属Cd、Zn和有机农药甲胺磷(MAP)模拟流经受重金属和农药污染土壤的土-水界面污染流,并以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为刘"象,以SOD,PoD为生物标志物,对其生态毒理过程进行模拟研究,并应用广义联合效应理论,系统研究了Cd、Zn、MAP的单一与联合毒性效应、机理以及土一水界面污染流对Cd、Zn、MAP的单一与联合毒性效应的影响。主要结论如下:1.Cd、Zn、MAP联合作用与污染暴露的时间有关;2.在含cd、zn、MAP土一水界面污染流中,Cd、Zn、MAP三者之间在毒理过程中的交互作用关系具有方向性,可以用广义联合效应来解释;3.土一水界面污染流增大了毒理过程中对草鱼的胁迫强度;4.土一水界面污染流能改变Cd、Zn、MAP在毒理过程中联合作用的类型;5.土一水界面污染流的毒理过程中,总的联合效应更多的依赖各因子的浓度水平组合。

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近年来,随着对作物重茬障碍原因的深入研究,植物的化感作用越来越受到国内外众多学者的重视。花椒(Zanthoxy piperitum.)为芸香科植物,是一种收益早、用途广、价值高的经济树种,是川西干旱河谷地区的重要经济作物,其连作障碍也倍受关注,系统研究花椒化感作用将有助于理解和最终解决花椒连作障碍问题。本文首先通过萃取、层析等方法分离花椒主效化感成分;通过外加不同浓度的花椒叶水浸液研究了对土壤氮素养分循环的影响;研究了花椒叶水浸液对苜蓿生理生化、光合作用、氮素养分吸收的影响,并对外施氮肥对这种化感影响的缓解作用做了研究;研究了花椒化感潜力对全球变化——UV-B增强辐射的响应。主要研究结果如下: 1.用不同极性的有机溶剂对花椒叶水浸液浓缩浸膏萃取、柱层析,结合生物活性检测,分离得到主效化感作用组分的一种化感物质——对甲氧基苯酚。采用该物质纯品进行生物活性检测,证明其具有化感作用。 2.花椒叶水浸液处理土壤30天后,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮(硝态氮+铵态氮)与对照相比,随着花椒叶水浸液浓度的增加呈现降低的趋势,其中土壤铵态氮含量显著降低,而硝态氮含量的变化则不显著,无机氮含量也显著降低。土壤脲酶和蛋白酶的活性与无机氮含量的变化趋势相同。随着花椒叶水浸液浓度的增加,氨化细菌数量显著降低,固氮菌的数量变化不显著,硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量有减少的趋势。60天后,硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、无机氮随水浸液浓度增加的变化趋势与30天时相似;随着花椒叶水浸液浓度的增加,氨化细菌、固氮菌的数量显著减少,硝化细菌数量、反硝化细菌数量仍呈减少趋势;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性与第30天的变化趋势相同。第60天与第30天的结果相比,相同水浸液浓度处理的硝态氮、铵态氮、无机氮均有下降的趋势,但除了25g.L-1水浸液处理的外,其它相同浓度的处理间差异均不显著;除了12.5 g.L的处理外土壤脲酶活性均呈增强的趋势;蛋白酶活性都有不同程度的增加;花椒叶水浸液处理的土壤硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈增加趋势。 3.随着花椒叶水浸液浓度的增加,显著抑制了苜蓿根长、地上地下生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片中可溶性蛋白的含量,净光合速率。苜蓿体内四种抗氧化酶(POD、SOD、CAT、APX) 活性随着水浸液浓度的增加而降低,而丙二醛含量则增加。苜蓿氮初级同化相关酶硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性随着水浸液浓度的增加受到不同程度的影响。总的来说,苜蓿硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰合成酶的活性受到抑制,而谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的变化则比较复杂,根呈先降低后增加的趋势,叶片则无显著变化。外施两种不同浓度的硝酸铵氮肥后,对12.5、25 g.L-1花椒叶水浸液处理的苜蓿化感作用有显著的缓解作用,表现在株高、生物量、光合作用等方面,大多达到与对照(0 g.L-1)未施氮肥无显著差异的水平,而对50 g.L-1水浸液处理的苜蓿幼苗,虽有一定的缓解作用,但这种作用均未达到与对照(0 g.L-1)未施氮肥时无显著差异的水平。 4. UV-B增强辐射处理花椒后,花椒的化感潜力显著增强。花椒叶片内UV-B吸收物质的含量和总酚含量均显著增加。 In recent years, with profound research on the reasons of continuous cropping obstacles, allelopathy received increasing attention to many scholars at home and abroad. Zanthoxy bungeanum as a Rutaceae plant is a high economic value species which gains early and uses widely. Zanthoxylum is an important economic crop in the arid valley of western Sichuan region, and its not even has received much concern for the continuous cropping obstacles. The systematic study of allelopathy of Zanthoxylum will contribute to the understanding and final settlement of this issue. The major allelopathic composition was separated through the extraction, chromatography combined with other methods. The impact on soil nutrient cycling was also studied through the addition of different concentrations of water extracts of Zanthoxylum. Furthermore, the effects of water extracts of Zanthoxylum leaves on alfalfa leaf physiological and biochemical indexes, photosynthesis, soil enzymes and nutrient uptake of nitrogen and the mitigation of allelopathy through using external fertilizer were studied to put forward scientific resolvent for Zanthoxylum continuous cropping obstacles .The response of allelopathic potential of Zanthoxylum to global change - UV-B enhanced radiation was studied . The main findings are as follows: 1. Through extraction with different polar organic solvents on concentrated water extract of Zanthoxylum leaf and then using column chromatography combined with detection of biological activity, one of the main allelopathic components- methoxy-phenol was isolated. The biological activity testing of the pure material of methoxy-phenol proved that it does have allelopathic potential. 2. Thirty days after treating soil with water extract of Zanthoxylum leaf, as compared with the control, the contents of soil nitrate, ammonium, nitrate plus ammonium nitrogen showed a trend of decrease with the increase of the concentration of water extract whereas the content of ammonium nitrogen showed a significant reduction, and the content of nitrate did not change significantly, the content of nitrate plus ammonium nitrogen also showed a significant (P <0.05) redction. The activity of soil urease and protease showed the same trend as the content of nitrate nitrogen plus ammonium nitrogen. With the increase in the concentration of water extract, the number of ammonification bacteria significantly reduced but nitrogen-fixing bacteria did not change significantly and there was a decreasing trend in the number of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Sixty days after the treatment, with the increase in solution concentration of water extract of Zanthoxylum leaf, the content of nitrate、 ammonium nitrogen, nitrate plus ammonium nitrogen showed a similar change trend to 30 days’; the number of ammonification bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria significantly reduced ; the number of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria was still an downward trend; the activity of soil urease and protease showed the same trend as the 30th days’. Compared to the results of the 30th days’, the content of nitrate, ammonium, nitrate plus ammonium nitrogen showed a decrease trend between the treatment of same concentration, but there was no significant difference except the treatment of 25g.L-1 between the same concentration; the activity of soil urease showed enhanced trend except the treatment of 12.5 g.L-1; the activity of protease increased to varying degrees; the number of ammonification bacteria、 nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were growing while nitrogen-fixing bacteria reduced.. 3. With the increase of the concentration of water extract of Zanthoxylum leaf, the water extract significantly inhibited the root length, aboveground biomass, content of chlorophyll and soluble protein in leaf and net photosynthetic rate. The activity of four antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, CAT, APX) reduced with the increase in concentration of the water extract but the content of MDA increased. The activity of enzymes related to primary nitrogen assimilation such nitrate reductase (NR), glutamyl synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were subject to different degrees with an increase in the concentration of water extracts. In general, the activity of nitrate reductase, glutamyl synthetase were inhibited, while change in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was more complex. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase in leaf was first reduced and then increase,but did not change significantly in root. After using two external different concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer, there was a significant mitigation in inhibiton in plant height, biomass, photosynthesis, etc. in the treatment of 12.5,25 gL-1 of water extract of Zanthoxylum leaf, and most of these indexes showed no significant difference with the control (0 g.L-1, no external fertilizer was added) .Although there showed a certain degree of ease in the treatment of 50 g.L-1 , there was still a significant difference compared with the control (0 gL-1) in which no external fertilizer was used. 4.The allelopathic potential of Zanthoxylum positively responded to enhanced UV-B significantly. The content of UV-B absorbing compounds and the total phenol also significant increased.

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在人类活动导致全球变暖的前提下,由于全球气温的升高,地表水分加速向空中蒸发。从20世纪70年代至今,地球上严重干旱地区的面积几乎扩大了一倍。这一增长的一半可归因于气温升高而不是降雨量下降,因为实际上同期全球平均降水量还略有增长。干旱对陆地植物和农林生态系统产生深远影响,并已成为全球变化研究的一个重要方面。位于青藏高原东部的川西亚高山针叶林是研究气候变暖对陆地生态系统影响的重要森林类型。森林采伐迹地、人工林下和林窗环境作为目前该区人工造林和森林更新的重要生境,其截然不同的光环境对亚高山针叶林更新和森林动态有非常重要的影响。凋落物产生的化感物质可通过影响种子萌发和早期幼苗的定居而影响种群的建立和更新,而人工林和自然林物种以及更新速度的差异性也都受凋落物的影响。 云杉是川西亚高山针叶林群落的重要树种之一,在维持亚高山森林的景观格局和区域生态安全方面具有十分重要的作用,其自然更新能力及其影响机制一直是研究的热点问题。本试验以云杉种子和2年生幼苗为研究对象,从萌发、根尖形态、幼苗生长、光合作用、渗透调节和抗氧化能力等方面研究了不同光环境下水分亏缺和凋落物水浸液对云杉种子和幼苗生长的影响。旨在从更新的角度探讨亚高山针叶林自然更新的过程,其研究成果可在一定程度上为川西亚高山针叶林更新提供科学依据,同时也可为林业生产管理提供科学指导。主要研究结论如下: 水分亏缺在生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧化对云杉幼苗都有显著影响。总体表现为,水分亏缺导致了云杉幼苗的高度、地径、单株总生物量降低,增加了地下部分的生长;水分亏缺显著降低了云杉叶片中相对含水量、光合色素、叶氮含量,净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了幼苗叶片中膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)的含量;水分亏缺提高了幼苗叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,超氧荫离子(O2-)生成速率以及脯氨酸和抗氧化系统的活性(ASA, SOD, CAT, POD, APX和GR)。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受水分亏缺导致的伤害时,其自身会形成防御策略,并通过改变形态和生理方面的特性以减轻害。但是,这种自我保护机制依然不能抵抗严重水分亏缺对植物的伤害。 模拟林下低光照条件显著增加单株植物的地上部分生长,尤其是其叶片的比叶面积(叶面积/叶干重),同时其光合色素含量和叶片相对含水量也显著增加,这些改变直接导致植株光合速率和生物量的增加。同时,与高光照水平相比,低光照幼苗的膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)和活性氧物质均较低,显示出低光照比高光照水平对植物的更低的氧化伤害。尽管低光照也导致大部分抗氧化酶活性降低,但这正显示出植物遭受低的氧化伤害,更印证了前面的结论。 凋落物水浸液影响了云杉种子的萌发和根系的生长,更在形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力、活性氧物质以及叶氮水平上显著影响了云杉幼苗,其中,以人工纯林凋落物的影响更有强烈。具体表现在,种子萌发速率和萌发种子幼根的长度表现为对照>自然林处理>人工纯林;凋落物水浸液抑制种子分生区和伸长区的生长,人工林处理更降低了根毛区的生长,使根吸水分和养分困难。对2年生幼苗的影响主要表现在叶绿素含量、光合速率以及叶氮含量的降低;膜脂过氧化产物、活性氧物质和抗氧化酶系统的显著增加。同样的,人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的影响显著于自然林处理。 在自然生态系统中,由于全球变暖气温升高导致的水分亏缺和森林凋落物都存在森林的砍伐迹地,林窗和林下环境中。我们的研究表明,与迹地或林窗强光照比较,林下的低光照环境由于为植物的生长营造了较为湿润的微环境,因此水分亏缺在林下对云杉幼苗造成的影响微弱。这可以从植物的形态、光合速率以及生物量积累,过氧化伤害和抗氧化酶系统表现出来。另一方面,凋落物水浸液在模拟林下低光照环境对植物的伤害也微弱于强光照环境,这与强光照环境高的水分散失导致环境水分亏缺有关;而人工纯林处理对云杉幼苗的伤害比对照和自然林处理显示出强烈的抑制作用。 Under the pre-condition of global warming resulted from intensive human activities, water in the earth’s surface rapidly evaporates due to the increase of global air temperature. From 1970s up to now, the area of serious drought in the world is almost twice as ever. This increase might be due to the increasing air temperature and not decreasing rainfall because global average rainfall in the corresponding period slightly is incremental. Drought will have profound impacts on terrestrial and agriculture-forest system and has also become the important issue of global change research. The subalpine coniferous forests in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau provide a natural laboratory for the studying the effects of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems. The light environment significantly differs among cutting blanks, forest gap and understory, which is particularly important for plant regeneration and forest dynamics in the subalpine coniferous forests. Picea asperata is one of the keystone species of subalpine coniferouis forests in western China, and it is very important in preserving landscape structure and regional ecological security of subalpine forests. The natural regeneration capacities and influence mechanism of Picea asperata are always the hot topics. In the present study, the short-term effects of two light levels (100% of full sunlight and 15% of full sunlight), two watering regimes (100% of field capacity and 30% of field capacity), two litter aqueous extracts (primitive forest and plantation aqueous extracts) on the seed germination, early growth and physiological traits of Picea asperata were determined in the laboratory and natural greenhouse. The present study was undertaken so as to give a better understanding of the regeneration progress affected by water deficit, low light and litter aqueous extracts. Our results could provide insights into the effects of climate warming on community composition and regeneration behavior for the subalpine coniferous forest ecosystem processes, and provide scientific direction for the forest production and management. Water deficit had significant effects on growth, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Picea asperata seedlings. Water deficit resulted in the decrease in height, basal diameter, total biomass and increase in under-ground development; water deficit significantly reduced the needle relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, needle nitrogen concentration, net photosynthetic rate and the maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA) in Picea asperata seedlings; water deficit also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, free proline content and the activities of antioxidant systems (ASA, SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR) in Picea asperata seedlings. These results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants suffered from drought stress, but the protection could not counteract the harm resulting from the serious drought stress on them. Low light in the understory significantly increased seedling above-ground development, especially the species leaf area (SLA), and photosynthetic pigments and relative needle content. These changes resulted in the increase in net photosynthetic rate and total biomass. Moreover, the lower MDA content and active oxygen species (AOS) (H2O2 and O2-) in low light seedlings suggested that low light had weaker oxidative damage as compared to high light. Lower antioxidant enzymes activities in low light seedlings indicated the weaker oxidative damage on Picea asperata seedlings than high light seedlings, which was correlative with the changes in MDA and AOS. Litter aqueous extracts affected seed germination and root system of Picea asperata seedlings. Significant changes in growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant activities, active oxygen species and leaf nitrogen concentration were also found in Picea asperata seedlings, and plantation treatment showed the stronger effects on these traits than those in control and primitive forest treatment. The present results indicated that seed germination and radicle length parameters in control were superior to those in primitive forest treatment, and those of primitive forest treatment were superior to plantation treatment; litter aqueous extracts inhibited the meristematic and elongation zone, and plantation treatment caused a decrease in root hairs so as to be difficult in absorbing water and nutrient in root system. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts significantly decreased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration of Picea asperata seedlings; MDA, AOS and antioxidant system activities were significantly increased in Picea asperata seedlings. Similarly, plantation treatment had more significant effect on Picea asperata seedlings as compared to primitive forest treatment. In the nature ecosystem, water deficit resulted from elevating air temperature and litter aqueous extract may probably coexist in the cutting blank, forest gap and understory. Our present study showed that water deficit had weaker effects on low light seedlings in the understory as compared to high light seedlings in the cutting blank and forest gap. The fact was confirmed from seedlings growth, gas exchange and biomass accumulation, peroxidation and antioxidant systems. This might be due to that low light-reduced leaf and air temperatures, vapour-pressure deficit, and the oxidative stresses can aggravate the impact of drought under higher light. On the other hand, litter aqueous extracts in the low light had weaker effects on the Picea asperata seedlings than those at high light level, which might be correlative to the water evapotranspiration under high light. Moreover, plantation litter aqueous extracts showed stronger inhibition for seed germination and seedling growth than control and primitive forest treatments.

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大气臭氧的损耗导致了地球表面具有生物学效应的紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射增强。同时,大气成分变化中除了UV-B辐射增强外,氮沉降是一个新近出现而又令人担忧的环境问题,其来源和分布正在迅速扩展到全球范围,并不断向陆地和水生生态系统沉降。本试验在四川省境内的中国科学院茂县生态站内进行,以云山、冷杉、色木槭和红椋子幼苗为模式植物,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究了青藏高原东缘4种树苗对全球变化-增强UV-B辐射和氮供应(氮沉降)的响应。该试验为室外盆栽试验,包括四个处理:(1)大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(C);(2)大气UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(N);(3)增强UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应(UV-B);(4)增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应(UV-B+N)。其目的:一方面有助于丰富我国对全球变化及区域响应研究的全面认识,进一步完善在全球气候变化条件下臭氧层削减和氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的内容;另一方面,在一定程度上有助于我们更好的理解在全球变化下森林更新的早期过程。具体结果如下: 增强的UV-B辐射在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有显著的影响。UV-B辐射增强对幼苗的影响不仅与物种有关,而且,还与氮营养水平相关。总体表现为,高的UV-B辐射导致了色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的皱缩和卷曲,并降低了色木槭幼苗的叶片数和叶重,在额外的氮供应下,云杉、冷杉和红椋子的叶重也显著地降低了;色木槭和红椋子幼苗叶片的解剖结构受到了增强的UV-B辐射的影响,增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了色木槭叶片的栅栏组织厚度,提高了红椋子叶片的厚度;增强的UV-B辐射显著地降低了4种幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、总叶绿素含量 [Chl (a + b)]、净光合速率和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm),提高了4种幼苗叶片的膜脂过氧化(MDA含量),改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量;增强的UV-B辐射提高了冷杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中的过氧化氢含量(H2O2)、超氧负离子(O2-)生成速率,在额外的氮供应下,云杉叶片中的活性氧含量也显著地提高了;在无额外的氮供应条件下,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了4种幼苗叶片中的UV-B吸收物质、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶的活性(SOD、POD、CAT、GR和APX)。在额外的氮供应条件下,UV-B辐射的增强却显著地降低了冷杉叶片中脯氨酸含量和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质含量,但是,在4种幼苗叶片中,5种抗氧化酶的活性对UV-B辐射的增强没有明显的规律性,增强的UV-B辐射显著地提高了云杉叶片中的POD、SOD和GR的活性,提高了冷杉叶片中的POD和GR活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD、SOD和CAT活性和红椋子幼苗叶片中的POD和SOD活性。从这些结果可知,植物在遭受高的UV-B辐射导致的过氧化胁迫时,植物体内形成了一定的保护机制,但是,这种保护不能抵抗高的UV-B辐射对植物的伤害。 额外的氮供应在生长形态、光合、抗氧化能力、活性氧和矿质营养方面对4种幼苗都有一定的影响,不同幼苗对额外的氮供应响应不同,并且受到UV-B辐射水平的影响。在当地现有的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应显著地提高了幼苗的单株总生物量、植物地下部分的生长、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率(红椋子除外)、UV-B吸收物质(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量(红椋子除外)和部分抗氧化酶的活性,降低了H2O2的含量、O2-的生成速率和MDA含量(红椋子除外),改变了植物体内部分矿质元素含量,显著地提高了云杉和冷杉叶片中的Fv/Fm。这些指标总体表明,在当地现有大气UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应对植物的生长和发育是有利的。在增强的UV-B辐射水平下,4种幼苗的生长形态和光合大部分指标都没有受到额外氮供应的影响,额外的氮供应提高了红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量和Chl (a + b)含量,提高了冷杉和色木槭叶片中的活性氧含量和MDA含量,却降低了红椋子叶片中的活性氧含量;额外的氮供应也提高了云杉、色木槭和红椋子叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量,降低了冷杉叶片中UV-B吸收物质和脯氨酸含量;在抗氧化酶活性方面,额外的氮供应降低了云杉、冷杉叶片中5种抗氧化酶的活性和红椋子叶片中POD和GR的活性,提高了色木槭叶片中的POD和SOD的活性;4种幼苗植物体内的矿质元素含量对额外的氮供应没有显著的规律性。从这些结果可知,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应提高了云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性,然而,额外的氮供应却促进了红椋子幼苗的生长,原因可能是,在高的UV-B辐射下,额外的氮供应增加了红椋子叶片的厚度、叶重和叶片数,降低了叶片中活性氧含量的结果。表明在高的UV-B辐射水平下,额外的氮供应降低了红椋子幼苗对高的UV-B辐射的敏感性。 在全球变化的趋势下,UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降可能同时存在,我们的研究表明,与大气UV-B辐射+无额外的氮供应处理相比,增强UV-B辐射+额外的氮供应处理显著地降低了幼苗的单株总生物量(红椋子除外)、Chl (a + b)、净光合速率、Fv/Fm(冷杉除外)和MDA含量(红椋子除外),提高了活性氧含量 (云杉除外)、UV-B紫外吸收物质含量(冷杉除外)、脯氨酸含量和部分抗氧化酶的活性,改变了植物体不同器官中的矿质元素含量。结果表明,在当地现有条件下,全球变化(UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降)对云杉、冷杉和色木槭幼苗的生长是不利,尽管植物体内一些抗氧化性指标提高了,然而,却对红椋子幼苗的单株总生物量的累积没有显著的影响。 The depletion of the ozone led to the increase of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) with biological effects in the earth’s surface. At the same time, except for enhanced UV-B radiation, nitrogen deposition was an anxious environmental problem at present, rapidly expanding to the global scope and continuously depositing to land and aquatic ecosystem. The experiment was conducted in Maoxian Ecological Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan province, China. Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and supplemental nitrogen supply on growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings in east Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The experiment was potted outdoor, including 4 treatments: (1) ambient UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (control, C); (2) ambient UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (N); (3) enhanced UV-B without supplemental nitrogen (UV-B); (4) enhanced UV-B with supplemental nitrogen (UV-B+N). One hand, it was helpful for enriching our country to comprehensive understanding of the researches in the global change and the region response, further perfecting the effects of the depleted ozone layer and nitrogen deposition on land ecosystem under the global change; the other hand, it was favorable for us to better understanding of the early process of forest renews under the global change. The results were as follows: Enhanced UV-B radiation had significant effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits of 4 species seedlings. The effects of enhanced UV-B on plants were not only related with species, but also related with nitrogen nutrient level. Generally, the increase of UV-B radiation led to the shrinkage and curl of leaves in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, and reduced the number of leaf and leaf weight of Acer mono Maxim seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, leaf weight of Picea asperata, Abies faxoniana and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings significantly also reduced; the anatomical features of leaf in Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings affected by enhanced UV-B radiation, the increase of UV-B radiation markedly reduced the palisade tissue thickness of Acer mono Maxim leaf and enhanced the leaf thickness of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings; the enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced total biomass per plant of 4 species seedlings, the growth of the underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate and maximum potential quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm), and increased the degree of lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and changed the content of mineral elements in different parts of plants; the enhanced UV-B radiation also increased the rate of superoxide radical (O2-) production and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in leaves of Abies faxoniana, Acer mono Maxim, Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, under supplemental nitrogen supply, the reactive oxygen species in leaves of Picea asperata seedlings also significantly increased by enhanced UV-B radiation; under without supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation evidently induced an increase in UV-B absorbing compounds, proline content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, GR and APX) of leaves in 4 species seedlings. Under supplemental nitrogen supply, enhanced UV-B radiation induced a decrease in proline content of leaves in Abies faxoniana seedlings and UV-B absorbing compounds of leaves in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings, but, there were no obvious rules in the activities of five antioxidant enzymes of 4 species seedling leaves to enhanced UV-B radiation, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased the activities of POD, SOD and GR in Picea asperata leaves, the activities of POD and GR in Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD, SOD and CAT in Acer mono Maxim leaves. The results indicated that some protective mechanism was formed when plants were exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation, but the protection could not counteract the harm of high UV-B radiation on plants. Supplemental nitrogen supply had some effects on 4 species seedlings in growth, morphological, photosynthesis, antioxidant and mineral nutrient traits. The response of 4 species seedlings was different to supplemental nitrogen supply, and was affected by UV-B levels. Under local ambient UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly increased the total biomass per plant, the growth of underground parts, Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate (except for Acer mono Maxim seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, and reduced H2O2 content, the rate of O2- production and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings) and changed the content of mineral elemental in different parts; supplemental nitrogen supply also evidently increased Fv/Fm in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana seedlings. These results indicated that supplemental nitrogen supply was favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation. Under enhanced UV-B radiation, mostly parameters in growth and morphology of 4 species seedlings were not affected by supplemental nitrogen supply. Supplemental nitrogen supply increased the total biomass per plant and Chl (a + b) of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedling, increased the reactive oxygen species and MDA content in Abies faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim leaves, and reduced the reactive oxygen species in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves; supplemental nitrogen supply also increased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Picea asperata, Acer mono Maxim and Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, decreased UV-B absorbing compounds and proline content in Abies faxoniana leaves; in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Picea asperata and Abies faxoniana leaves and the activities of POD and GR in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak leaves, and increased the activities of POD and SOD in Acer mono Maxim leaves; the content of mineral elements in 4 species seedlings was no significantly rule to supplemental nitrogen supply. We knew from the results, under enhanced UV-B radiation, supplemental nitrogen supply made Picea asperata, Acer faxoniana and Acer mono Maxim seedlings more sensitivity to enhanced UV-B radiation, however, accelerated the growth of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings. The reason was probably that supplemental nitrogen supply increased the leaf thickness, leaf weight and leaf number, reduced the reactive oxygen content of leaf in Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings grown under high UV-B radiation. This showed that supplemental nitrogen supply reduced the sensitivity of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings to high UV-B radiation. Under the tendency of the global change, enhanced UV-B radiation and nitrogen deposition may probably coexist. The results showed, compared with the treatment of ambient UV-B radiation without supplemental nitrogen supply, the treatment of enhanced UV-B radiation with supplemental nitrogen supply significantly reduced the total biomass per plants (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), Chl (a + b), net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm and MDA content (except for Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings), and increased reactive oxygen content (except for Picea asperata seedlings), UV-B absorbing compounds (except for Abies faxoniana seedlings), proline content and part antioxidant enzymes, and changed the content of mineral elements of different parts. The results indicated that the global change (enhanced UV-B and nitrogen deposition) were not favorable for the growth of plants under local ambient UV-B radiation and nitrogen nutrient level,, though increased some antioxidant indexes, however, the treatment of enhanced UV-B with supplement nitrogen supply did not significantly affect on the biomass accumulation of Swida hemsleyi (Schneid. et Wanger.) Sojak seedlings.