Effective AC response of nonlinear spherical coated composites

Under alternating current electric field, effective response of granular nonlinear composites with spherical coated inclusions is investigated in the dilute limit by using the perturbation approach. For an external sinusoidal applied field with finite frequency omega, the local fields and potentials of composites in general consist of components at all harmonics for cubic nonlinear constitutive relationships. We derive the local potentials of spherical coated composites at harmonics. Moreover, we give the formulae of the nonlinear effective AC susceptibility at the third harmonic frequency.

巨穗小麦种质小穗数的染色体定位研究

巨穗小麦新种质材料是一具有茎秆粗壮、叶片短宽直立、穗大、粒大、结实率高等特点的种质资源。应用单体分析和双端体分析方法对“241”材料进行遗传学研究，结果表明，小麦新种质材料“241”的3A、1B、2B和6B染色体上具有控制小穗数的隐性基因，其中3A、1B和2B染色体上的基因表现为强效，6B染色体上的基因表现为弱效。通过双端体分析进一步将控制小穗数的基因定位到3AS、1BL和6BS上，其中3AS、6BS上可能具有控制“241”小穗数的新基因。控制“241”穗粒数和控制小穗数的基因可能存在一定的连锁关系。

高寒草甸牧草产量形成过程及与气象因子的关联分析

高寒草甸牧草产量的形成过程与生物量的积累过程和自然界各种生物种群消长规律一样，可用逻辑斯谛生长函数来描述。随着季节的进程，依环境条件的周期变化表现为有缓慢积累-快速增加-相对稳定-折损减少等4个阶段。对气象因子影响高寒草甸牧草产量灰色关联分析结果表明，高寒草甸地区降水量可基本满足牧草生长发育的需求，而温度因子则成为主要的限制因子。其气象因子影响程度大小的序次为：1月平均气温＞5～8月平均气温＞5～8月日照时数＞5～8月水热综合配合(降水量与气 温的比值)＞5～8月降水量＞上年度末9～11月的降水量。在分辨系数取0.5的条件下，以上各因子所对应的关联度排列为：0.835＞0.791＞0.771＞0.754＞0.743＞0.638。将上述各气象因子进行主成分处理后，建立评估或预报高寒草甸牧草产量的模拟模型方程：GW=a+aJ∑Xj。其拟合及试报效果很好，可作高寒草甸牧草产量的评估或预测预报工具。

Phylogeography of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. (Pinaceae), a dominant species of coniferous forest in northern China

How coniferous trees in northern China changed their distribution ranges in response to Quaternary climatic oscillations remains largely unknown. Here we report a study of the phylogeography of Pinus tabulaeformis, an endemic and dominant species of coniferous forest in northern China. We examined sequence variation of maternally inherited, seed-dispersed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (nad5 intron 1 and nad4/3-4) and paternally inherited, pollen- and seed-dispersed chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) (rpl16 and trnS-trnG) within and among 30 natural populations across the entire range of the species. Six mitotypes and five chlorotypes were recovered among 291 trees surveyed. Population divergence was high for mtDNA variation (G(ST) = 0.738, N-ST = 0.771) indicating low levels of seed-based gene flow and significant phylogeographical structure (N-ST > G(ST), P < 0.05). The spatial distribution of mitotypes suggests that five distinct population groups exist in the species: one in the west comprising seven populations, a second with a north-central distribution comprising 15 populations, a third with a southern and easterly distribution comprising five populations, a fourth comprising one central and one western population, and a fifth comprising a single population located in the north-central part of the species' range. Each group apart from the fourth group is characterized by a distinct mitotype, with other mitotypes, if present, occurring at low frequency. It is suggested, therefore, that most members of each group apart from Group 4 are derived from ancestors that occupied different isolated refugia in a previous period of range fragmentation of the species, possibly at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. Possible locations for these refugia are suggested. A comparison of mitotype diversity between northern and southern subgroups within the north-central group of populations (Group 2) showed much greater uniformity in the northern part of the range both within and between populations. This could indicate a northward migration of the species from a southern refugium in this region during the postglacial period, although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out. Two chlorotypes were distributed across the geographical range of the species, resulting in lower levels of among-population chlorotype variation. The geographical pattern of variation for all five chlorotypes provided some indication of the species surviving past glaciations in more than one refugium, although differentiation was much less marked, presumably due to the greater dispersal of cpDNA via pollen.

湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床同生成因的微量元素和硫同位素证据

对岩矿石和矿物的微量元素、稀土元素和硫同位素地球化学的研究表明，湖南沃溪钨-锑-金建造矿床系海底同生热水沉积作用的产物。矿石与围岩中微量元素和稀土元素含量的变化关系，反映了一种复杂的热液、海水以及陆源碎屑的联合影响。矿石及其中矿物(石英)的稀土元素配分模式可与许多沉积喷流型(sedex型)块状硫化物矿石及其共生的喷流岩相对比，暗示了两者具有相似的形成机理。矿石的硫同位素资料显示，生物成因硫与热液成因硫(下伏沉积柱中硫化物的溶解和／或部分海水硫酸盐的还原)共同参与了成矿作用过程.