83 resultados para floral ontogeny


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

一. 小麦相关基因ver203F cDNA全序列克隆与功能分析   根据本实验室通过差异筛选技术克隆到的与春化相关的基因cDNA verc203的序列,设计PCR 5’端PCR引物,利用RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)克隆策略,得到春化相关基因ver203基因的同源基因ver203F cDNA的3’端序列,长度为1,197bp。Northern分析表明ver203F全长约为1.5 kb,且其表达具有春化处理的特异性。根据3’RACE克隆的ver203F 3 ’端核苷酸序列设计了3’端PCR引物,利用5’RACE克隆到该基因的5’端片段,经DNASIS核酸分析软件分析将5’45RACE和3’RACE DNA序列拼接合并,得到ver203F全长cDNA,从TdT加尾5’末端到poly A全长为1,561 bp,5’端起始密码子ATG上游非编码区-1~-192共了192bp,终止密码子TGA到poly A的非编码区有253bp,cDNA编码区全长1,119 bp,推测编码373氨基酸残基。国际基因序列数据库检索表明该基因序列(GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ:AB012013)与大麦茉莉酸诱导基因有部分同源性。因上推测该基因在调控开花过程中可能参与茉莉酸介导的信号传导途径,ver203F作用的发挥可能需要其它蛋白的参与,或ver203F本身就是一个受体蛋白。   为了研究ver203F基因的功能,将通过3’RACE克隆到的ver203F 3’端序到分别构建正义和反义植物表达载体,通过花粉管通道法、农杆菌介导的叶圆片法以及农杆菌介导的真空转化法分别转化小麦、烟草和拟南芥菜。获得转基因植株后,PCR、DNA Dob Blot、Southern Blot分析以及GUS活性检测证明外源基因已整合到转基因植株中,并得到表达。在获得的小麦、烟草和拟南芥菜转基因植株中,它们开花时间都相应地推迟,表明正常植物体内该基因在控制营养生长向生殖生长的转变中起作用。ver203F可以影响小麦和拟南茶菜花序的发育,首先无论正义还是反义都使得花序的发育受到抑制,在小麦中表现为顶部小穗退化,在拟南芥菜中表现为顶花。其次在转化正义基因的转基因拟南芥菜中,观察到产生的顶花为对称的两朵或以对称的两朵顶花基部为生长点长出丛生花,这种对称花的麦型小麦小穗中小花的表型相类似,说明ver203F基因可能在小麦小花的发育过程中也起着重要作用。 二. 春化相关基因ver17在开花过程中功能的分析 以春化处理冬小麦(京冬1号)幼苗cDNA为材料,通过减法杂交与差异筛选得到春化相关cDNA克隆verc17。为了研究该基因的功能,以包含CaMV 35S启动子的pBI221为载体,将ver17cDNA片段分别从两个方向插入pBI221的BamH I-Sma I, Xba I-BamH I间,构建正义和反义表达质粒:p17S和p17X,通过花粉管通道法转化小麦。对T0和T1两代转基因小麦的观察发现,在转化反义基因p17X的转基因小麦首先表现为抽穗推迟,其次穗的顶部和基部小穗严重退化,另外还发现转化反义基因的小麦败育现象严重(主要是花粉败育),因此推测ver17基困能可具有以下几方面的特点:a.春化诱导型表达;b.促进植物开花;c.促进穗顶端和基部花的发育,减少其退化;d.影响雄蕊的发育。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

第一部分 光敏核不育水稻农垦58S花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析 光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58S是研究光周期调节花发育作用机理的好材料。在此方面已取得很大进展。有关植物激素的研究已发现长日照诱导农垦58S不育的信号传导环节之一是IAA的亏缺。本文首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦58S和对照农垦58花药中的IAA进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明此方法可反映游离态IAA在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的五个时期中,经长日照处理的农垦58S花药中的IAA水平都低于短日照处理的农垦58S及在不同光周期处理下的家垦58花药。对花药中生长素的亏缺与育性的关系以及IAA亏缺的原因也进行了讨论。 第二部分 不同水稻品种成花诱导阶段光周期敏感性及光敏色素mRNA丰度的比较 对光敏核不育水稻十多年的研究表明,光敏色素是感受光周期信号调节水稻成花诱导和育性转换的主要光受体。同时还发现光敏核不育基因导入不同遗传背景后,其基因表达条件,如临界光长、光敏温度范围、光温互补作用强弱等都表现明显差异。为了进一步探讨水稻光周期反应的作用机理,了解不同品种遗传背景对光周期信号感受的特点,我们选取籼稻、粳稻、早熟、晚熟共11个品种,比较光照阶段在长同、短同条件下叶片光敏色素B mRNA含量的差异。初步结果表明,光敏色素B的转录不受光调控,在长日、短日处理条件下没有明显差别。在多数品种间光敏色素B表达没有明显差异,说明其与品种感光性、籼粳性无明显相关。只有早熟粳稻铁粳23的光敏色素B mRNA含量较高,是一个例外。实验结果尚需进一步重复。这方面的工作可以为水稻发育光温互作本质的研究积累一些初步资料。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

                 第一部分 利用减法杂交和RACEs从水稻中克隆了一个编码含有脯氨酸和苏氨酸丰富结构域多肽的cDNA,其相应的基因被命名为RA68。RA68由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,编码的蛋白由219个氨基酸残基组成。该蛋白由一个21个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,一个亲水性的N-端结构域和一个疏水性的C-端结构域组成。 N端结构域是一段嵌合PTPTSYG motif的富含脯氨酸和苏氨酸的序列。 Southern杂交和序列分析结果表明RA68在水稻基因组中以单拷贝存在,定位于第2号染色体。Northern杂交结果表明RA68在幼芽和花中表达量较高,在根和叶中不表达。原位杂交分析结果表明:在幼苗期RA68 主要在幼芽胚芽鞘的内外层细胞和幼叶原基的表层细胞中表达;转入生殖生长期后,在花序分生组织、枝梗原基顶端、花器官原基、大孢子囊和花粉粒中表达。用GFP作报告基因,用洋葱表皮细胞进行的瞬间表达测试结果显示RA68蛋白定位于细胞核中。转反义RA68水稻植株抽穗期比对照野生型延迟30天左右。这些结果表明RA68可能是水稻花分生组织特征基因,在成花转变过程中起作用。                    第二部分 通过RACE和RT-PCR方法分离了水稻OsUBP1基因,其推测编码蛋白含有UBP结构域(Cys Box和His Box)和TopⅥA结构域。RT-PCR分析结果表明OsUBP1在转录过程中通过可变剪接产生多个不同的转录本,这些转录本在叶、根、颖花和幼芽中存在着时空调节表达模式,每种组织中的转录本是不一样的。这些转录本内含子剪切位点除了经典的GT-AG外,还有GC-AG、CT-AC、TT-GA、GT-GA和CT-GA。由于发生了GC-AG的可变剪切产生了OsUBP1的重要功能结构域Cys Box。水稻OsUBP1基因和OsSPO11-1基因位于11号染色体的同一基因座位上。原位杂交分析表明,在花中OsUBP1 mRNA 主要在药壁绒毡层、花粉粒、大孢子囊和颖花底部维管束中表达。转反义OsUBP1植株大多不能正常结实,这说明OsUBP1可能参与水稻的育性调节。 关键词

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

第一部分 水稻E类MADS-box 基因在花发育中的功能分析 MADS-box 基因是一个大的转录因子家族,在花发育过程中起重要作用。根据对双子叶模式植物拟南芥、金鱼草和矮牵牛遗传突变体的研究,提出了花发育的ABCDE模型。该模型认为:A、B、C、D、E代表了5类功能不同的花器官特征基因,单独或联合控制花器官的发育。A类基因控制萼片的发育;A、B和E类基因控制花瓣的发育;B、C和E类基因控制雄蕊的发育;C和E类基因控制心皮的发育;D类基因控制胚珠的发育;A和C类基因相互抑制。在这5类基因中,E类基因的功能较为复杂,它不仅是花器官特征基因,而且具有花分生组织决定性(Floral meristem determinency)。在单子叶植物中,E类基因的功能发生了很大的分化。水稻是单子叶植物的模式植物,水稻中至少有5个E类基因,分别是OsMADS1、OsMADS5、OsMADS7、OsMADS8和OsMADS34,在这5个E类基因中,除了对OsMADS1基因有较深入的研究外,对其它几个E类基因的功能了解甚少。我们在现有的研究基础上,根据对双子叶植物中E类基因的研究结果,以OsMADS8基因为出发点,利用组织原位杂交,RNAi技术对水稻中的E类基因进行了深入的研究。结果表明:OsMADS8/7基因早在花序枝梗分生组织原基就有转录,随着小穗的生长发育,逐渐集中在小穗分生组织原基,小花分生组织原基,浆片、雄蕊和心皮中表达;在胚珠形成时,内外珠被有很强的杂交信号,而且在幼胚和胚乳中也有表达。OsMADS5在幼花时期,四轮花器官均有表达,在小穗发育后期及受精后的表达方式与OsMADS8/7基因相同。OsMADS8基因被抑制后,转基因植株没有任何表型变化,说明很可能有其它E类基因弥补了OsMADS8基因的功能缺失;当同时抑制其它E类基因的表达时,转基因植株抽穗期明显延长,四轮花器官的发育均受到影响:稃片类似叶片状;浆片转变为稃片类的结构;雄蕊没有花粉;心皮具有了稃片的特点;没有胚珠结构的形成,同时失去了花分生组织决定性,在心皮的部位产生了新的花器官或花分生组织逆转为花序分生组织。说明水稻四轮花器官及胚珠的正常发育需要E类基因的参与,但其功能与双子叶植物如拟南芥,西红柿、矮牵牛等直系同源基因相比已经发生变化;水稻中的E类基因在维持花分生组织特征性方面起重要作用;另外对抽穗期有影响。 第二部分 玉米MADS-box基因ZAG2转录调控区的研究 基因的时空表达受基因中的顺式作用元件及其反式作用因子调控。顺式作用元件由位于基因编码区上游的启动子区域和位置不确定的增强子区域组成。顺式作用元件对基因表达的开启至关重要。MADS-box 基因编码一类控制花器官发育的转录因子,在花的发育过程中顺序表达。MADS-box 基因突变,花器官发生同源异型转换。研究MADS-box 基因的调控序列可以进一步揭示影响基因时空表达的内外因素。ZAG2是玉米MADS-box 基因中的D类基因,控制胚珠的发育,在胚珠和心皮的内表面特异表达。ZAG2基因有7个外显子和6个内含子。我们从玉米基因组分离到了ZAG2基因翻译起始点上游3040bp的序列,并利用5’-RACE方法鉴定出了转录起始点的位置。序列比较发现,在 5’-UTR内有一个1299bp的内含子,这个内含子可能对基因的表达有调控作用,因此构建了两个与GUS基因融合的表达载体:一个是pZAG2-1::GUS,包括翻译起始点以上所有的调控序列;另一个是pZAG2-2::GUS,去掉了5’-UTR中的内含子序列,转化水稻。结果这两个构建都没有使GUS基因在正确的位置表达。pZAG2-1::GUS构建在心皮基部类似花托的部位及稃片顶端着色,pZAG2-2::GUS构建在内外稃片沿稃脉的部位有很强的着色,说明翻译起始点上游的调控序列不足以使基因正常表达。两个构建着色方式不同,可能pZAG2-1::GUS构建在5’-UTR部分含有抑制ZAG2基因在稃片表达的顺式元件,或者启用了在5’-UTR中的转录起始点,因为在5’-UTR的内含子中也有一个很典型的TATA-box。我们推测,在ZAG2基因编码区的第一内含子可能存在另外一些使基因正常表达的增强元件,需要进一步的序列缺失实验加以验证。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文以中国不同年代主要的玉米品种为试验材料,深入研究了玉米品种更替过程中新老品种的生理生态特征和竞争力差异,分析了差异形成的原因并进行了理论探讨。 玉米新老品种竞争力差异的研究采用了单作和混作两种方式,设高低两个密度。生长过程中全面测量了生物量、形态、生理和群体指标,运用了生长分析的方法来研究竞争,整合了各水平参数来解释竞争结果,并用本研究数据检验了生长冗余理论。 玉米新老品种对比研究发现新品种的生理生态特征普遍优于老品种。这些优势不仅体现在较高的生物量积累、较大的籽粒库容和较强的再分配能力上,而且体现在高的叶面积指数、衰老过程中仍维持较高的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和光合效率上,同时新品种的群体特性还具有更低的感病率和更少的无效分蘖。玉米新老品种竞争结果表明在混作条件下,相对总产量这一指标反映出新老品种间明显的互利效应,且这种效应随发育阶段而降低。新品种对老品种的相对竞争力则随着发育阶段波动,并且密度和发育阶段两因子对品种竞争力的影响有明显的相互作用。相对于新品种,老品种的确存在叶片和根系的生长冗余部分,但老品种并没有在混作竞争中获得明显的竞争优势,即玉米品种选育并不完全符合生长冗余理论,因此在理解植物竞争力方面仍需要其他层面更深入的探讨。 同时,玉米品种选育不完全符合生长冗余理论的结论在农学实践上并非毫无价值。因为新品种总生物量的提高,不仅增加了籽粒产量,而且增加了秸秆产量,提供了更多可利用的生物质资源。相对于仅仅关注粮食产量,综合利用中国农村巨大的生物质资源具有更重要的生态意义。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

大豆是我国最重要的油料作物之一,在我国的农业乃至幽民经济中占有重要地位。但是,由于我国人豆品质较差、产量较低,严重地影响着我国的大豆牛产及其在国际市场上的竞争力。农杆菌介导的转基因方法是大豆改良的最简便和最经济的方法之一,然而大豆基因转化效率低一直是大豆基因工程的主要限制因素。本研究以含有GUS报告基因和NPT II筛选基因的农杆菌1301侵染大豆子叶节和下胚轴,并用组织化学定位法测定GUS基因在叶节和下胚轴上瞬时表达,研究了抗氧化剂对提高大豆基因转化效率的影响,为建立大豆高效基因转化体系奠定基础。 以子叶节为外植体,用农杆菌侵染和共培养后进行GUS染色,观察其瞬时表达情况。在培养基中不含抗氧化剂的情况下,子叶节上未发现染色点,仅在下胚轴侧面有极少染色点。而在培养基巾含有抗氧化剂的情况下,外植体上产生了人量GUS染色点,其中大部分位于下胚轴处,子叶节部位几乎很少被染色。这说明下胚轴比f叶节更容易接受外源基因。本论文分别以子叶节和下胚轴为外植体进行研究。 以子叶节为外植体,在抗氧化剂作用下用农杆菌侵染,诱导丛生芽,在含有潮霉素的筛选培养基上培养,以筛选抗性苗。实验只得到一株抗性幼苗。 为了进一步研究抗氧化剂对GUS暴凶在下胚轴中瞬时表达的影响,我们特别以下胚轴为外植体,测定了多种条件下的瞬时表达率情况。 我们研究了共培养时间对大豆下胚轴基因瞬时表达率的影响,通过确定合适的共培养时间以获得最佳转化率。在共培养2天后,GUS基因的表达率是8%,但是在3天后,GUS基因瞬时表达率大幅度上升,达到23.4%。随后两天GUS基因瞬时表达率没有太大变化,因此,大豆下胚轴的GUS基因瞬时表达的最适共培养时间为3天。 农杆菌再悬浮液稀释浓度对大豆下胚轴GUS基因瞬时表达也有较大影响:再悬浮培养基与农杆菌菌液等体积时,GUS基因瞬时表达率最高,随稀释浓度提高,转化效率降低。这说明随农杆菌菌液浓度提高,侵染几率增加,从而提高了GUS基因的瞬时表达率。 很多研究表明大豆基因转化存在很大的品种问差异,我们选择了四种基因型差异较大的品种在上述最佳条件下分别测定了GUS基因瞬时表达率,但没有发现品种之间存在显著差异,说明抗氧化剂在大豆下胚轴基因转化中具有品种普遍适用性。 上述研究结果表明抗氧化剂能够大大促进GUS基因在下胚轴的瞬时表达,这对于今后开展大豆基因组研究和品质改良工作具有一定意义。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)为雌雄异株,雌花中有退化的雄蕊,雄花中有退化的心皮。花部器官分化顺序为花萼、花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群。雌花的雄蕊退化前形成1-3个导管分子。雄花的心皮发生对折,但始终不闭合,也不产生胎座原基,后期心皮退化变小。 黄檗花药壁发育为基本型。腺质绒毡层,发育后期为双核或多核。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型。小孢子四分体为四面体型排列,偶见左右对称型排列。成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房5室,具中轴胎座、倒生胚珠、珠柄珠孔塞、双珠被、厚珠心、和多孢原细胞。大孢子四分体为直线型、少数为T型,有的减数分裂后四个核位于一个细胞内。直线型四分体中合点端一个为功能性大孢子。蓼型胚囊、双受精属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。胚的发育为藜型、核型胚乳。后期胚乳组织外围形成“次生外围胚乳”,内层胚乳细胞逐渐退化解体。黄檗的渐危原因除了自然因素外,更主要的是由于人为过份采伐利用。对此本文提出了一些保护对策。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Three Ig isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA, were previously known in reptiles. Here, in this report we describe IgM, IgD and a novel immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotype upsilon (IgY) in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). The IgM and IgY constant domains are characteristically similar to their counterparts described in other vertebrates. The expression of IgM and IgD were detected at mRNA level early during embryonic development, and their expression increased during further development. However, the IgY expression was not detected in larval turtles until 90 days after hatching-out. The increase in the transcription of these three Ig molecules was analyzed by using real-time PCR in spleen, kidney and blood following the injection of inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila. The primary increase in the expression of these three Igs was observed I week after the first injection, although not statistically significant, and the second injection 2 weeks after the first injection provoked a significant increase in the expression of these Igs, revealing a pattern of primary and secondary antibody response in the turtle. The present study represents the first report on reptile IgY and the pattern of IgM, IgD and IgY transcription in reptiles. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Phocoenids are generally considered to be nonwhistling species that produce only high-frequency pulsed sounds. Here our results show that neonatal finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) frequently produce clear low-frequency (2-3 kHz) pulsed signals, without distinct high-frequency energy, just after birth and can produce both low- (2-3 kHz) and high-frequency (>100 kHz) pulsed signals simultaneously until about 20 days postnatal. The results indicate that low-frequency signals of neonatal finless porpoises are not an early form of high-frequency signals and suggest that low- and high-frequency signals may be produced by different sound production mechanisms. (C) 2008 Acoustical Society of America.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) specifically binds to peptidoglycan and is considered to be one of the pattern recognition proteins in the innate immunity of insect and mammals. Using a database mining approach and RT-PCR, multiple peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) like genes have been discovered in fish including zebrafish Danio rerio, Japanese pufferfish TakiFugu rubripes and spotted green pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis. They share the common features of those PGRPs in arthropod and mammals, by containing a conserved PGRP domain. Based on the predicted structures, the identified zebrafish PGRP homologs resemble short and long PGRP members in arthropod and mammals. The identified PGRP genes in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes resemble the long PGRPs, and the short PGRP genes have not been found in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes databases. Computer modelling of these molecules revealed the presence of three alpha-helices and five or six beta-strands in all fish PGRPs reported in the present study. The long PGRP in teleost fish have multiple alternatively spliced forms, and some of the identified spliced variants, e.g., tnPGRP-L3 and tnPGRP-L4 (in: Tetraodon nigroviridis), exhibited no characters present in the PGRP homologs domain. The coding regions of zfPGRP6 (zf: zebrafish), zfPGRP2-A, zfPGRP2-B and zfPGRP-L contain five exons and four introns; however, the other PGRP-like genes including zfPGRPSC1a, zfPGRPSC2, tnPGRP-L1-, tnPGRP-L2 and frPGRP-L (fr: Takifugu rubripes) contain four exons and three introns. In zebrafish, long and short PGRP genes identified are located in different chromosomes, and an unknown locus containing another long PGRP-like gene has also been found in zebrafish, demonstrating that multiple PGRP loci may be present in fish. In zebrafish, the constitutive expressions of zfPGRP-L, zfPGRP-6 and zfPGRP-SC during ontogeny from unfertilized eggs to larvae, in different organs of adult, and the inductive expression following stimulation by Flavobacterium columnare, were detected by real-time PCR, but the levels and patterns varied for different PGRP genes, implying that different short and long PGRPs may play different roles in innate immune response. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文以沈阳市于洪区玫瑰种植示范区内多季花冷香玫瑰和单季花平阴玫瑰为研究对象,通过野外采样并测定了两者在花芽分化期矿质元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、B、Mn、Cu)和内源激素(IAA、GA、ZR、ABA)的含量,并对其含量及比值变化进行分析,初步确定了玫瑰花芽分化与元素、激素之间的相互关系。研究结果将为玫瑰花期的化学调控、提高产花量和正确制定栽培技术措施提供理论依据,也为玫瑰进一步开发利用打下基础。主要结论:1.在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的整个花芽分化期,P、K、Cu、Zn大体上均呈下降趋势,表明它们可能参与玫瑰成花;ca、Mg在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的花蕾形成期含量都下降,可能意味着ca、Mg参与两者的花蕾形成;Fe与玫瑰花芽分化关系不大;高含量的B和Mn有利于两者花蕾形成。2.在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰花蕾形成期,IAA和GA出现低水平,ZR和ABA出现高水平,激素比值(ABA/GA,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA,ZR/IAA)出现高水平,表明ABA和ZR促进两者开花;而IAA和GA抑制两者开花;高比例的(ABA/GA,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA,ZR/IAA)有利于两者开花。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)是瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)狼毒属的一种多年生野草,有毒。据调查,从20 世纪60 年代开始至今,狼毒在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上不断蔓延、密度不断变大,在一些地段甚至成为优势物种。有关狼毒在高寒草甸蔓延的生态系统效应的研究尚未见报道。本文从系统碳、氮循环的角度,分别研究狼毒在生长和非生长季节对高寒草甸生态系统的影响。同时,从花粉化感的角度,深入研究狼毒对当地同花期物种有性繁殖的影响。系统地研究高寒草甸生态系统物质循环过程,特别是非生长季节微生物和土壤碳氮库的动态变化,有助于揭示狼毒在系统物质循环方面的“物种效应”以及这种效应的季节变化,为丰富有关高海拔生态系统,特别是其非生长季的物质循环的科学理论做出贡献。同时,碳氮循环和花粉化感的研究还有助于深刻地理解狼毒作为一种入侵性很强的杂草的特殊的蔓延机制,从而为狼毒的有效防治、高寒草甸的科学管理提供依据。 针对狼毒在青藏高原高寒草甸上蔓延的生态系统碳氮循环方面的影响,开展以下2 方面的研究:(1)在生长季,研究松潘县尕米寺附近(北纬32°53',东经103°40',海拔3190 m)的两种地形(平地和阳坡)条件下狼毒对土壤碳氮循环影响及可能的原因。狼毒和其它几个主要物种(圆穗蓼(Polygonummacrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum),草地早熟禾(Poa pretensis L.),四川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.),鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine)和鳞叶龙胆(Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.)的地上凋落物产量以及地上凋落物和根的化学组成被测量。在有-无狼毒斑块下,各种土壤的库(比如,铵态氮、硝态氮、无机磷和微生物生物量)和周转率(包括净矿化、净硝化、总硝化、反硝化和微生物呼吸速率)被测量和比较。(2)在非生长季节,尤其是春季冻融交替期,选取了两个研究地点——尕米寺和卡卡沟(北纬32°59',东经103°41',海拔3400 m),分别测定有狼毒和无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、可溶性有机碳和氮以及铵态氮和硝态氮的动态变化。同时,分别在上述两个地点有-无狼毒的样地上,研究6 个主要物种(狼毒、圆穗蓼、草地早熟禾、四川嵩草、鹅绒委陵菜和鳞叶龙胆)从秋季开始、为期1 年的凋落物分解过程。 针对狼毒花粉化感对同花期其它物种可能的花粉化感作用开展以下工作:在实验室中,用一系列浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液对与它同花期的其它物种以及自身花粉进行测试,测定花粉萌发率;在野外自然条件下的其它物种的柱头上施用上述浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液,观测种子结实率,同时,观察狼毒花粉的种间花粉散布数量。 生长季节的研究结果表明,狼毒地上凋落物氮含量比其它几个主要物种更高,而木质素-总氮比更低。狼毒显著地增加其斑块下表层土壤中有机质的含量,而有-无狼毒的亚表层土壤在有机碳和总磷方面没有显著差异。狼毒表土中硝态氮含量在平地和阳坡比无狼毒土壤分别高113%和90%。狼毒表土中微生物生物量碳和氮量显著高于无狼毒表土。无论是平地还是阳坡,狼毒土壤的总硝化和微生物呼吸速率显著高于无狼毒土壤;而它们的反硝化速率只在平地有显著的差异。狼毒与其它物种间地上凋落物的产量和质量的差异可能是导致有-无狼毒土壤碳氮循环差异的原因。我们假设,狼毒可能通过增加贫氮生态系统土壤中的有效氮含量提高其入侵能力。 非生长季的研究结果表明,在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上,土壤微生物生3物量在11 月的秋-冬过渡期达到第一个峰值;在春季的冻融交替期,微生物生物量达到第二个峰值后又迅速降低。无机氮以及可溶性有机碳氮与微生物生物量有相似的变化过程。微生物碳氮比呈现显著的季节性变化。隆冬季节的微生物生物量碳氮比显著高于生长旺季的微生物碳氮比。这种变化可能暗示冬、夏季微生物的群落组成和对资源的利用有所不同。有-无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物和土壤碳、氮库一般只在秋-冬过渡期有显著差异,有狼毒土壤微生物生物量和土壤碳、氮库显著高于无狼毒土壤;而在之后的冬季和春季没有显著差异。所有6 个物种凋落物在非生长季分解率为24%-50%,均高于生长季的10%到30%。其中在秋-冬过渡期,凋落物开始埋藏的两周时间内,分解最快,达10%-20%。不同物种凋落物全年的分解率和分解过程有显著差异。圆穗蓼在全年的分解都较缓慢(非生长季26%,生长季15%),草地早熟禾和四川嵩草等全年的分解速率比较均匀(非生长季和生长季均为30%,非生长季略高),而狼毒在非生长季分解较快(约50%),而在接下来的生长季分解变得缓慢(约12%)。所有物种的凋落物氮含量在非生长季下降,而在随后的生长季上升。 实验室的花粉萌发试验证明,狼毒花粉对自身花粉萌发没有自毒作用,而其它受试的所有物种(圆穗蓼,秦艽(Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii),湿生扁蕾(Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa),鳞叶龙胆,椭圆叶花锚(Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica),蓝钟花(Cyananthus hookeri C. B.Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq.),小米草(Euphrasia pectinata Ten.),川西翠雀花(Delphinium tongolense Franch.),高原毛茛(Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.)Ovcz. var. tanguticus)和鹅绒委陵菜)的花粉萌发率随着狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。大约3 个狼毒花粉的浸提液就可以抑制受试的多数物种的50%的花粉萌发。在鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量分别为5.76 个和3.35 个。狼毒花粉散布数量的差异最可能的原因在于是否有共同的传粉昆虫。花的形状(辐射对称VS 左右对称)、植株或花的密度以及花期重叠性可以部分解释这种差异。在野外试验中,我们发现6 个物种(秦艽、湿生扁蕾、鳞叶龙胆、椭圆叶花锚、蓝钟花和小米草)的种子结实率随狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量(分别是5.76 个和3.35 个)分别达到了抑制它们63%和55%种子结实率的水平。因此,狼毒对鳞叶龙胆和小米草可能存在明显的花粉化感抑制作用。狼毒周围的物种可能通过花期在季节或昼夜上的分异避免受到狼毒花粉化感的影响或者通过无性繁殖来维持种群繁衍,因此狼毒通过花粉化感作用对其周围物种繁殖的影响程度还需要进一步地研究。如果狼毒的花粉化感抑制作用确实存在,那么它可能成为一种自然选择压力,进而影响物种的进化。 Stellera chamaejasme L., a perennial toxic weed, has emerged and quicklydominated and spread in the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau ofChina since the 1960s. In the present study, effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon andnitrogen cycles on the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ingrowing and non-growing season, and its pollen allelopathic effects on the sympatricspecies were determined. The present study that focused on carbon and nitrogencycles, especially on microbial biomass and pools of carbon and nitrogen innon-growing season, could profoundly illuminate plant-species effects on carbon andnutrient cycles and its seasonal pattern and help to understand spread mechanism ofS. chamaejasme as an aggressive weed. The present study also contributed to furtherunderstand carbon and nutrient cycles on alpine regions in non-growing season andprovide a basis on weed control of S. chamaejasme and scientific management in thehigh-frigid ecosystem. Effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles on the high-frigidmeadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study couldbe divided into two parts. (1) In the growing season, we quantified the effects of S.chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles in two types of topographic habitats, theflat valley and the south-facing slope, where S. chamaejasme was favored to spreadlitter and root were measured to explain the likely effects of S. chamaejasme on soilcarbon and nutrient cycles. The sizes of various soil pools, e.g. nitrite, ammonium,inorganic phosphorus and microbial biomass, and turnover rates including netmineralization, gross nitrification, denitrification and microbial respiration weredetermined. (2) In the non-growing season study, microbial biomass carbon andnitrogen, soluble organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate weredetermined through the non-growing season, especially in the processes offreeze-thaw of spring in two high-frigid sites, i.e. Kaka valley and Gami temple, onthe eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, litter decomposition of six commonspecies, including Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var.Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis L., Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine and Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., were also examined under theabove-mentioned experimental design through one whole-year, which began in theautumn in 2006. In the study of pollen allelopathy, several work, including in vitro study oneffects of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme on sympatric species and pollenfrom itself, field experiments on effects of pollen extract with the same regime ofconcentrations on seed set and field observation on heterospecific pollen transfer ofS. chamaejasme to six of those sympatric species has been done. The results in the growing season showed that aboveground litter of S.chamaejasme had higher tissue nitrogen and lower lignin: nitrogen ratio than thoseco-occurring species. S. chamaejasme significantly increased topsoil organic matter,whereas no significant differences were found for organic C and total P in subsoilbetween under-Stellera and away-Stellera locations. The nitrate in Stellera topsoilwas 113% and 90% higher on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope,respectively. Both microbial biomass C and N were significantly higher in Stelleratopsoil. Gross nitrification and microbial respiration were significantly higher inStellera topsoil both on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope, whereassignificant differences of denitrification were found only on the flat valley. Thedifferences in the quantity and quality of aboveground litter are a likely mechanismresponsible for the changes of soil variables. We assumed that S. chamaejasme couldenhance their spread by increasing nutrient availability in N-deficient ecosystems. The results in the non-growing season showed that microbial biomass achievedthe first summit in late autumn and early winter on the eastern Qinghai-TibetanPlateau. In the stages of freeze-thaw of spring, microbial biomass firstly achieved thesecond summit and subsequently sharply decreased. Inorganic nitrogen, solubleorganic carbon and nitrogen had a similar dynamics with that of microbial biomass.Ratio of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had an obviously seasonal pattern.The highest microbial C: N were in the non-growing season, which weresignificantly higher than those in the growing season. The seasonal pattern inmicrobial biomass C: N suggested that large changes in composition of microbialpopulation and in resources those used by microbes between summer and winter.Generally, microbial biomass and pools size of carbon and nitrogen in Stellera soilwere significantly higher than those under adjacent locations in late autumn andearly winter, but there were not significant differences in winter and in spring. Litterof all the focal species (Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Donvar. Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.,Potentilla anserina L. var. anserine and G. squarrosa Ledeb.) decomposed about24%-50% in the non-growing season, which were higher than those in the growingseason (ranged from 10% to 30%). Litter decomposed 10%-20% within the first twoweeks in late autumn and early winter. Significant differences in the whole-yeardecomposition rate and in the processes of decomposition were found among species.Polygonum macrophyllum decomposed slowly through the whole year (26% and15% in the non-growing season and in the growing season, respectively). Certainspecies, such as P. pretensis L. and K. setchwanensis, decomposed at a similar rate(30% both in the non-growing and in the growing season, slightly higher in the8growing season than those in the growing season), whereas S. chamaejasmedecomposed more rapidly (about 50%) in the non-growing season and subsequentlydecomposition became slow (about 12%) in the growing season. Litter nitrogencontents of all the focal species firstly decreased in the non-growing season and thenincreased in the growing season. In vitro experiments of pollen allelopathy, the results showed that pollen from S.chamaejasme was not autotoxic, whereas pollen germination in all the sympatricspecies (Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum, Gentianamacrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa,Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica, Cyananthushookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq., Euphrasia pectinata Ten., Delphiniumtongolense Franch., Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.) Ovcz. var. tanguticus andPotentilla anserina L. var. anserina) decreased nonlinearly as the increasingconcentrations of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme. Pollen Extract of threepollens from S. chamaejasme generally inhibited 50% pollen germination of most ofthe focal species. 5.76 and 3.35 pollens from S. chamaejasme were observed in fieldon stigmas of G. squarrosa and E. pectinata, respectively. Differences inheterospecific pollen transfer of S. chamaejasme could be attributed to the primaryreason whether they shared common pollinators. Flower morphology (e.g.zygomorphic or actinomorphic), plant or floral density and concurrence in floweringphonologies could explain, in part, the differences in heterospecific pollen transfer.In field experiments, the results showed that seed set in six sympatric species(Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Mavar. paludosa, Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica,Cyananthus hookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq. and Euphrasia pectinata Ten.)decreased nonlinearly as the increasing concentrations of extract of pollen from S.chamaejasme. According to the nonlinear curves, the amounts of pollens from S.chamaejasme on stigmas of G. squarrosa and of E. pectinata (i.e. 5.76 grains and3.35 grains, respectively) could reduce 63% and 55% seed set of G. squarrosa and ofE. pectinata, respectively. Thus, allelopathic effects of S. chamaejasme on G.squarrosa and E. pectinata could be realistic. The sympatric species of S.chamaejasme could avoid pollen allelopathy of S. chamaejasme to sustainthemselves. This highlights the need to study how much pollen allelopathy in S.chamaejasme influences the sympatric species through divergence in seasonal ordiurnal flowering phonologies or through asexual reproduction. If pollen allelopathyin S. chamaejasme was confirmed, it could be as a pressure of natural selection andthus play an important role in species evolution.