Initiation and development of water film by seepage

When water seeps upwards through a saturated soil layer, the soil layer may become instability and water films occur and develop. Water film serves as a natural sliding surface because of its very small friction. Accordingly, debris flow may happen. To investigate this phenomenon, a pseudo-three-phase media is presented first. Then discontinuity method is used to analyze the expansion velocity of water film. Finally, perturbation method is used to analyze the case that a water flow is forced to seep upwards through the soil layer while the movement of the skeleton may be neglected relative to that of water. The theoretical evolutions of pore pressure gradient, effective stress, water velocity, the porosity and the eroded fine grains are obtained. It can be seen clearly that with the erosion and re-deposited of fine grains, permeability at some positions in the soil layer becomes smaller and smaller and, the pore pressure gradient becomes bigger and bigger, while the effective stress becomes smaller and smaller. When the effective stress equals zero, e.f. liquefaction, the water film occurs. It is shown also that once a water film occurs, it will be expanded in a speed of (U)(t)/(1 - E >).

FLOW-PIPE-SEEPAGE COUPLING ANALYSIS OF SPANNING INITIATION OF A PARTIALLY-EMBEDDED PIPELINE

The initiation of pipeline spanning involves the coupling between the flow over the pipeline and the seepage-flow in the soil underneath the pipeline. The pipeline spanning initiation is experimentally observed and discussed in this article. It is qualitatively indicated that the pressure-drop induced soil seepage failure is the predominant cause for pipeline spanning initiation. A flow-pipe-seepage sequential coupling Finite Element Method (FEM) model is proposed to simulate the coupling between the water flow-field and the soil seepage-field. A critical hydraulic gradient is obtained for oblique seepage failure of the sand in the direction tangent to the pipe. Parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of inflow velocity, pipe embedment on the pressure-drop, and the effects of soil internal friction angle and pipe embedment-to-diameter ratio on the critical flow velocity for pipeline spanning initiation. It is indicated that the dimensionless critical flow velocity changes approximately linearly with the soil internal friction angle for the submarine pipeline partially-embedded in a sandy seabed.

Effects of Fracture Seepage on the Stability of Landslide during Reservoir Water Level Fluctuation

The hydraulic conductivity function of fractures is a key scientific question to describe and reveal the process and the role of water seepage reasonably. In this paper, the generation technology of random fracture network and the latest numerical computation method for equivalent permeability tensor of fracture network are applied to analyze the landslide located at Wangjiayuanzi in Wanzhou District of Chongqing by simulating the changes of the seepage field caused by the running of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The influences of the fracture seepage on the seepage field and stability of the landslide were discussed with emphasis. The results show that the fractures existing in the soil increase the permeability coefficient of the landslide body and reduce the delay time of the underground water level in the landslide which fluctuates relative to the water level of reservoir，that causes the safe coefficient of the slope changes more gently than that of the same slope without fractures. It means, if only water level fluctuating condition is concerned, the fractures existing in the soil plays a positive role to the stability of slopes.

Charge-sensitive deep level transient spectroscopy of helium-ion-irradiated silicon, as-irradiated and after thermal annealing

Electrically active defects in the phosphor-doped single-crystal silicon, induced by helium-ion irradiation under thermal annealing, have been investigated. Isothermal charge-sensitive deep-level transient spectroscopy was employed to study the activation energy and capture cross-section of helium-induced defects in silicon samples. It was shown that the activation energy levels produced by helium-ion irradiation first increased with increasing annealing temperature, with the maximum value of the activation energy occurring at 873K, and reduced with further increase of the annealing temperature. The energy levels of defects in the samples annealed at 873 and 1073K are found to be located near the mid-forbidden energy gap level so that they can act as thermally stable carrier recombination centres.

Behavior of crystalline silicon under huge electronic excitations: A transient thermal spike description

Recent experimental works devoted to the phenomena of mixing observed at metallic multilayers Ni/Si irradiated by swift heavy ions irradiations make it necessary to revisit the insensibility of crystalline Si under huge electronic excitations. Knowing that Ni is an insensitive material, such observed mixing would exist only if Si is a sensitive material. In order to extend the study of swift heavy ion effects to semiconductor materials, the experimental results obtained in bulk silicon have been analyzed within the framework of the inelastic thermal spike model. Provided the quenching of a boiling ( or vapor) phase is taken as the criterion of amorphization, the calculations with an electron-phonon coupling constant g(300 K) = 1.8 x 10(12) W/cm(3)/K and an electronic diffusivity D-e(300 K) = 80 cm(2)/s nicely reproduce the size of observed amorphous tracks as well as the electronic energy loss threshold value for their creation, assuming that they result from the quenching of the appearance of a boiling phase along the ion path. Using these parameters for Si in the case of a Ni/Si multilayer, the mixing observed experimentally can be well simulated by the inelastic thermal spike model extended to multilayers, assuming that this occurs in the molten phase created at the Ni interface by energy transfer from Si. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Super-FRS超导磁体失超瞬态热应力分析；Quench transient thermal stress analysis of super-FRS dipoles

国际反质子与离子大科学工程(FAIR)项目是一个大型的国际合作项目,其中Super-FRS超导二极磁体由中国科学院近代物理研究所研制。利用ADINA有限元程序对项目中的超导Super-FRS磁体线圈的失超过程进行了模拟分析。利用C程序对ADINA程序进行二次开发以便对有限元求解器的调用和载荷的控制。分析结果显示:在失超过程中产生的最大热应力为26 MPa,可能产生的声波频率在35 Hz左右。

Transient state of chiral recognition in a binary mixture of cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis

The transient state (as the defined point where no enantioseparation is obtained in a dual chiral selector system) of chiral recognition of aminoglutethimide in a binary mixture of neutral cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The following three dual selector systems were used: alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD); alpha-CD and heptakis(di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) (DM-beta-CD); alpha-CD and heptakis(tri-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) (TM-beta-CD). The S-(-) enantiomer of the analyte was more strongly retained in the presence of either alpha-CD or TM-beta-CD at pH 2.5, 100 mM phosphate buffer, while the R-(+) enantiomer was more strongly retained in the presence of either P-CD or DM-P-CD. In the more simple case, the elution order is invariably kept if the enantiomers have the same elution order in either one of the two hosts of the binary mixture. In contrast, the elution order may be switched by varying the concentration ratio of two hosts that produce opposite elution order for this particular analyte. In such a dual selector system, the enantioselectivity will disappear at the transient state at a certain ratio of host,:host, Moreover, the migration times of the two enantiomers with host, alone (diluted in buffer) is approximately equal to the migration times at the corresponding concentration of host, alone (diluted in buffer), where the ratio of concentrations of host,:host, is the same as in the binary mixture at the transient state. As found by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, the analyte is forming a 1:1 complex with either one of the CDs applied. From this finding, a theoretical model based on the mobility difference of the two enantiomers was derived that was used to simulate the transient state. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Crystallization Behaviors of n-Octadecane in Confined Space: Crossover of Rotator Phase from Transient to Metastable Induced by Surface Freezing

In this paper, the confined crystallization and phase transition behaviors of n-octadecane in microcapsules with a diameter of about 3 Pm were studied with the combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), temperature dependent Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Switch-on transient behavior of vanadium phthalocyanine based organic transistors

The authors investigated the switch-on transient properties of p-type vanadium phthalocyanine (VOPc) transistors, which were fabricated by weak epitaxy growth on ordered para-sexiphenyl (p-6P) layer. The overshoot phenomenon of drain current had been observed in the VOPc/p-6P transistors, which was explained by the filling of carriers in traps of organic films. The small overshoot value of about 35% and transient duration time of 2 ms demonstrated the low trap concentration in organic films, which were comparable to the reported hydrogenated amorphous-silicon thin-film transistors. Therefore, the VOPc/p-6P transistors can be applied in active matrix liquid crystal display as switch elements.

Transient expression of lacZ in particle bombarded Gracilaria changii (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

Using a Biolistic PDS 1000/He system, healthy thalli of Gracilaria changii were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid DNA containing the lacZ reporter gene. Transient expression of lacZ was observed in bombarded thalli under the rupture-disc pressures of 4482, 6206, 7584 and 8963 KPa, two days after bombardment. Although G. changii exhibits a slight blue background, positive expression and the background colour can be clearly differentiated. The results indicate that lacZ could be a useful reporter gene and that SV40 promoter could be an effective promoter for Gracilaria transformation.