郭永怀文集

冲击压缩下玻璃等脆性材料中失效波的实验和理论研究

本文首先回顾了失效波的研究进展和存在的问题，然后在现有实验手段改进的基础上对目前失效波研究中尚存的问题进行了较系统的实验研究，并建立了理论模型，进行了失效波传播的数值模拟。本文实验工作给出了K9玻璃中失效波速度和冲击载荷之间的定量关系和产生失效波的最小载荷阈值；通过：（1）玻璃样品和飞片表面状况对萌生失效波的载荷阈值的影响；（2）高速摄影观测冲击压缩下玻璃样品表面和内置界面处失效波的萌生和冲击波后压缩区内损伤演化情况；（3）回收样品的显微分析和Ｘ光衍射分析等实验，证实失效波的萌生基本与冲击相变无关，主要与玻璃样品表面状况有关，失效波的本质是玻璃样品表面固有微裂纹和冲击瞬间在此处萌生的微裂纹系统向玻璃样品中扩展的宏观统计表现。高速摄影观测到冲击波后有破碎界面在移动，其速度明显高于同等加载条件下VISAR测试的失效波速度，据此推测失效波是由大量裂纹扩展的宏观表现一破碎界面和其后方声阻抗明显降低的移动界面组成。实验同时研究了微晶玻璃、高纯度石英玻璃以及碱石灰玻璃在冲击压缩下的动力学响应特性。本文关于失效波方面的研究工作结果大部分未见相关文献报道。实验工作对于深入了解玻璃中失效波的萌生机制和失效波的力学性质等是非常重要的，并有助于建立与失效波萌生、传播有关的理论模型。改进有关实验技术，是完成本文实验研究的必要条件，也是本文工作的重要组成部分。本文设计了一种高接收效率、景深可调的新型VISAR探头，其技术指标接近国外同类产品，成本不到国外同类产品的二十分之一，且结构是国内外同类产品中最简单的。本文设计高速摄影的阴影和纹影光路，用于观察冲击压缩下玻璃样品中冲击损伤和失效波的演化及发展规律，其技术优于国外同类实验。本文设计了两种冲击压力低于玻璃样品HEL值的爆轰加载装置，用于配合高速摄影诊断实验。爆轰驱动厚飞片装置的设计，在飞片的炸药透镜之间增加了一个空腔，既降低了飞片的速度，又有效避免了以往同类装置驱动厚飞片时经常遇到的层裂问题，并且成功地进行了与爆轰驱动有关的数值模拟及设计工作。本文在理想微裂系统演化理论的基础上，建立了描述失效波的理论模型，分别讨论了表面损伤、微裂纹扩展和微裂纹形核、长大对失效波萌生、传播的影响，给出了描述失效波扩展的损伤演化方程，结合冲击压缩下材料的Resende压缩损伤本构方程，进行了各种加载条件下玻璃样品后自由表面速度和玻璃体内应力分存的数值模拟，计算结果与实验结果相符，表明本文建立的理论模型是可靠的，能够反映冲击压缩下失效波的传播特性的基本力学特性。用飞片碰玻璃样品时，实验测量的表面速度时程曲线出现“过冲现象”。本文通过高速摄影和VISAR等测试手段从实验上对其进行了较系统的研究，发现这种现象与玻璃样品后自由表面的破碎有关，并且其萌生所需的载荷阈值与萌生失效波的载荷阈值接近。本文建立了描述这一破坏现象的损伤演化方程，对其进行了数值模拟。计算结果和实验结果吻合，表明本文对这一现象的解释是合理的。

Development And Application Of Flexible Substrate Sensors In Instantaneous Heat Flux Measurement

A new type of sensor with the flexible substrate is introduced. It is applicable in measuring instantaneous heat flux on the model surface in a hypersonic shock tunnel. The working principle, structure and manufacture process of the sensor are presented. The substrate thickness and the dynamic response parameter of the sensor are calculated. Because this sensor was successfully used in measuring the instantaneous heat flux on the surface of a flat plate in a detonation-driven shock tunnel, it may be effective in measuring instantaneous heat flux on the model surface.

New Numerical Algorithms in SUPER CE/SE and Their Applications in Explosion Mechanics

The new numerical algorithms in SUPER/CESE and their applications in explosion mechanics are studied. The researched algorithms and models include an improved CE/SE (space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element) method, a local hybrid particle level set method, three chemical reaction models and a two-fluid model. Problems of shock wave reflection over wedges, explosive welding, cellular structure of gaseous detonations and two-phase detonations in the gas-droplet system are simulated by using the above-mentioned algorithms and models. The numerical results reveal that the adopted algorithms have many advantages such as high numerical accuracy, wide application field and good compatibility. The numerical algorithms presented in this paper may be applied to the numerical research of explosion mechanics.

MHD控制激波诱导边界层分离的机理

激波边界层相互作用是高超声速飞行器面临的重大问题,激波入射到平板引起的边界层分离是其中最具代表性的一种.用加权的3阶ENN格式计算了小磁雷诺数近似的MHD方程,研究了 MHD控制层流边界层分离的机理.数值结果显示,通过局部电离空气并施加洛伦兹力,能使分离点向下游移动,分离区尺寸减小,从而抑制和缓解由于激波-边界层相互作用而引起的分离.

Research on the mechanics of underwater supersonic gas jets

An experimental research was carried out to study the fluid mechanics of underwater supersonic gas jets. High pressure air was injected into a water tank through converging-diverging nozzles (Laval nozzles). The jets were operated at different conditions of over-, full-and under-expansions. The jet sequences were visualized using a CCD camera. It was found that the injection of supersonic air jets into water is always accompanied by strong flow oscillation, which is related to the phenomenon of shock waves feedback in the gas phase. The shock wave feedback is different from the acoustic feedback when a supersonic gas jet discharges into open air, which causes screech tone. It is a process that the shock waves enclosed in the gas pocket induce a periodic pressure with large amplitude variation in the gas jet. Consequently, the periodic pressure causes the jet oscillation including the large amplitude expansion. Detailed pressure measurements were also conducted to verify the shock wave feedback phenomenon. Three kinds of measuring methods were used, i.e., pressure probe submerged in water, pressure measurements from the side and front walls of the nozzle devices respectively. The results measured by these methods are in a good agreement. They show that every oscillation of the jets causes a sudden increase of pressure and the average frequency of the shock wave feedback is about 5-10 Hz.

斜爆轰的胞格结构及横波传播

针对30°楔角的驻定斜爆轰特性,选择在临界爆轰马赫数附近6.8、7.0与7.5等3种不同马赫数来流状态进行数值分析. 在马赫数为6.8、7.0状态下,在斜激波(oblique shock wave,OSW)、斜爆轰波(oblique detonation wave,ODW)与爆燃波交汇处形成的三波点后形成一道激波,在楔面上反射,并透过接触间断面与爆轰波阵面产生的横波相互作用,使得下游流场发生扰动,形成不规则的胞格结构. 斜爆轰波阵面产生的横波呈现上游单向传播与下游双向传播同时并存的现象,对斜爆轰的稳定性产生了影响

MHD控制激波诱导湍流边界层分离的机理分析

为了研究磁流体动力学(Magnetohydrodynamics:MHD)加速边界层对激波-湍流边界层相互作用的影响,用高阶有限差分法求解了小磁雷诺数近似的MHD湍流方程.其中,无粘通量采用WENN格式离散、粘性通量采用Roe平均中心差分离散,时间采用半隐式推进,并采取追赶法求解.计算给出了湍流、电场、磁场和电导率等参数对边界层分离的影响,数值结果显示:在同样的逆压梯度下,湍流边界层分离能更快地趋于稳态流场,且分离区比层流小;通过施加洛仑兹力加速,边界层速度型面变得更加饱满、位移厚度减小、分离点和再附点向激波与固壁的交点靠近,分离区尺寸减小甚至最终被消除.

岩石类材料静态、动态拉伸弹性模量测试方法研究——以巴西圆盘试验和霍普金森压杆、效应为手段

As we all know, rock-like materials will absolutely show very different mechanical properties under the compressive stress and tensile stress respectively. Similarly, under the dynamic compressive stress or dynamic tensile stress, the characteristics of the dynamics showed by the rock-like materials also have great differences from the mechanical behavior under static force. Studying their similarities and differences in rock mechanics theory and practical engineering will be of great significance. Generally, there are compression modulus of elasticity and tensile modulus of elasticity corresponding to compressive stress state and the tensile stress state in the rock. Both the two kinds of elastic modulus play an extremely important role in calculation of engineering mechanics. Their reliability directly affects the accuracy and reliability of the calculation results of internal stress field and displacement field of engineering rock mass. At present, it is easy to obtain the compression modulus of elasticity in laboratory; but it is very difficult to determine the tensile modulus of elasticity with direct tensile test due to that direct tensile test is difficult to perform in laboratory in general. In order to solve this problem, this thesis invents and develops several indirect test methods to determine the static or dynamic tensile modulus of elasticity of rock-type materials with high reliability and good interoperability. For the static tensile modulus of elasticity, the analytical stress field solution has been given out for the Brazilian disc under the radial and linear concentration load with Airy stress function method. At the same time, the stress field has been modeled for the Brazilian disc test by using the finite element software of ANSYS and ADINA. The analytical stress field solution is verified to be right by comparatively researching the analytical stress field solution and the numerical stress field solution. Based on the analytical stress field solution, this thesis proposes that a strain gauge is pasted at the Brazilian disc center along the direction perpendicular to the applied force to indirectly determine the static tensile modulus of elasticity, and related measurement theory also has been developed. The method proposed here has good feasibility and high accuracy verified by the experimental results. For the dynamic tensile modulus of elasticity, two measuring methods and theories are invented here. The first one is that the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar is used to attract the Brazilian disc to generate the dynamic load, make the dynamic tensile stress is formed at the Brazilian disc center; and also a strain gauge is pasted at the Brazilian disc center to record the deformation. The second is that, in the Hopkinson effect phenomenon, the reflection tensile stress wave is formed when the shock wave propagates to the free end of cylindrical rock bar and reflect, which can make the rock bar is under dynamic tensile stress state; and some strain gauges are pasted at the appropriate place on the rock bar to record the strain coursed by the tensile or compressive stress wave. At last, the dynamic tensile modulus of elasticity can be determined by the recorded strain and the dynamic tensile stress which can be determined by related theories developed in this thesis.

Wave pattern characteristics of a two-phase nozzle flow by shock propagation

In this paper, the wave pattern characteristics of shock-induced two-phase nozzle Hows with the quiescent or moving dusty gas ahead of the incident-shock front has been investigated by using high-resolution numerical method. As compared with the corresponding results in single-phase nozzle flows of the pure gas, obvious differences between these two kinds of flows can be obtained.

A New High Order Accurate Shock Capture Method with Wave Booster

A new kind of shock capturing method is developed. Before applying the high order accurate traditional scheme which is called as base scheme in this paper the fluid parameters are preconditioned in order to control the group velocity. The newly constructed scheme is high order accurate, simple, has high resolution of the shock, and less computer time consumed.

The Interaction Between Shock Waves and Foam in a Shock Tube

An experimental study and a numerical simulation were conducted to investigate the mechanical and thermodynamic processes involved in the interaction between shock waves and low density foam. The experiment was done in a stainless shock tube (80mm in inner diameter, 10mm in wall thickness and 5360mm in length). The velocities of the incident and reflected compression waves in the foam were measured by using piezo-ceramic pressure sensors. The end-wall peak pressure behind the reflected wave in the foam was measured by using a crystal piezoelectric sensor. It is suggested that the high end-wall pressure may be caused by a rapid contact between the foam and the end-wall surface. Both open-cell and closed-cell foams with different length and density were tested. Through comparing the numerical and experimental end-wall pressure, the permeability coefficients a and 0 are quantitatively determined.

Wave Dynamic Processes in Cellular Detonation Reflection from Wedges

When the cell width of the incident detonation wave (IDW) is comparable to or larger than the Mach stem height, self-similarity will fail during IDW reflection from a wedge surface. In this paper, the detonation reflection from wedges is investigated for the wave dynamic processes occurring in the wave front, including transverse shock motion and detonation cell variations behind the Mach stem. A detailed reaction model is implemented to simulate two-dimensional cellular detonations in stoichiometric mixtures of H (2)/O (2) diluted by Argon. The numerical results show that the transverse waves, which cross the triple point trajectory of Mach reflection, travel along the Mach stem and reflect back from the wedge surface, control the size of the cells in the region swept by the Mach stem. It is the energy carried by these transverse waves that sustains the triple-wave-collision with a higher frequency within the over-driven Mach stem. In some cases, local wave dynamic processes and wave structures play a dominant role in determining the pattern of cellular record, leading to the fact that the cellular patterns after the Mach stem exhibit some peculiar modes.

Failure of SiC particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites induced by laser thermal shock

Thermal failure of SiC particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composites induced by both laser thermal shock and mechanical load has been investigated. The specimens with a single-edge notch were mechanically polished to 0.25 mm in thickness. The notched-tip region of the specimen is subjected to laser beam rapid heating. In the test, a pulsed Nd:glass laser beam is used with duration 1.0 ms or 250 mu s, intensity 15 or 70 kW/cm(2), and spot size 5.0 mm in diameter. Threshold intensity was tested and fracture behavior was studied. The crack-tip process zone development and the microcrack formation were macroscopically and microscopically observed. It was found that in these materials, the initial crack occurred in the notched-tip region, wherein the initial crack was induced by either void nucleation, growth, and subsequent coalescence of the matrix materials or separation of the SiC particulate-matrix interface. It was further found that the process of the crack propagation occurred by the fracture of the SiC particulates.

How important are shock waves to single-bubble sonoluminescence?

By solving numerically the full set of hydrodynamic equations governing the pulsation of a bubble,we show that shock waves are often absent in a stable sonoluminescing bubble. Nevertheless, for a wide range of physical parameters, a continuous compressional wave emerges and heats up the bubble, and the resulting black-body radiations have pulse heights and widths that agree with experimental data. Shock waves, being much less robust, are not essential for stable single-bubble sonoluminescence.