鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田储层次生孔隙性质与分布预测

Permian reservoir in Sulige area of Ordos Basin, on which this paper focused, belongs to fluvial-delta lithofacies. The majority formations in this area are complicated channel sand deposit with serious inhomogeneity which makes natural gas exploration be very tough in this area. This inhomogeneity can be found everywhere both in large horizontal area and vertical profile of inner and interbedded formations.This paper studied the inhomogeneity characteristic of Permian formation in sulige area of Ordos Basin according to the logging data.Correlating with core data, a criterion to distinguish different type of reservoirs by using logging data is determined after the study of logging response is done considering the diverse conditions of deposit environments, lithology and reservoir space. The characteristic relationships between the various type formations and logging responses fully and systemically are established.It investigated reservoir parameter calculation methods amply. Combining the conventional and special logging data, basing on the feature of low porosity -permeability formation of sulige area, a set of methods to calculate reservoir parameters was formed including primary porosity, secondary porosity, fracture porosity, permeability and water saturation under the conditions of both low porosity-permeability and inhomogenous reservoirs. One thing should be pay close attention is the parameter M for calculating saturation. It is found that the M in low porosity -permeability formation decreases as the porosity decrease, which is opposite to the law that M increases as the porosity decrease in the formation with intermediate to high porosity and permeability. This view has innovated the traditional theory and offered theory basis for the logging interpretation of low porosity - permeability reservoir. Meanwhile it also improved the Arqi formula theoretically and enhanced the logging interpretation accuracy and rescued a number of formations which has been thought to be hopeless according to the old theory.By using advantage logging interpretation procedure, a territorial synthetic geology evaluation to the inhomogeneous reservoir was completed basing on the single well interpretation. All the reservoir evaluation parameters including sand formation thickness, primary porosity, secondary porosity were calculated and evaluated. The rules of changing and development for sand formation thickness, sand physical properties and secondary porous were found at different formations of upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi individually. Evaluation and Correlation of these five formations were also completed and one conclusion was arrived: upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi formation has the best performance followed by the lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi formation.After studied the relationship between reservoir deposition characteristic and the natural gas richness, it is regarded that reservoir inhomogeneity is the key issue of the impaction on the natural gas. Natural gas in Sulige gas field was mainly accumulated in sands of channel bar, distributary channel and debouchure bar. Especially, the quartz sand with rich of secondary porous space has obvious better physical properties than other reservoir and usually can forms the concentration of natural gas.

中国混汞法采金地区汞的环境地球化学研究-以陕西潼关为例

本研究选择有代表性的陕西省潼关县（小秦岭地区）采金地区作为研究对象，从环境地球化学的角度出发，研究了该地区由于受采金活动的影响后，大气、水体、土壤以及农作物中总汞和甲基汞的分布，探讨汞在采金地区环境中迁移、转化和富集的环境地球化学行为和规律，并估算了渲关县及全国在过去二十多年里，由混汞法炼金活动向环境释放汞的总量，最后对混汞法采金地区的环境管理提出可行性建一议。通过本论文的详细研究，主要得出以下结论：1．潼关县辖区大气汞的分布呈明显的空间梯度关系，炼金厂密集区大气汞含量明显高于其它地区，距离炼金厂越远，大气汞含量越低。大型炼金厂混汞提金车间内的平均大气汞浓度为18，047ng／m~3，最高达33，080ng／m~3；距离炼金厂密集区较近和较远的居民区的平均大气汞浓度分别为385ng／m~3和77ng／m~3；而一些偏远地区大气汞的平均浓度降至29ng／m~3，受炼金活动影响较 小的黄河沿岸背景区的平均大气汞浓度只有2ng／m~3。通过估算，潼关县炼金矿工汞蒸气的平均摄入量高达72，804～75，268ng／d，而当地非矿工居民（成人）每天的摄入量也有924～4，620ng。2．潼关县内泉水和井水中总汞的平均浓度有329.2ng／L，其中各形态汞的浓度都相对较高，说明金矿地区的汞背景值可能较高，且地下水也可能受到一定程度的汞污染；冷暖两季水样中溶解态汞浓度和暖季的甲基汞浓度要比泉水和井水中的溶解态汞和甲基汞浓度分别高出几倍，其它形态汞则要高出几百倍；水样中的活性汞和溶解态汞浓度表现出极显著的相关关系；冷季水样的活性汞和溶解态汞平均浓度要略高于暖季的水样，而颗粒态汞恰恰相反；两季采集的一些水样中活性汞在溶解态汞中占有较高的比例，但总汞均以颗粒态为主，大多超过50％。3．冷暖两季沉积物中平均总汞浓度分别高达151.1和44.6μg／g，甲基汞平均浓度分别为7.1和3.6ng／g，而暖季沉积物中总汞与甲基汞含量表现出极显著的相关关系；水体颗粒物和沉积物主要来源于炼金厂排出的废渣和尾矿，拥有较高的重金属（Hg、Fe、Mn和Cu）含量，且两者之间体现出一定的继承关系，但颗粒物由于粒径小，表面积大，含有机颗粒多，吸附能力强，所以其中的重金属含量要明显高于沉积物中的重金属含量；颗粒物中汞含量与Fe、Mn、Cu的含量之间均表现出极显著的相关性，而沉积物中汞含量仅与Cu含量之间有一定的相关性，与其它重金属含量的相关性不明显。4．潼关县辖区金矿石中汞的平均含量是69.2ng/g，而炼金尾矿中汞的平均含量竟高达628，4林吮，高出原矿石样中汞平均含量10，000倍，其它重金属（Fe、Mn、Cu）由于受炼金活动影响较小，其含量变化并不十分明显；黄土由于自身的特殊质地和性质，受炼金活动的干扰较小，其中的各重金属含量能够较好的反映其背景含量水平；撞关地区采集的土壤样品中总汞和甲基汞含量均要比黄土中的含量高约50倍，而其它重金属含量与黄土背景值无明显差异；土壤中甲基汞在总汞含量中所占比例较小（分布在0.001％～0.57％之间），说明潼关地区土壤中汞的甲基化水平较低。5．苔鲜样品中的高汞含量反映了采金地区较高的大气汞沉降水平；河流水藻中高含量的总汞和甲基汞体现出汞在生物体内超强的富集作用；潼关县大多数农作物样品中的汞主要来源于大气，且几乎所有样品的汞含量都严重超出国家食用标准，最高超标倍数达到60；农作物中甲基汞含量占总汞的比例在0.12％～12.34％之间波动，其中蔬菜类作物的甲基汞比例要高于粮食作物，而总体来说，作物体内的总汞和甲基汞含量之间表现出一定的负相关关系；通过估算，潼关县居民由于粮食作物（小麦）的食用每天摄入的总汞量高达54，72Ong，要高于当地居民（非矿工）通过呼吸吸入的汞蒸气量，且已超出国际上对人体汞摄入量标准的有关规定。6．潼关县水体、沉积物、土壤以及农作物中的甲基汞含量相对总汞而言，都表现了相对较低的水平，原因可能是受石英脉型金矿地区地质背景的影响，大量存在的Fe、Mn类化合物对离子态汞有着较强的束缚能力，减缓或抑制了甲基化的发生。7．通过混汞法生产黄金的产量和汞释放因子的调研和确定，估算在1980～2003年期间，全国混汞炼金行业向环境释放汞累计达1476.6t，其中约有78％进入大气；而仅潼关县就有116.5t，约占全国的7.9％：目前（1996年以后），由于混汞法工艺的改进，汞的释放量大大降低，全国混汞炼金行业平均每年释放汞约30t，憧关县平均每年有3.9t，约占全国年平均释放量的13％。

影响大学生学业成绩的四个重要非智力因素

In the present study, 520 questionnaires about general self–efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were delivered to university students. The students were randomly chosen from Communication University of China, Central University of Finance and Economics, Capital University of Business and Economics and Shanxi University. 495 responses were valid , in which 225 majoring in liberal arts and 270 majoring in natural sciences. The influences of these four factors on students’ academic achievements were explored. And the gender differences in General self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management were analyzed in the present study too. It was found that: 1) There were gender difference on academic achievements. The scores’ of female students were higher than males’. 2) Significant gender differences were found in four considered factors which indicated that female students got higher scores than male students; 3) There were close relations between the four considered factors and students’ academic achievements. There were also obvious relations among the four factors. 4) University students’ academic achievements could be well predicted by their general self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation, learning motivation and time management.