Magnetostatic relations including fluctuation fields - the local expansion

Using the approach of local expansion, we analyze the magnetostatic relations in the case of conventional turbulence. The turbulent relations are obtained consisten tly for themomentum equation and induction equation of both the average and fluctuation relations.In comparison with the magnetostatic relations as discussed usually, turbulent fluctuationfields produce forces, one of which 1/(4π)(α1×B0)×B0 may have parallel and perpendicular components in the direction of magnetic field, the other of which 1/(4π)K×B0 is introduced by the boundary value of turbulence and is perpendicular to the magnetic field. In the case of 2-dimensional configuration of magnetic field, the basic equation will be reduced into a second-order elliptic equation, which includes some linear and nonlinear terms introduced by turbulent fluctuation fields. Turbulent fields may change the configuration of magnetic field and even shear it non-uniformly. The study on the influence of turbulent fields is significant since they are observed in many astrophysical environments.

The interaction of two pairs of solitary waves in a two-fluid system

This paper deals with the interaction of solitary waves in a two-fluid system which consistsof two superimposed incompressible inviscid fluids with a free surface and a horizontal rigidbottom. Under the assumption of shallow water wave, we first derive the basic equationssuitable for the model considered, a generalized form of the Boussinesq equations, then usingthe PLK method and the reductive perturbation method, obtain the second-order approximatesolution for the head-on collision between two pairs of interface and surface solitary waves,and give their maximum amplitudes during the collision and the nonuniform phase shiftsafter the collision which lead to the distortion of the wave profiles.

Chemical equilibrium analysis and CFD simulation of coal combustion and NOx formation

A full two-fluid model of reacting gas-particle flows with an algebraic unified second-order moment (AUSM) turbulence-chemistry model is used to simulate Beijing coal combustion and NOx formation. The sub-models are the k-epsilon-kp two-phase turbulence model, the EBU-Arrhenius volatile and CO combustion model, the six-flux radiation model, coal devolatilization model and char combustion model. The blocking effect on NOx formation is discussed. In addition, the chemical equilibrium analysis is used to predict NOx concentration at different temperature. Results of CID simulation and chemical equilibrium analysis show that, optimizing air dynamic parameters can delay the NOx formation and decrease NOx emission, but it is effective only in a restricted range. In order to decrease NOx emission near to zero, the re-burning or other chemical methods must be used.

Perturbational finite volume scheme for the one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations

Starting from the second-order finite volume scheme,though numerical value perturbation of the cell facial fluxes, the perturbational finite volume (PFV) scheme of the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for compressible flow is developed in this paper. The central PFV scheme is used to compute the one-dimensional NS equations with shock wave.Numerical results show that the PFV scheme can obtain essentially non-oscillatory solution.

Numerical-Value Perturbation Method with Application of Solving Convective-Diffusion Integral Equation

The convective--diffusion equation is of primary importance in such fields as fluid dynamics and heat transfer hi the numerical methods solving the convective-diffusion equation, the finite volume method can use conveniently diversified grids (structured and unstructured grids) and is suitable for very complex geometry The disadvantage of FV methods compared to the finite difference method is that FV-methods of order higher than second are more difficult to develop in three-dimensional cases. The second-order central scheme (2cs) offers a good compromise among accuracy, simplicity and efficiency, however, it will produce oscillatory solutions when the grid Reynolds numbers are large and then very fine grids are required to obtain accurate solution. The simplest first-order upwind (IUW) scheme satisfies the convective boundedness criteria, however. Its numerical diffusion is large. The power-law scheme, QMCK and second-order upwind (2UW) schemes are also often used in some commercial codes. Their numerical accurate are roughly consistent with that of ZCS. Therefore, it is meaningful to offer higher-accurate three point FV scheme. In this paper, the numerical-value perturbational method suggested by Zhi Gao is used to develop an upwind and mixed FV scheme using any higher-order interpolation and second-order integration approximations, which is called perturbational finite volume (PFV) scheme. The PFV scheme uses the least nodes similar to the standard three-point schemes, namely, the number of the nodes needed equals to unity plus the face-number of the control volume. For instanc6, in the two-dimensional (2-D) case, only four nodes for the triangle grids and five nodes for the Cartesian grids are utilized, respectively. The PFV scheme is applied on a number of 1-D problems, 2~Dand 3-D flow model equations. Comparing with other standard three-point schemes, The PFV scheme has much smaller numerical diffusion than the first-order upwind (IUW) scheme, its numerical accuracy are also higher than the second-order central scheme (2CS), the power-law scheme (PLS), the QUICK scheme and the second-order upwind(ZUW) scheme.

DNS and LES of turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic surface

Hydrophobic surface benefits for drag reduction. Min and Kim[1] do the first Direct Numerical Simulation on drag reduction in turbulent channel flow. And Fukagata and Kasagi[2] make some theoretical analysis based on Dean[3]'s formula and some observations in the DNS results. Using their theory, they conclude that drag reduction is possible in large Reynolds number. Both Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are performed in our research. How the LES behaving in the turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic surface is examined. Original Smagorinsky model and its Dynamical model are used in LES. The slip velocities predicted by LES using Dynamical model are in good agreement with DNS as shown in the Figure. Although the percentage of drag reduction predicted by LES shows some discrepancies, it is in the error limit for industrial flow. First order and second order moments of LES are also examined and compared with DNS's results. The first-order moments is calculated well by LES. But there are some discrepancies of second-order moments between LES and DNS. [GRAPHICS]

Parallel Fully-Implicit Computation of MHD Acceleration Experiments

A three-dimensional MHD solver is described in the paper. The solver simulates reacting flows with nonequilibrium between translational-rotational, vibrational and electron translational modes. The conservation equations are discretized with implicit time marching and the second-order modified Steger-Warming scheme, and the resulted linear system is solved iteratively with Newton-Krylov-Schwarz method that is implemented by PETSc package. The results of convergence tests are plotted, which show good scalability and convergence around twice faster when compared with the DPLR method. Then five test runs are conducted simulating the experiments done at the NASA Ames MHD channel, and the calculated pressures, temperatures, electrical conductivity, back EMF, load factors and flow accelerations are shown to agree with the experimental data. Our computation shows that the electrical conductivity distribution is not uniform in the powered section of the MHD channel, and that it is important to include Joule heating in order to calculate the correct conductivity and the MHD acceleration.

Polaronic correction to the first excited electronic energy level in an anisotropic semiconductor quantum dot

Within the framework of second-order Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory, the polaronic correction to the first excited state energy of an electron in an quantum dot with anisotropic parabolic confinements is presented. Compared with isotropic confinements, anisotropic confinements will make the degeneracy of the excited states to be totally or partly lifted. On the basis of a three-dimensional Frohlich's Hamiltonian with anisotropic confinements, the first excited state properties in two-dimensional quantum dots as well as quantum wells and wires can also be easily obtained by taking special limits. Calculations show that the first excited polaronic effect can be considerable in small quantum dots.

A new method and instrument for accurately measuring interval between ultrashort pulses

Using second-order autocorrelation conception, a novel method and instrument for accurately measuring interval between two linearly polarized ultrashort pulses with real time were presented. The experiment demonstrated that the measuring method and instrument were simple and accurate (the measurement error <5 fs). During measuring, there was no moving element resulting in dynamic measurement error.

超短激光脉冲在不同色散参量光子晶体光纤中传输的数值模拟

为了使得数值模拟更为精确, 采用广义非线性薛定谔方程(GNSE)描述超短激光脉冲在光子晶体光纤中的传输演化过程, 并利用二阶分步傅里叶方法通过求解方程, 数值计算了相同脉宽和能量的超短脉冲在不同色散参量的光子晶体光纤中非线性传输和超连续谱的产生。比较了超短脉冲在光纤不同色散区传输时, 高阶色散和非线性效应对超连续谱的产生以及对脉冲波形演化的影响。结果表明, 相对于超短脉冲中心波长位于光子晶体光纤的正常和反常色散区, 可以相应获得短波波段和长波波段的超连续谱输出, 当超短脉冲中心波长位于零色散波长点时, 通

Active phase control and frequency chirp effects on supercontinuum generation in high birefringence photonic crystal fiber

An acoustic-optics programmable dispersive filter (AOPDF) was first employed to actively control the linearly polarized femtosecond pump pulse frequency chirp for supercontinuum (SC) generation in a high birefringence photonic crystal fiber (PCF). By accurately controlling the second order phase distortion and polarization direction of incident pulses, the output SC spectrum can be tuned to various spectral energy distributions and bandwidths. The pump pulse energy and bandwidth are preserved in our experiment. It is found that SC with broader bandwidth can be generated with positive chirped pump pulses except when the chirp value is larger than the optimal value, and the same optimal value exists for the pump pulses polarized along the two principal axes. With optimal positive chirp, more than 78% of the pump energy can be transferred to below 750 nm. Otherwise, negative chirp will weaken the blue-shift broadening and the SC bandwidth. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Raman spectroscopy and luminescent properties of ZnO nanostructures fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses

In this paper, we report the laser-induced periodic structure with different spatial characteristics on the surface of polished ZnO single-crystalline by high repetition rate femtosecond laser pulses. This study demonstrates that, using different laser parameters and irradiation conditions, ZnO nanoripples and nanorods were successfully prepared. We have investigated the surface by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL). We propose that second-order harmonic has a strong influence on the formation of nanostructures. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

溶胶-凝胶条波导Sagnac环的乙醇蒸气传感特性

采用有机/无机混合溶胶-凝胶法制作条形光波导,并将条波导接入光纤Sagnac 环中,测量了输出光功率随环境气氛中乙醇蒸气体积分数变化的特性,表明在实验研究的范围内,输出信号与乙醇蒸气体积分数呈正弦变化。根据Sagnac环结构输出特性的基本关系,反映了溶胶-凝胶条波导在乙醇蒸气气氛下产生了双折射效应。观察到双折射相移与乙醇体积分数的亚线性关系。对实验数据拟合,计算了偏振相移的线性项和二次项系数,得到所制备的条波导的双折射对乙醇体积分数的响应为Δn≈4.4×10-2。测量了信号变化的时间演变特性,典型的上升和

Analysis of dispersion compensation for position-dependence in externally modulated CATV lightwave systems by using chirped fiber grating

The dispersion compensation characteristics of the chirped fiber grating (CFG) for different dispersion compensation positions are analyzed in externally modulated cable television (CATV) lightwave system and the analytic expression of the composite second order (CSO) distortion is derived. The analyses give a reasonable explanation for the position-dependent effect of CFG dispersion compensator, which was found in practical systems. Moreover, the theoretical result is also verified by an experiment. It is believed that the theory will be helpful in designing optical CATV fiber links with nodes at proper positions both for intensity amplification and dispersion compensation.

Analysis of dispersion compensation by chirped fiber grating in directly and externally modulated CATV systems

The dispersion compensation effect of the chirped fiber grating (CFG) is analyzed theoretically, and analytic expressions are derived for composite second-order (CSO) distortion in analog modulated sub-carrier multiplexed (AM-SCM) cable television (CATV) systems with externally and directly modulated transmitters. Simulations are given for the two kinds of modulations and for standard single mode fiber and non-zero dispersion shift fiber (NZDSF) systems. The results show that CFG could be used as a dispersion compensator in directly modulated systems, but its dispersion coefficient should be adjusted much more precisely than the externally modulated system. The requirements for the NZDSF system could be loosened much. It is proposed that directly modulated source may be used as a transmitter in CATV systems combined with tunable CFG dispersion compensator being adjusted precisely, which may be more cost-effective than externally modulation technology. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.