Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodennata : Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets

Suspension aquaculture of filter-feeding bivalves has been developing rapidly in coastal waters in the world, especially in China. Previous studies have demonstrated that dense populations of filter-feeding bivalves in shallow water can produce a large amount of faeces and pseudofaeces (biodeposits) that may lead to negative impacts on the benthic environment. To determine whether the deposit feeder Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus Selenka can feed on bivalve biodeposits and whether the sea cucumber can be co-cultured with bivalves in suspended lantern nets, three experiments were conducted, two in tanks in the laboratory and one in the field. In a 3-month flow-through experiment, results showed that sea cucumbers grew well with specific growth rate (SGR) reaching 1.38% d(-1), when cultured in the bottom of tanks (10 m(3) water volume) where scallops were cultured in suspension in lantern nets. Moreover, results of another laboratory experiment demonstrated that sea cucumbers could survive well on bivalve biodeposits, with a feeding rate of 1.82 +/- 0.13 g dry biodeposits ind(-1) d(-1), absorption efficiency of organic matter in biodeposits of 17.2% +/- 5.5%, and average SGR of 1.60% d(-1). Our longer-term field experiments in two coastal bays (Sishili Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, northern China) showed that S. japonicus co-cultured with bivalves also grew well at growth rates (0.09-0.31 g wet weight ind(-1) d(-1)) depending on individual size. The results suggest that bivalve lantern nets can provide a good habitat for sea cucumbers; and the co-culture of bivalve molluscs with sea cucumbers may provide an additional valuable crop with no additional inputs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An efficient combination of supercritical fluid extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography to extract and purify homoisoflavonoids from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawler

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract homoisoflavonoids from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawler. The optimization of parameters was carried out using an orthogonal test L-9 (3)(4) including pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time and the amount of modifier. The process was then scaled up by 100 times with a preparative SFE system under the optimized conditions of 25 MPa, 55 degrees C, 4.0 h and 25% methanol as a modifier. Then crude extracts were separated and purified by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/ACN/water (1.8:1.0:1.0:1.2:1.0 v/v). There three homoisoflavonoidal compounds including methylophiopogonanone A 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone A, and 6-formyl-isoophiopogonanone A, were successfully isolated and purified in one step. The collected fractions were analyzed by HPLC. In each operation, 140 mg crude extracts was separated and yielded 15.3 mg of methylophiopogonanone A (96.9% purity), 4.1 mg of 6-aldehydo-isoophiopogonone A (98.3% purity) and 13.5 mg of 6-formyl-isoophiopogonanone A (97.3% purity) respectively. The chemical structure of the three homoisoflavonoids are identified by means of ESI-MS and NMR analysis.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis, 1950 (Crustacean: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) revealed a novel rearrangement of tRNA genes

The complete mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequence was determined for a ridgetail white prawn, Exopalaemon carinicauda Holthuis, 1950 (Crustacea: Decopoda: Palaemonidae). The mt genome is 15,730 bp in length, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, which is typical for metazoans. The majority-strand consists of 33.6% A, 23.0% C, 13.4% G, and 30.0% T bases (AT skew = 0.057: GC skew = -0.264). A total of 1045 bp of non-coding nucleotides were observed in 16 intergenic regions,,including a major A+ T rich (79.7%) noncoding region (886 bp). A novel translocation of tRNA(Pro) and tRNA(Thr) was found when comparing this genome with the pancrustacean ground pattern indicating that gene order is not conserved among caridean mitochondria. Furthermore, the rate of Ka/Ks in 13 protein-coding genes between three caridean species is Much less than 1, which indicates a strong Purifying selection within this group. To investigate the phylogenetic relationship within Malacostraca, phylogenetic trees based oil Currently available malacostracan complete mitochondrial sequences were built with the maximum likelihood and Bayesian models. All analyses based oil nucleotide and amino acid data strongly support the monophyly of Decapoda. The Penaeidae, Reptantia, Caridea, and Meiura clades were also recovered as monophyletic groups with Strong Statistical Support. However, the phylogenetic relationships within Pleocyemata are unstable, as represented by the inclusion or exclusion of Caridea. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) reared in North China

Acute peristome edema disease (APED) is a new disease that broke out in cultured sea cucumber along the Shangdong and Liaoning province coasts in China, PR, and has caused a great deal of death in Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) since 2004. Here we report virus-like particles found in intestine epithelium of sea cucumbers reared in North China. It is the first time that sea cucumbers are reported to be infected by virus. Histological examinations showed that the viral inclusion bodies existed in intestine epithelium cells. Electron microscopic examinations show that the virions were spherical, 80-100 nm in diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. Detailed studies on the morphogenesis of these viruses found many characteristics previously described for coronaviruses. Virus particles always congregated, and formed a virus vesicle with an encircling membrane. The most obvious cellular pathologic feature is large granular areas of cytoplasm, relatively devoid of organelles. Tubular structures within virus-containing vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and double-membrane vesicles are also found in the cytopathic cells. No rickettsia, chlamydia, bacteria, or other parasitic organisms were found. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PCR-DGGE analysis of intestinal bacteria and effect of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

In this study, the intestinal microbiota of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was examined by molecular analysis of the 16S rDNA to identify the dominant intestinal bacteria and to investigate the effects of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity. Samples of the intestines of kuruma shrimp fed normal feed and Bacillus spp. amended feed. PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses were then performed on DNA extracted directly from the guts. Population fingerprints of the predominant organisms were generated by DGGE analysis of the universal V3 16S rDNA amplicons, and distinct bands in the gels were sequenced. The results suggested that the gut of kuruma shrimp was dominated by Vibrio sp. and uncultured gamma proteobacterium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PCR-DGGE is a possible method of studying the intestinal microbial diversity of shrimp.

沿阶草族的染色体研究及系统学问题的探讨

本论文对沿阶草族Ophiopogoneae(Endl.)Kunth的研究历史作了回顾，从染色体、形态学和解剖学角度对此族作了研究，并作了数值分类和分支 系统学分析的尝试，在此基础上探讨了这个族的系统学问题． 1)本论文对此族三属37种123居群的染色体数目、基数及核型不对称性作了研究，其中19种的染色体为首次报道．它们是：P．macrostegiaHance， P.yunnanensis Wang et Tang，P.ophiopogonoides Wang et Tang,O. sarmentosus Wang et Dai,O.tienensis Wang et Tang, O.sylvicola Wang et Tang, O.fooningensis Wang et Dai, O.mairei L6vl.，O.szechuanensis Wang et Tang, O.angustiatus (Wang et Tang) S.C.Chen, O.amblyphyllus Wang et Dai,O.clavatus Wright ex Oliver,O.clivioidesD.M.Zhang et Hong, O.longiscaposus D.M.Zhang et Hong,O.umbraticola Hance,O.fuiD.M.Zhang ntHong,O.zingiberaceus Wang et Dai,O.gangxiensisd.M.Zhang et Hong,O. lo fouense L6vl. 2)在此族中首次报道了2n = 2x = 34的异基数二倍体，同时在O.umbraticola，O.japonicus,O.cLarkei中报道了2n=68的异基数二倍体，过核型和减数分裂等证明异基数是在二倍体水平上形成，并发展成倍性系列的． 3)在此族中首次报道了B染色体的存在，已确证了两种(P.macrostegia和D.tienensis)．一种尚需进一步确证(O.Larkei)． 4)通过对随体位置的系统研究，发现在此族中随体位置具有分类价值． 5)通过对8个种内多倍体、4个多倍体种的研究，表明多倍体分布于较北、海拔较高的地方，而亚洲热带地区的种，则无多倍体，同时在具异基数种类和核型较不对称种类上亦有这种分布特征;在确定了分布的多度中心的基础上，提出喜马拉雅_横断山脉到川西、川南一带是沿阶草属和山麦冬属的近代分化中心． 6)通过染色体结构和数目几个角度的研究，表明球子草属与其他两属在。染色体水平上已发生很大分化，但其属内的分化则不表现在染色体上．其他二属内部则有基数、倍性和核型不对称方面的分化．综观此族，染色体具有由核 型对称向不对称、由二倍体向多倍体、由种内多倍体向多倍体种，由单一基数向种内异基数几个方向进化的趋势． 7)通过对此族的形态观察和分析，提出茎或根状茎分枝方式是属下分类的重要依据;认为本族植物的花序是由圆锥花序简化而来，但残留着圆锥花序特征;并提出了本族花、茎、叶、根几个方面的形态演化趋势． 8)通过对此族二属21种的子房解剖，发现三属均有半下位子房，因而认为子房半下位作为分属检索性状是不合适的．此外还观察到子房着生位置在种内亦有变异，对这种变异的意义进行了探讨． 9)通过此族三属46种2变种的数值分类处理，表明本族由球子草群和沿阶草一山麦冬群两大类群组成，山麦冬属仅是与沿阶草属一个组（葶花组）并列的分类单元，其内部分化较小，而沿阶草属则较大． 10)通过46个性状计算了山麦冬属和沿阶草属共6个广布的“群内总体相 似度”(IOS)，表明山麦冬属3个种种内个体之间、种间个体之间的分化很小，且可能有杂交现象，结合染色体资料和分布特征，认为这个属的发生是个相当晚近的事件． 11)本文从形态和染色体角度，认为沿阶草族是一个自然类群;由分支系 统学分析表明，此族由二个单系类群（球子草属和沿阶草属）组成，沿阶草属含两个单系的组，其中各含3个系，山麦冬属为其中一个系．这一结果与数值 分类结果和染色体资料相符． 12)为避免单一分类方法可能导致的不合理结果，本文以自拟的一种综合分类方法，把谱系、进化、分化诸因素均予考虑，得出一个三维图象，以图象 上相对等径的球作为分类依据，得出的结果与分支系统学和数值分类结果基本一致．因此，山麦冬属作为与沿阶草属等阶的分类地位，应予重新考虑． 13）本文最后对这个族的全面修订提出几点建议. 14）此外，本文还描述了沿阶草属4个新种.

植物对光环境的适应性研究—富贵草对模拟光斑的光合响应——银衫对不同光环境的适应性——大叶黄杨叶片内部光能利用梯度

本文研究了富贵草对模拟光斑的光合响应、银杉对光的适应性以及大叶黄杨叶片内部光能利用梯度三个方面的问题。 1)研制了用于林内光环境调查和研究的光量子计组件。 关键词：光量子计，A/D板 2)以亚热带常绿阔叶林下一种常见的灌木富贵草为研究对象，利用气体交换和叶绿素荧光技术研究了其对模拟光斑的光合响应。在同样辐射通量（非光抑制）的情况下，光合诱导过程中光斑可以提高富贵草对光斑的利用能力（光斑诱导的碳同化量可高出对照48%）。叶绿素荧光测量结果表明：1）光斑与光斑之间的暗期发生了qN弛豫过程;2）暗期之后的光期光化学能量转换效率提高。强光光斑簇可以诱导富贵草光抑制的产生，但程度较连续光低。 关键词：模拟光斑， 叶绿素荧光， 光诱导过程 3)用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和77K低温荧光发射光谱技术来研究快速诱导组分发生的时间内光斑所导致NPQ (qN)降低的生理原因。在非光抑制条件下，光斑造成的NPQ (qN)降低的生理原因包括叶黄素循环的变化及LHCIIs聚集态的变化;此外低温荧光数据还显示光斑导致的PSII/PSI荧光产量比率要高于连续光，说明光斑导致植物对于光的利用增加。以上结果说明模拟光斑诱导了富贵草内囊体膜较低水平的能态。 关键词：模拟光斑，叶黄素，聚集态 4)用气体交换等技术测定了部分银杉幼树的生理生态指标，用鱼眼镜头测定了所测叶片的林冠开度(OP)。研究了沿林冠开度梯度的银杉幼树对光的适应性。银杉幼树在林窗边缘表现出较好的适应性，包括高的ISG（综合地上部分茎生长），高的HG（当年生树高生长速率），较高的LMA（单位叶片面积干物质重），较高的Pns（单位叶片干物质水平的净光合速率），高的单位叶片的碳同化速率，较高的截获光的单位叶片的叶面积等等，可以初步确定银杉属于Gap树种：在所测定的范围内（0. 00139%-0. 0109%）TN（土壤总氮量）明显不如OP对银杉幼树生长的影响大;综合的生态可塑性指标必须考虑具体的实验地情况、选取合适的形态学和生理学的因子、并结合多个相似生长环境下的树种来进行考虑。 关键词：林冠开度，生理生态指标，生态可塑性 5)分析了湖南八面山的银杉的某些光合特性，并比较了极郁闭（ OP<4%）情况下银杉当年生叶片与大树顶端枝条(OP>30%)当年生叶片之间光合特性上的差异。极郁闭情况下银杉叶片生长出现黄化现象，但银杉幼苗又不耐强光。银杉幼苗一天的光合动态变化表明，银杉最大光合速率在早晨8:00左右，当光照超过光饱和点时，净光合速率迅速下降，其后略有回升，呈不太典型的双峰模式。气孔关闭与净光合速率的下降有密切的关系。早晨8:00到11:00间叶黄素循环运转，对光合系统起到一定保护作用。 关键词： 银杉，色素分析，光合作用 6)采用一种新方法来测量大叶黄杨叶片内部的绝对光能利用效率梯度的曲线。该方法基于光声光谱的深度分析(Depth-Analysis)理论，并结合了光纤微探测器的叶片光梯度测量结果。日本小檗(Berberis thunbergii DC.)叶片的光声光谱扫描显示了深度分析的精确性。实验结果表明：叶片内部利用光能效率最低处在栅栏组织和海棉组织之间（入射光能的0.026%-660nm红光）;越靠近叶片的上表皮和下表皮，趋势显示叶片组织利用光能效率有上升的趋势(分别为0.092%，0.036%)。因此，不同叶肉组织绝对光能利用效率是不同的，该实验结果直接证实了Han &Vogelmann 1999b所提出的假设。 关键词： PA深度分析 叶片内部的光梯度 光化学损失 光吸收梯度

外来入侵种紫茎泽兰竞争策略与扩散动态

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.）作为重要的外来入侵种之一，已严重破坏了入侵地生态系统的结构与功能，同时使当地农林业生产蒙受巨大的损失。因此，明确紫茎泽兰的竞争策略与扩散潜力，对制定合理的控制措施具有重要意义。 土壤氮素增加常常有助于外来种的入侵，那么降氮能否抵制入侵呢？向土壤中添加碳素，增强微生物对氮素的吸收，从而降低土壤中可被植物吸收的氮素是目前常用的降氮方法。为检验这一假说对入侵种紫茎泽兰的适用性，选取入侵种紫茎泽兰和本地种禾本科雀麦（Bromus japonicus）、菊科鱼眼草（Dichrocephala integrifolia），分别单栽或与紫茎泽兰混栽，向各植物组合中添加碳素（按1650克有机质/平方米计）或氮素（按30克氮素/平方米计），并设立对照进行盆栽实验。在碳素添加条件下，紫茎泽兰地上与地下生物量分别比对照降低了71.9% 和 74.9%，而本地种的生物量却没有受到显著影响。同时，碳素添加导致紫茎泽兰对本地种的竞争强度（RII）明显下降。氮素添加则减弱或逆转了上述碳素的作用。因此，向土壤中添加碳素有助于抵抗氮沉降对外来种入侵的促进作用，特别对抵御那些与氮素有亲和力的入侵种更为有效。在不同氮素条件下，紫茎泽兰对本地种竞争中，资源竞争强度均明显大于化感作用。尽管在紫茎泽兰发育早期化感作用较小，但是，碳素添加使紫茎泽兰可利用氮素减少，激发了化感作用在竞争中占有更大的比例，说明资源竞争与化感是相互结合、共同发挥作用的。 去叶作为模拟采食方法之一，至少可以通过两种方式影响植物竞争。一是去叶对目标种生长产生负面影响，二是邻种去叶有利于目标种生长，进而改变种间竞争关系。基于以上假定，对紫茎泽兰与相邻本地种分别单栽、同种合栽和异种混栽，进行去叶处理。结果恰与假定相悖：在整个生长季内，去叶增加目标株生物量的1.0 – 198.9%。对于入侵种而言，当邻居本地种去叶时，紫茎泽兰能完全弥补竞争产生的负面效应，即它与未去叶的单栽紫茎泽兰生长无显著差异;而紫茎泽兰去叶降低了相邻本地种的生长，加剧了原本由于竞争给对本地种带来的负面影响。因此，去叶效应与邻种的存在与否及邻种的类型均有关。在应用生物控制对目标株采食时，特别是在没有造成严重伤害或致死情况下，可以使本来具有竞争优势的入侵种变得更具强势。竞争与去叶之间存在复杂的相互作用，采食带来的间接效应可能比预想的更为复杂。因此，在生物控制措施实施之前，充分地估计生物控制的间接作用至关重要。 为检验反应—扩散模型（reaction–diffusion model）能否正确模拟紫茎泽兰小尺度扩散速率，本研究调查了四川攀枝花山区5个不同的生境的紫茎泽兰群落。对各样地内紫茎泽兰定位和年龄确定，基于克里金插值法做出其入侵格局的等年线图，通过等年线之间的垂直距离即可得到紫茎泽兰扩散速率的经验值。同时，计算内禀增长率和扩散系数，根据模型计算得到扩散速率的预测值。结果表明：紫茎泽兰扩散速率经验值明显小于模型预测值。因此，尽管反应—扩散模型已在大尺度扩散预测方面得到广泛的应用和验证，但在小尺度上，由于没有借助于复杂的生活史模型和分层模型，单凭反应—扩散模型不足以得到准确的预测。另外，在没有遭受干扰的生境中，可以发现紫茎泽兰扩散早期存在明显的时滞期。倘若这种时滞效应在入侵扩散中是频繁发生的，那么在判定物种是否具有入侵性时，很可能由于物种处于时滞期而被误认为非入侵种。 基于紫茎泽兰入侵至中国60年来所收集到的441已知分布记录和23个环境变量，采用GARP模型对其潜在分布范围做出了预测，并通过Kappa和ROC（receiver–operator characteristic）对预测结果进行检验。结果表明紫茎泽兰目前分布以云贵高原为主体，逐渐向四川盆地东部、山东半岛、东南沿海、台湾沿海以及海南岛等地扩散。冷季降水量、年极端低温和年均最高温对分布影响较大。RDA（Redundancy Analysis）分析结果显示温度和降水是限制紫茎泽兰扩散的重要因素。在过去的20年里，紫茎泽兰已经从温度较高、天气波动较小的亚热带气候逐渐向气候温凉、降水减少的高海拔地区扩散。紫茎泽兰可以适应相对较宽的温度和降水梯度，年均温度在10—22 ˚C，年降水量在800—2000 mm区间均有分布。本研究结果为发展早期预警工作、防止紫茎泽兰在中国进一步入侵提供了科学依据。

Phylogenetic relationships of 12 Penaeoidea shrimp species deduced from mitochondrial DNA sequences

DNA sequences of an 847 bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and a 514 bp fragment of 16s rRNA gene were determined to examine the phylogenetic relationships of 12 Penaeoidea shrimp species (Penaeus chinensis, Penaeus japon

中国东部武夷山风景区苔藓中的缓步动物

记述了采自中国东部福建省武夷山风景区苔藓中的缓步动物11种,包括:日本棘影熊虫Echiniscus japonicus Morikawa,1951中国东部新纪录种;结痂棘影熊虫Echiniscus scabrospinesus Fontoura,1982中国东部新纪录种;华美假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,1951中国东部新纪录种;迟缓小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum(Doyère,1840);埃卡门大生熊虫Macrobiotus ari

中国神农架国家森林公园苔藓中的缓步动物

记述了采自湖北省西部神农架国家森林公园苔藓中的缓步动物12种,包括:日本棘影熊虫Echiniscus japonicus Morikawa,1951;双粒棘影熊虫Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters,1907中国新纪录种;华美假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,1951;于猪假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus suillus(Ehrenberg,1853);迟缓小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum(Doyère,

原位杂交研究对虾白斑杆状病毒在虾体内感染过程

应用地高辛标记的对虾白斑杆状病毒 (whitespotsyndromebaculovirus,WSSV)核酸探针 ,与人工感染后不同时间采集的对虾组织样品进行原位杂交 ,以动态研究病毒从侵染至对虾发病死亡的过程。将典型感染WSSV的病虾组织投喂健康对虾 ,结果显示 :WSSV首先通过侵染消化道上皮进入虾体内增殖 ,此后随着细胞裂解、病毒粒子释放 ,游离的病毒粒子伴随血淋巴循环进而侵染其它靶组织 ,直至对虾发病死亡。

罗氏沼虾卵子在授精时的变化(英文)

<正> The freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is of great economic importance in many coun-tries. It's farmed production is recorded globally. We examine the fertilization cytology in the hope that theymay serve to augment the previous reports

粘孢子纲新科的代表——安永七囊虫SEPTEMCAPSULA YASUNAGAI,新属新种

<正> 日本国安永统男先生(Norio Yasunaga, 1981)报道在日本长崎五岛一些养殖场饲养的花鲈 Lateolabrax japonicus发生一种粘孢子虫病,引起严重死亡。他从病鱼脑腔里找到这种病原体的孢囊标本,赠给作者两块,以研究它的形态结构和分类问题。通过对标本的详细观察、研究,认为这种粘孢子虫的孢子,形态结构比较特殊,不仅足以作为独立的属,而且是一新科的代表。

Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Penaeidae (Crustacea : Decapoda) revealed by mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences

The phylogenetic relationships within the family Penaeidae are examined based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of 30 species from 20 genera. The analysis generally supports the three- tribe scheme proposed by Burkenroad ( 1983) but it is not consistent with the five- group classification of Kubo ( 1949). Three clades are resolved: ( Penaeus sensu stricto + Fenneropenaeus + Litopenaeus + Farfantepenaeus + Marsupenaeus + Melicertus + Funchalia + Heteropenaeus), ( Metapenaeus + Parapenaeopsis + Xiphopenaeus + Rimapenaeus + Megokris + Trachysalambria) and ( Metapenaeopsis + Penaeopsis + Parapenaeus), corresponding to the Penaeini, Trachypenaeini and Parapenaeini respectively, while the affinities of Atypopenaeus and Trachypenaeopsis are obscure. The molecular data support that Miyadiella represents the juvenile stage of Atypopenaeus. Within the Trachypenaeini, Trachypenaeus sensu lato is clearly paraphyletic, while the monophyly of Penaeus sensu lato in the Penaeini is questionable.