153 resultados para Nucleotide Exchange
Resumo:
依据线粒体上ND2和CO1两个变异较大的基因序列分析了香港地区香港湍蛙7种群、华南湍蛙1种群,以及大陆其他地区华南湍蛙7种群,戴云湍蛙1种群,武夷湍蛙1种群的系统发育关系,进而探讨香港湍蛙的遗传多样性、香港湍蛙特有性、如何确定香港湍蛙最佳保护单元以及这四种湍蛙的物种分类地位。
1. 香港湍蛙保护遗传学研究
香港湍蛙核苷酸传多样性较低,从其遗传多样性信息、单倍型网络分析、中性检验值以及岐点分布结果一致显示香港湍蛙很可能经历了瓶颈后的扩张,种群正在由一个较小的有效种群大小迅速增长, 有足够的时间通过变异用于积累单倍型的多态性, 而对于提高核苷酸多样化而言, 时间尚短(Nei M et al,1975,Avise J C,2000;李明等,2003)。
分子变异分析结果显示香港湍蛙种群间存在较多的基因交流,且系统发育树上各种群间交叉在一起,没有形成与地理单元相关的分支,而从其单倍型网络看,他们源于共同的祖先,是一个单系群,与地理单元间没有形成显著的遗传分化。因此应作为一个进化显著单元(ESU)。结合其与其他湍蛙发育关系及遗传距离以及野外采集信息认为香港湍蛙只在香港地区有分布,属于香港特有种。该物种内遗传多样性较低,又属于世界自然保护联盟红皮书中的近危种,同时也是《野生动物保护条例》中的受保护野生动物,且由于香港城市建设等使得其栖息环境受到威胁,因此在香港特别行政区应该受到重点保护。
从单倍型分布和核苷酸多样性可以看出大榄涌种群和城门种群具有较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性,应该作为保护的重点区域。
2. 华南湍蛙东、南沿海种群间系统关系
华南湍蛙分布广,各种群存在着丰富的遗传多样性信息且中部种群广西龙胜和湖南张家界种群核苷酸多样性明显高于其他边缘种群华南湍蛙。种群间几乎没有基因交流,且各种群间无共享单倍型,可见已形成了显著的遗传分化。各种群间遗传距离都较远,其中广东南昆山种群以及福建三港种群与其他种群距离最远,因此可以推测其他种群(广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西龙胜和防城以及湖南张家界种群)可能为独立进化的种群。但是否是一新种或一隐存种,还需要结合形态学进行更深入的研究。
本研究中无论从系统关系看还是从遗传距离看,大屿山种群与深圳种群最近,支持陈坚峰等将其定为华南湍蛙,即华南湍蛙新增一个分布点:香港大屿山。
系统树上广西防城种群(支B)与龙胜和湖南种群(支A)形成姐妹群。香港大屿山种群与深圳种群先形成姐妹群(支C),但却没有与其距离很近的广东南岭及南昆山种群(支D)形成姐妹群,可能粤北和粤中的环境及气候较复杂因此与粤南其他种群形成了明显的隔离。同时可以看出华南湍蛙种群遗传分化与地理距离没有显著的相关性。
3. 四种湍蛙间的系统关系
根据线粒体CO1基因建立四种湍蛙间的系统关系及其遗传距离,很清楚地看到,香港湍蛙与戴云湍蛙关系很近,而华南湍蛙则与武夷湍蛙较近。然而,戴云湍蛙同一个种群内部共有两个单倍型DY1和DY2,且两个单倍型间遗传距离大于DY1与香港湍蛙间遗传距离,更远远大于香港湍蛙种群内部的距离,即戴云湍蛙内部两个单倍型间遗传距离达到了种级水平,同样在系统发育树上这两个单倍型与香港湍蛙形成并系。但是,戴云湍蛙种内在形态上差异不显著。因此,其是否属于萌芽物种分化形成(budding speciation)或已经完全分化为两个不同的种值得进一步研究?
与戴云湍蛙香港湍蛙关系类似,从系统树上看华南湍蛙不形成单系,而是分成两个大支,与武夷湍蛙形成并系,且福建和南昆山的华南湍蛙与武夷湍蛙遗传距离远大于武夷湍蛙种内福建种群与浙江种群的遗传距离,达到了种级分化水平。由此,可以推断武夷湍蛙是有效种。系统树上广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西防城和龙胜以及湖南张家界种群与华南湍蛙福建及南昆山各种群间遗传距离已超出了种内各种群间的遗传距离,但是至于这一支是否应为另外一个种,有必要扩大采样,并结合核基因及形态信息进行进一步研究。
MtDNA of ND2 and CO1 gene were used to investigate genetic diversity of Amolops in Hongkong .We collected seven populations of A. hongkongensis,,one population of A.ricketti from Hong Kong and other seven populations of A.ricketti from East and South of Chinese mainland. As well as one population of A. daiyunensis and one population of A.wuyiensis Phylogenetic relationship were analyzed of four species. Discussed whether A.hongkongensis is an endemic species and how can we make the conservation and management decisions.
1. Conservation Genetics of A. hongkongensis
A. hongkongensis has a low nucleotide diversity, the results of genetic diversity, haplotype network, neutrality test and the mismatch distributions indicate that A. hongkongensis experienced a recent expansion after a bottle neck. They had enough time to accumulated haplotype diversity, but it’s too short to have a high nucleotide diversity(Nei M et al,1975,Avise J C,2000;Li et al,2003).
The result of AMOVA reveals that it has much gene exchange among the populations of A. hongkongensis. The clades of the phylogenetic tree were mixed together, no significant genetic differentiation among 8 populations and they share the same ancestor from the network analysis, these indicate that they are monophyly and should be protected as one ESU. Combined with the information of relationships of interspecies, genetic distance and distribution investigate, We conclude that A. hongkongensis is an endemic species of Hong Kong. Considering on the status of low genetic diversity in A.hongkongensis, and this species was listed in the IUCN red list as near threatened, as well as listed in the
Resumo:
A formalism based on a chiral quark model (chi QM) approach complemented with a one-gluon-exchange model, to take into account the breakdown of the SU(6)circle times O(3) symmetry, is presented. The configuration mixing of wave functions for nucleon and resonances are derived. With few adjustable parameters, differential cross-section and polarized-beam asymmetry for the gamma p -> eta p process are calculated and successfully compared with the data in the center-of-mass energy range from threshold to 2 GeV. The known resonances S-11(1535), S-11(1650), P-13(1720), D-13(1520), and F-15(1680), as well as two new S-11 and D-15 resonances, are found to be dominant in the reaction mechanism. Moreover, connections among the scattering amplitudes of the chi QM approach and the helicity amplitudes, as well as decay widths of resonances, are established. Possible contributions from the so-called missing resonances are investigated and found to be negligible.
Resumo:
We estimate the two-photon exchange corrections to both proton and neutron electromagnetic physical observables in a relativistic light cone quark model At a fixed Q(2) the corrections are found to be small in magnitudes. but strongly dependent oil scattering angle Our results are comparable to those obtained from simple hadronic model in the medium momentum transfer region (C) 2009 Elsevier B V All rights reserved
Resumo:
To improve the cycle life of unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs), an electrode with a composite structure has been developed. The cycle life and polarization curves for both fuel cell and electrolysis modes of URFC operation were investigated. The cycle life of URFCs was improved considerably and the performance was fairly constant during 25 cycles, which illustrates that the composite electrode is effective in sustaining the cyclic performance of URFCs. It shows the URFCs with such an electrode structure are promising for practical applications. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society.
Resumo:
A polymer-based monolithic capillary column imprinted with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was prepared by a thermally-initiated polymerization process; and its performance as a capillary electrochromatographic medium was evaluated in separating 4-AP and 2-AP isomers. The effects of experimental parameters, such as pH value and ionic strength of the buffer, the acetonitrile content in the mobile phase, and the applied voltage, on the resolution of these isomers had been carefully investigated. It was found that in the retention process there were interplays of multiple mechanisms of ion-exchange, molecular imprinting, and electrophoresis. These mechanisms allowed more sophisticated control of experimental parameters in the separation of ionizable compounds.
Resumo:
Accurate and fast genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is important in the human genome project. Here an automated fluorescent method that can rapidly and accurately genotype multiplex known SNPs was developed by using a homemade kit, which has lower cost but higher resolution than commercial kit. With this method, oncogene K-ras was investigated, four known SNPs of K-ras gene exon 1 in 31 coloerctal cancer patients were detected. Results indicate that mutations were present in 8(26%) of 31 patients, and most mutations were localized in codon 12. The presence of these mutations is thought to be a critical step and plays an important role in human colorectal carcinogenesisas. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The mixed mode of reversed phase (RP) and strong canon-exchange (SCX) capillary electrochromatography (CEC) based on a monolithic capillary column has been developed. The capillary monolithic column was prepared by in situ copolymerization of 2-(sulfooxy)ethyl methacrylate (SEMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of porogens. The sulfate group provided by the monomer SEMA on the monolithic bed is used for the generation of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) from the anode to the cathode, but at the same time serves as a SCX stationary phase. A mixed-mode (RP/SCX) mechanism for separation of peptides was observed in the monolithic column, comprising hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction as well as electrophoretic migration at a low pH value of mobile phase. A column efficiency of more than 280000 plates/m for the unretained compound has been obtained on the prepared monoliths. The relative standard deviations observed for to and retention factors of peptides were about 0.32% and less than 0.71% for ten consecutive runs, respectively. Effects of mobile phase compositions on the EOF of the monolithic column and on the separation of peptides were investigated. The selectivity on separation of peptides in the monolithic capillary column could be easily manipulated by varying the mobile phase composition.
Resumo:
A pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) instrument with solvent gradient capability has been used for the separation of a peptide mixture. Retention mechanism and selectivity of the peptides were studied by pCEC using a strong cation exchange (SCX) column. The effects of applied voltage, supplementary pressure, organic modifier concentration, ionic strength,, and pH value on pCEC separation were investigated. It was found that the retention mechanism of the peptides in this system is based on a mixed mode of hydrophilic interaction, strong cation exchange, and electrophoresis. Compared with the separation results obtained by reverse phase pCEC and capillary electrophoresis (CE), this mixed-mode pCEC is more powerful for the separation of hydrophilic peptides with similar charge-to-mass ratio.
Resumo:
This work represents the nucleotide sequence of the core histone gene cluster from scallop Chlamys farreri. The tandemly repeated unit of 5671 bp containing a copy of the four core histone genes H4, H2B, H2A and H3 was amplified and identified by the techniques of homology cloning and genomic DNA walking. All the histone genes in the cluster had the structures in their 3' flanking region which related to the evolution of histone gene expression patterns throughout the cell cycle, including two different termination signals, the hairpin structure and at least one AATAAA polyadenylation signal. In their 5' region, the transcription initiation sites with a conserved sequence of 5'-PyATTCPu-3' known as the CAP site were present in all genes except to H2B, generally 37-45 bp upstream of the start code. Canonical TATA and CAAT boxes were identified only in certain histone genes. In the case of the promoters of H2B and H2A genes, there was a 5'-GATCC-3' element, which had been found to be essential to start transcription at the appropriate site. After this element, in the promoter of H2B, there was another sequence, 5'-GGATCGAAACGTTC-3', which was similar to the consensus sequence of 5'-GGAATAAACGTATTC-3' corresponding to the H2B-specific promoter element. The presence of enhancer sequences (5'-TGATATATG-3') was identified from the H4 and H3 genes, matching perfectly with the consensus sequence defined for histone genes. There were several slightly more complex repetitive DNA in the intergene regions. The presence of the series of conserved sequences and reiterated sequences was consistent with the view that mollusc histone gene cluster arose by duplicating of an ancestral precursor histone gene, the birth-and-death evolution model with strong purifying selection enabled the histone cluster less variation and more conserved function. Meanwhile, the H2A and the H2B were demonstrated to be potential good marks for phylogenetic analysis. All the results will be contributed to the characterization of repeating histone gene families in molluscs.
Resumo:
A static enclosure method was applied to determine the exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between the surface of Sphagnum peatlands and the atmosphere. Measurements were performed concurrently with dynamic (flow through) enclosure measurements with sulfur-free air used as sweep gas. This latter technique has been used to acquire the majority of available data on the exchange of S gases between the atmosphere and the continental surfaces and has been criticized because it is thought to overestimate the true flux of gases by disrupting natural S gas gradients. DMS emission rates determined by both methods were not statistically different between 4 and >400 nmol m−2 h−1, indicating that previous data on emissions of at least DMS are probably valid. However, the increase in DMS in static enclosures was not linear, indicating the potential for a negative feedback of enclosure DMS concentrations on efflux. The dynamic enclosure method measured positive OCS flux rates (emission) at all sites, while data using static enclosures indicated that OCS was consumed from the atmosphere at these same sites at rates of 3.7 to 55 nmol m−2 h−1. Measurements using both enclosure techniques at a site devoid of vegetation showed that peat was a source of both DMS and OCS. However, the rate of OCS efflux from decomposing peat was more than counterbalanced by OCS consumption by vegetation, including Sphagnum mosses, and net OCS uptake occurred at all sites. We propose that all wetlands are net sinks for OCS.