Effects of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland

The effects of single Cd2+ and Pb2+, and combined Cd2+ and Pb2+ on dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW) were studied. Dehydrogenase activities decreased linearly with the increasing concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ at different times (6, 24, 72, and 120 h). The activities at both 6 and 24 h were significantly higher than that at 72 and 120 h in the case of single and combined treatments. The single Cd2+ and Pb2+ treatments significantly inhibited dehydrogenase activities at concentrations in excess of 20 mu mol/L Cd2+ and 80 mu mol/L Pb2+, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Cd2+ was much greater than that of Pb2+. At the same time, the combined treatment of Cd2+ and Pb2+ Significantly inhibited dehydrogenase activities at all five concentrations studied and the lowest combined concentration was 1.25 mu mol/L Cd2+ and 5 mu mol/L Pb2+. A synergistic effect of Cd2+ and Pb2+ was observed. On the other hand, polysaccharide contents varied unpredictably with the increasing concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ and extended experimental time. There were no significant statistical differences within the range of concentration and time studied, whether singly or in combination. These results implied that the effects of heavy metals on biofilms should be a concern for the operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands.

Genetic diversity of plankton community as depicted by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting and its relation to morphological composition and environmental factors in lake donghu

To collect information about the genetic diversity of the plankton community and to study how plankton respond to environmental conditions, plankton samples were collected from five stations representing different trophic levels in a shallow, eutrophic lake (Lake Donghu), and investigated by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting. A total of 100 bands (61 of 16S rDNA bands and 39 of 18S rDNA bands) were detected. The DGGE bands unique to any single station accounted for 38% of the total bands, whereas common bands detected at all five stations accounted for only 11%. Using UPGMA clustering and MDS ordination of DGGE fingerprints, stations I and II were found to initially group together into one cluster, which was later joined by station V. Stations III and IV were isolated into two separate groups of one station each. Some differences in grouping relationships were found when analysis was completed on the basis of chemical characteristics and morphological composition, with zooplankton composition showing the greatest variability. However, the most similar stations (I and II) were always initially grouped into one cluster. Moreover, stations that exhibited the same or similar trophic level (stations III and IV), but different concentrations of heavy metals, were further differentiated by the DGGE method. Results of the present study indicated that PCR-DGGE fingerprinting was more sensitive than the traditional methods, as other studies suggested. Additionally, PCR-DGGE appears to be more appropriate for diversity characterization of the plankton community, as it is more canonical, systematic, and effective. Most importantly, fingerprinting results are more convenient for the comparative analyses between different studies. Therefore, the use of the described fingerprinting analysis may provide an operable and sensitive biomonitoring approach to identify critical, and potentially negative, stress within an aquatic ecosystem.

Cloning and characterization of a new multi-stress inducible metallothionein gene in Tetrahymena pyriformis

A new multi-stress-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene isoform has been cloned and characterized from the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Both the 5'- and 3'-UT regions of the Tp-MT2 gene are very different from the previously reported Tp-MT1 isoform in this organism and from other described MT genes in Tetrahymena pigmentosa and Tetrahymena thermophila. The putative protein sequence of Tp-MT2 contains cysteine clusters with characteristics of the typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MT genes. However, the sequence has a special feature of four intragenic tandem repeats within its first half, with a conserved structural pattern x(5/8)CCCx(6)CCx(6)CxCxNCxCCK. To investigate the transcriptional activities of both Tp-MT2 and Tp-MT1 genes toward heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn) and H2O2, the mRNA levels of these two isoforms were evaluated by means of real-time quantitative PCR. Results showed that Tp-MT2 had a higher basal expression level than Tp-MT1 and both genes were induced by Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn ions after short exposure (I h), although to different extents. Cd was the most effective metal inducer of both two isoforms, but the relative expression level of Tp-MT2 was much lower than that of Tp-MT1. Different expression patterns were also shown between the two genes when treated with Cd over a period of 24 h. We suggest that TpMT-1 plays the role of a multi-inducible stress gene, while TpMT-2 may have a more specific function in basal metal homeostasis although it may have undergone a functional differentiation process. The putative functional significance and evolutionary mode of the TpMT-2 isoform are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Abatement of waste gases and water during the processes of semiconductor fabrication

The purpose of this article is to examine the methods and equipment for abating waste gases and water produced during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. Three separating methods and equipment are used to control three different groups of electronic wastes. The first group includes arsine and phosphine emitted during the processes of semiconductor materials manufacture. The abatement procedure for this group of pollutants consists of adding iodates, cupric and manganese salts to a multiple shower tower (MST) structure. The second group includes pollutants containing arsenic, phosphorus, HF, HCl, NO2, and SO3 emitted during the manufacture of semiconductor materials and devices. The abatement procedure involves mixing oxidants and bases in an oval column with a separator in the middle. The third group consists of the ions of As, P and heavy metals contained in the waste water. The abatement procedure includes adding CaCO3 and ferric salts in a flocculation-sedimentation compact device equipment. Test results showed that all waste gases and water after the abatement procedures presented in this article passed the discharge standards set by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China.

Species transformation of trace elements and their distribution prediction in dyestuff residue incineration

The release of heavy metals from the combustion of hazardous wastes is an environmental issue of increasing concern. The species transformation characteristics of toxic heavy metals and their distribution are considered to be a complex problem of mechanism. The behavior of hazardous dyestuff residue is investigated in a tubular furnace under the general condition of hazardous waste pyrolysis and gasfication. Data interpretation has been aided by parallel theoretical study based on a thermodynamic equilibrium model based on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization. The results show that Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cr are more enriched in dyestuff residue incineration than other heavy metals (Hg, As, and Se) subjected to volatilization. The thermodynamic model calculation is used for explaining the experiment data at 800 degrees C and analyzing species transformation of heavy metals. These results of species transformation are used to predict the distribution and emission characteristics of trace elements. Although most trace element predictions are validated by the measurements, cautions are in order due to the complexity of incineration systems.

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coatings sampled and surficial sediments collected in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coatings sampled (NSCSs) from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments (SSs) in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the similarities and difference in fractions of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) between NSCSs and SSs using the modified sequential extraction procedure (MSEP). The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fractions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase (76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs) and Fe-oxides phase (20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs). Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase (48.27%) and that in SSs present as residual phase (45.44%). Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions (>48%), and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution pattern implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter (OM), and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.

连山湾河口典型重金属的吸附解吸规律及机制

锦州湾海域自上世纪30年代开始接纳大量的含重金属的废水、废气及废渣的排放，是我国重金属污染最严重的海域之一。湾内五里河河口区域污染尤其严重，生态环境遭到严重破坏，至上世纪90年代开始该区域已成为无底栖生物区。因此对该区域进行重金属污染分析及其迁移规律的研究显得尤为重要。 本文通过对五里河河口区域水体及沉积物中四种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd）的总量分析，采用单因子污染指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法进行评价，发现该区域沉积物四种重金属中Cd污染最重，在河口区域尤其是河口口外海滨潮滩具有严重的潜在生态风险。对河口口外海滨潮滩沉积物中四种重金属的形态分布研究发现Cd的形态分布为离子可交换态＞碳酸盐结合态＞铁锰氧化物结合态＞有机质及硫化物结合态＞残渣态，基本处于活化状态。随后以河口口外海滨潮滩沉积物为基质进行了一系列的模拟实验，研究沉积物中Cd的迁移规律及机制。 以盐度和温度作为环境影响因子进行的静态模拟实验，结果显示：Cd污染沉积物在不同盐度与温度的水体中均能在24h左右达到最大释放量，使水体中Cd的浓度突然升高，造成水体Cd超标。室温条件下，不同盐度水体条件下沉积物中Cd的释放随盐度增加而增大，其中盐度为21.7‰和14.8‰的水体中出现两次释放高峰现象。恒温条件下在盐度相同的水体中，18℃和4℃的中、低温较29℃的高温更有利于沉积物Cd的释放，而温度相同的条件下则是21.7‰盐度的水体更利于沉积物Cd的释放，其次是海水盐度的水体。当外界条件相同时，温度恒定条件下Cd的释放大于室温条件。 从离子角度分析发现水体中的主要阴、阳离子可促进沉积物Cd的释放，其影响程度为Cl-＞Ca2+ > Mg2+> HCO3-＞SO42-≈Na+。 河口沉积物的环境质量、潜在生态风险及重金属的迁移特性分析均显示连山湾五里河河口区域具有很大的环境风险，应引起重视，并采取有效措施对其进行治理。 关键词 河口沉积物，重金属污染，Cd释放，环境风险

重金属污染土壤的自养菌和异养菌淋滤修复研究

本文以冶炼厂和张士灌区土壤为修复对象，以镉、铅、锌、铜为目标污染物，在室内模拟实验条件下，利用自养菌-嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌和异养菌-黑曲霉淋滤技术修复重金属污染土壤。在考察自养菌和异养菌对重金属污染土壤修复效果的基础上，重点研究了溶解性有机质和耐酸性异养菌对淋滤修复的影响和机制，同时筛选确定替代蔗糖黑曲霉发酵产酸的廉价碳源。结果发现： 自养菌-氧化亚铁硫杆菌淋滤修复过程中，筛选鉴定嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸的耐受浓度分别为0.1、0.4、0.4、2.0、20和40 mmol/L，而高效液相色谱测定沈阳冶炼厂土壤和张士灌区土壤中低分子量有机酸浓度很低，其中草酸含量最高，分别仅为0.04mmol/L和0.149mmol/L，远低于氧化亚铁硫杆菌能耐受的有机酸浓度。同时土壤中溶解性有机质对氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2氧化Fe2+未产生抑制作用，而耐酸性异养微生物H1（红酵母菌）和H2（头孢霉）的加入对氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2淋滤去除重金属效果未产生明显促进作用，本研究中分离筛选的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2可直接应用于污染土壤的生物淋滤修复。经过5d的生物淋滤，冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Zn和Cd的最高去除率分别为30.6%、58.4%和72%。 在一步黑曲霉生物淋滤过程中，当固液比5%（w/v）、接种量3%（v/v）和淋滤修复7d时，对冶炼厂土壤来说，Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn去除率分别为75.8%，100%，30.6%和26.1%；张士灌区土壤中分别为54%，71.8%，9.5%，18.7%。在二步黑曲霉生物淋滤过程中，当固液比10%（w/v）、接种量为2%（v/v）和黑曲霉发酵时间7d，淋滤2d时，冶炼厂土壤中四种重金属去除率分别为Cu 84%，Cd 75.5%，Pb30.5%和Zn10%；张士灌区土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别达到57%，94.8%，20.4%和17.5%。 异养菌-黑曲霉淋滤修复重金属污染土壤效果优于有机酸淋滤。与黑曲霉淋滤相比，在直接添加有机酸淋滤修复中，冶炼厂土壤中重金属去除率分别为Cu 46.4%，Cd 61.8%，Pb 30.2%和Zn 43.3%，张士灌区土壤中重金属去除率分别为Cu 44%，Cd 0%，Pb 0%和Zn 26.2%。 淋滤前后土壤中重金属形态分级结果表明，黑曲霉一步和二步淋滤修复能有效去除污染土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态部分重金属，并能显著降低氧化物结合态部分重金属，但对有机态和残余态部分重金属离子去除效果并不明显。 以树木落叶和农作物副产品作为廉价碳源实施黑曲霉淋滤实验表明：杨树叶、桃树叶、土豆皮和玉米芯产酸和去除重金属效果较好。杨树叶对冶炼厂土壤中重金属去除率分别为63.5% Cu、100% Cd、16.8% Pb和Zn 27%；桃树叶去除效果分别为Cu61.8%、Cd100%、14.6%Pb和28.5%Zn；土豆皮去除效果分别为61%Cu、100%Cd、10.6%Pb和34%Zn。这些廉价碳源的利用可降低污染土壤生物淋滤修复成本。 研究生物淋滤修复技术为重金属污染土壤处理与处置开辟了新途径。

沿城乡梯度土壤重金属和线虫群落时空分布研究——以沈阳南部为例

城市化及其生态效应是当前国际上主要研究热点之一。本文通过在沈阳南部沿城乡梯度采集0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm三个层次土壤样品，研究城市化效应对土壤重金属和土壤线虫群落时空分布的影响，探讨了土壤线虫对重金属污染的指示作用。 研究发现，沿城乡梯度土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd全量及有效态含量呈现明显的梯度效应，说明城区比农村重金属污染严重。土壤线虫总数在不同采样时期、不同采样点和不同土层表现出显著差异，沿城乡梯度显著增加，并且随土壤深度的增加而显著减少。土壤线虫属的丰富度、香农-威纳多样性、优势度和均匀度指数也表现出显著的时空差异性。不同取样季节线虫各营养类群表现出极其显著的时间差异。城市土壤处理植物寄生线虫相对多度明显低于郊区和农村土壤处理，而食细菌线虫的相对多度显著高于郊区和农村处理。通过线虫区系分析可以看出，土壤食物网和环境状态沿城乡梯度呈现明显不同的分布格局。 通过对土壤线虫群落分布与有效态重金属分布的相关性研究可知，城市化所造成的土壤重金属污染主要对线虫总数、植物寄生线虫数量以及线虫群落多样性指数产生了显著影响，而对土壤线虫食物网相关指数的影响不显著。以上结果也表明，土壤线虫对城市化带来的重金属污染具有一定的指示作用。

土壤复合污染条件下对二氯苯和重金属吸附行为与生态毒性

环境污染问题实际上是多种污染物共存引起的复合污染。多元体系复合污染条件下的交互作用，特别是有机与无机污染物复合污染，使得污染物在土壤中的环境行为、联合生态毒性效应及其发生机制变得更加复杂、更加不可预测。由于疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）和重金属在理化性质上存在极大差异，致使开展HOCs-重金属复合体系下，污染物的土壤环境行为和毒性效应机制的研究还存在一定的难度，这方面的研究也还不多。 本研究选择了典型的HOCs对二氯苯（1,4-DCB）和土壤中典型有毒重金属元素Cd、Cu为研究对象，着重分析共存污染物的存在对其各自环境吸附行为的影响及其作用规律；并开展了二者复合污染对土壤酶系统、土壤-植物复合生态系统的联合生态毒性效应的研究。 Cd、Cu的存在对1,4-DCB在棕壤和黑土上的吸附产生了竞争抑制作用，增加了其向土壤环境中的释放。其中，Cu的抑制程度高于Cd，老化Cd的抑制程度要高于未老化Cd。而1,4-DCB对Cd、Cu在两种土壤的吸附能力基本没有产生影响，但降低了Cd的解吸滞后性系数，对Cu的解吸影响较小。 1,4-DCB和Cd在土壤中的存在具有一定的生态风险，多数情况下抑制土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性。 二者联合毒性类型表现复杂：低浓度1,4-DCB（50 mg kg-1）和Cd复合污染主要产生协同效应，而高浓度（100 mg kg-1）则产生协同、拮抗以及加和作用，与其浓度组合、土壤持留时间及酶种类有关。因此，用土壤酶活性变化作为指标来定量表征二者复合污染所引起的土壤环境质量变化还存在一定难度。 在土壤-植物复合系统中，不同植物叶片和根系具有不同的对抗污染物氧化胁迫的生理生化机制，各抗氧化剂会协同对抗，表现出不同的氧化损伤效应。1,4-DCB与Cd对植物膜脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶系统的联合毒性效应不仅与其浓度组合有关，还与植物种类以及受试部位有关。二者单一与复合处理均导致大豆叶片和小麦根部MDA含量升高，表明氧化胁迫作用的存在。因此，大豆叶片和小麦根部中MDA含量增加似乎更能反映其受污染物胁迫的程度。 采用多隔层根际箱方法，研究了1,4-DCB与Cd对不同植物根际各毫米级微域土壤酶活性的联合毒性效应。在相同浓度水平下，二者对大豆和小麦根际各级微域土壤酶活性的影响不一致，随根际距离增加，酶活性没有呈现一致的变化趋势。总的来说，二者联合胁迫下，大豆近根际区域（特别是1mm）土壤脲酶活性受到诱导，而小麦中央区域和1、2mm近根际区域土壤脱氢酶活性则被抑制。

Detection of Copper Ion with Laser-Induced Fluorescence in A Capillary Electrophoresis Microchip

A capillary electrophoresis microchip coupled with a confocal laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector was successfully constructed for the analysis of trace amounts of heavy metals in environmental sources. A new fluorescence dye, RBPhOH, synthesized from rhodamine B, was utilized in a glass microchip to selectively determine copper with high sensitivity. A series of factors including running buffer concentration, detection voltage, and sample loading time were optimized for maximum LIF detector response and, hence, method sensitivity.

水菖蒲的化学成分研究和忍冬属植物的色谱分析

本论文由三章组成。第一章阐述了藏药水菖蒲的化学成分研究，共分离鉴定了39个化学成分，其中6个为新化合物。第二章报道了几种忍冬属植物的HPLC、HPLC-MS、GC分析以及抑菌活性、重金属含量测定结果。第三章概述了菖蒲属植物的研究进展。 第一章报道了水菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法，从水菖蒲的根中共分离出41个化合物，通过红外、质谱、核磁共振及X-ray单晶衍射等波谱方法和模拟计算方法鉴定了其中39个化合物的结构，主要为倍半萜、苯丙素、甾体类化合物。其中含有5个新的倍半萜类化合物和1系列新的甾体皂苷衍生物。经波谱分析将它们的结构鉴定为 1b, 7a(H)-cadinane-4a, 6a, 10a-triol (1), (2R,6R,7S,9S)-1(10), 4-cadinadiene-2, 9-diol (2), 1a, 5b-guaiane-10a-O-ethyl-4b, 6b-diol (7), 6b, 7b(H)-cadinane-1a, 4a, 10a-triol (13)，(1R,4R,6S,10R)-1-hydroxy-7(11)-cadinen-5, 8-dione (14)， 4′-O-正n碳酰基-3-O- β-D-葡萄糖基谷甾醇(n=14, 16, 18, 22) (15)。 第二章包括四个部分。第一部分报道了忍冬属三种植物40个样品的HPLC测定和对主要活性成分绿原酸的定量分析结果，以及运用HPLC-MS技术对色谱图中8个峰进行指认。在此基础上，考察了种植和采收多个因素对绿原酸含量的影响。第二部分报道了忍冬属三种植物27个样品的GC分析，根据样品的挥发性成分的保留时间对不同样品进行了定性比较，并考察了花期及海拔高度对植物挥发性成分的影响。第三、四部分分别阐述了灰毡毛忍冬和红腺忍冬的体外抑菌活性研究和重金属含量测定结果。 第三章全面系统地概述了菖蒲属植物的化学成分和药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by three chapters. The first chapter elaborates the phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L. Thirty-nine compounds including six new compounds were isolated and identified. The second chapter reports the research on genus Lonicera by HPLC, HPLC-MS and GC. Antifungal activity and heavy metals measurement of genus Lonicera were reported. The third chapter is a review about the research progress on the plant family of Acorus. The first chapter focuses on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Acorus calamus L.. Forty-one compounds were isolated from the root of Acorus calamus L. by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel, the structure of thirty-nine compounds was identified by spectroscopic methods and computational methods, including IR, MS, NMR and X-ray. Those compounds mainly belonged to sesquiterpene, phenylpropanoid and steroid. Among them, five are new sesquiterpenes and one series are new steroid glycoside derivatives. Their structure were suggested as 1b, 7a(H)-cadinane-4a, 6a, 10a-triol (1), (2R,6R,7S,9S)-1(10), 4-cadinadiene-2, 9-diol (2), 1a, 5b-guaiane-10a-O-ethyl-4b, 6b- diol (7), 6b, 7b(H)-cadinane-1a, 4a, 10a-triol (13), (1R,4R,6S,10R)-1-hydroxy-7(11)- cadinen-5, 8-dione (14), 4′-O-carbonyl-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-sitosterol (carbonyl = tetradecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecyl, docosanoyl) (15). The second chapter consists of four parts. The first part reports the HPLC analysis of forty samples of the genus Lonicera, and the quantitative investigation of chlorogenic acid in these samples by HPLC analysis. Relationship between the content of chlorogenic acid in different samples and their planting conditions and harvesting time were discussed. Furthermore, eight compounds were identified or tentatively characterized based on their mass spectra and UV spectra profiles. The second part is about qualitative analysis of the volatile constituent in twenty-seven samples of genus Lonicera by GC. The effect of planting altitude and harvesting time on the volatile constituent was also investigated. The third and fourth parts describe the antifungal activity and content of some kinds of heavy metals of L. macranthoides Hand.-Mazz. and L. hypoglauca Miq.. The third chaspter is a review about the research progress of the plant family of Acorus.

青杨组(Section Tacamahaca Spach)杨树不同种群对土壤干旱和重金属锰污染的生态生理响应

土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源，世界面临的粮食、资源和环境问题与土壤密切相关，目前危害土壤的主要因素是干旱和重金属污染。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性，本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物，采用植物生态、生理及生物化学等方法，研究杨树对土壤干旱和锰胁迫的生态生理反应以及种群间差异，研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据，也为恢复与重建重金属污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下： 1. 青海杨不同种群对干旱胁迫的响应差异 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个青海杨种群（干旱种群和湿润种群）生物量积累，包括株高、基径、干物质积累等，通过植物结构的调整，有更多的生物量向根部分配。干旱胁迫还显著降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量，增加了游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸含量。另一方面，干旱胁迫诱导了活性氧的积累，作为第二信使，激活了抗氧化系统，包括抗坏血酸（ASA）含量和酶系统如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX），抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）。这样，杨树既有避旱机制又有耐旱机制，使其在干旱胁迫下有相当程度的可塑性。与湿润种群相比，干旱种群杨树有更多的生物量分配到根部，积累了更多的游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸来进行渗透调节，并且有更有效的抗氧化系统，包括更高含量的ASA 和更高活性的APX 和GR，这些使得干旱种群杨树比湿润种群杨树对干旱有更好的耐性。 2. 喷施硝普钠（SNP）对青海杨阿坝种群干旱胁迫耐性的影响 干旱胁迫显著的降低了青海杨阿坝种群的生长和生物量积累以及叶片相对含水量，还诱导了脯氨酸的合成以进行渗透调节。干旱胁迫下过氧化氢（H2O2）显著累积从而造成对膜脂和蛋白的伤害，使得丙二醛和蛋白羰基含量升高。干旱胁迫下喷施SNP可以减轻干旱胁迫造成的伤害，包括增加叶片的相对含水量，增加脯氨酸和总氨基酸的积累，并激活抗氧化酶系统如SOD，GPX和APX，从而减少丙二醛（MDA）和蛋白羰基（C＝O）的积累，但是在水分良好情况下SNP的效果不显著。 3. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生长与形态响应差异 在同一锰浓度下，干旱种群的耐性指数都要高于湿润种群，这表明青杨对干旱和高锰胁迫具有交叉耐性。两个种群的株高，生物量和叶绿素含量都随锰浓度的升高而逐渐下降。就累积浓度而言，0 和0.1 mM 锰胁迫下，干旱种群积累的锰浓度要高于湿润种群，而在高浓度锰胁迫下(0.5 和1 mM)，湿润种群要高于干旱种群。在0，0.1 和0.5 mM下，锰大多积累在根中，叶片次之，茎中最少。而在1 mM，锰更多的积累在叶片中。就累积总量而言，在各个锰浓度胁迫下，根，茎和叶相比，两个种群青杨都是叶片累积的锰总量要高于根和茎。两个种群间比较，对照中没有显著区别，0.1 mM 锰胁迫下，湿润种群根中累积的锰要高于干旱种群，而在地上部中，干旱种群要高于湿润种群。而0.5 和1 mM 锰胁迫下，根、叶、茎+叶、根+茎+叶中，锰累积总量都是湿润种群高于干旱种群。锰胁迫下，青杨叶片数和叶面积包括总叶面积和平均叶面积都显著降低。叶片横切面的光学显微观察结果表明未经锰胁迫的栅栏组织的细胞饱满，海绵组织发达、清晰；胁迫后杨树叶片栅栏组织细胞出现不同程度的皱缩，海绵组织几乎不可见，此外还发现输导组织在胁迫下密度变小和分生组织严重割裂等现象。 4. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生理与生化响应差异 青杨两个种群脱落酸（ABA）含量在锰胁迫下都显著增加，干旱种群的增幅更大。三种多胺含量在锰胁迫下显示了不同的响应趋势：腐胺在两个种群的各个锰处理下都增加，亚精胺只在干旱种群中显著增加，而精胺除了干旱种群在1 mM 下有所增加外，在锰胁迫下变化很小。谷胱甘肽含量随锰浓度升高而增加，在0.5 mM 锰时达到最高值，1mM 时有所下降。植物络合素（PCs）含量与非蛋白巯基（NP-SH）趋势相似，随锰浓度的升高而增加，且干旱种群中含量要高于湿润种群。锰处理还引起氧化胁迫，表现为过氧化氢和丙二醛含量增加。SOD 活性在湿润种群中，在0 到0.5 mM 锰胁迫下活性升高，但在1 mM 锰胁迫时，其活性有所下降。而在干旱种群中，SOD 活性变化较小，并始终维持在一个较高的水平。APX 活性在两个种群中都随锰浓度的升高而增加，干旱种群活性要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还显著增加了酚类物质的含量，同时GPX 和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性也随锰浓度的升高而增加。干旱种群的酚类含量和GPX 与PPO 活性都要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还改变了氨基酸的含量和构成，根据锰胁迫下浓度变化的不同，可以将游离氨基酸分为三组：第一组包括，谷氨酸，丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸，这一组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下有所下降。第二组包括缬氨酸，亮氨酸和苏氨酸含量在锰胁迫下基本不变化或变化很小。剩下的氨基酸为第三组，这组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下显著增加，而根据增加的幅度又可以将它们分为两个亚组，丝氨酸，酪氨酸，苯丙氨酸，组氨酸和脯氨酸，在1 mM 下的含量是对照的4 倍以上。异亮氨酸，赖氨酸，精氨酸和甘氨酸含量在1 mM 下是对照含量的2 倍以下。同时，同一锰浓度下，干旱种群比湿润种群积累的氨基酸含量要高。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource foragriculture development. Food and environmental problems facing the world are all closelyrelated to soil and nowadays it is threatened by many factors, among which drought stress andheavy metal pollution are the most serious ones. Poplars (Populus spp.) are importantcomponents of ecosystem and suitable as a source of fuel, fiber and lumber due to their fastgrowth. In this study, different populations of Section Tacamahaca spach were used as modelplants to investigate the adaptability to drought stress and manganese toxicity and differencesbetween populations from dry and wet climate regions. Our results can provide theoreticalevidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas,and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystemscontaminated by heavy metals. The results are as follows: 1. Differences in ecophysiological responses to drought stress in two contrastingpopulations of Populus przewalskii Drought stress not only significantly affected dry mass accumulation and allocation, butalso significantly decreased chlorophyll pigment contents and accumulated free proline andtotal amino acids. On the other hand, drought also significantly increased the levels ofabscisic acid and reactive oxygen species, as secondary messengers, to induce the entire set ofantioxidative systems including the increase of reduced ascorbic acid content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioneredutase. Thus the combination of drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms conferredpoplar a high degree of plasticity in response to drought stress. Compared with the wetclimate population, the dry climate population showed lower dry matter accumulation andallocated more biomass to root systems, and accumulated more free proline and total aminoacids for osmotic adjustment. The dry climate population also showed more efficientantioxidant systems with higher content of ascorbic acid and higher activities of ascorbateperoxidase and glutathione redutase than the wet climate population. All these made the dryclimate population superior in adaptation to drought stress than the wet climate population. 2. Effect of exogenous applied SNP on drought tolerance in Populus przewalskii Drought stress significantly increased hydrogen peroxide content and caused oxidativestress to lipids and proteins assessed by the increase in malondialdehyde and total carbonylcontents, respectively. The cuttings of P. przewalskii accumulated proline and other aminoacids for osmotic adjustment to lower water potential, and activated the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase to maintain thebalance of generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, exogenous SNPapplication significantly heightened the growth performance of P. przewalskii cuttings underdrought treatment by promotion of proline accumulation and activation of antioxidant enzymeactivities, while under well-watered treatment the effect of SNP application was very little. 3. Morphological responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrasting populations ofPopulus cathayana High concentration of manganese caused significant decrease in shoot height andbiomass accumulation. The tolerance index of the dry climate population was significantlyhigher than that of the wet climate population, suggesting the superior Mn tolerance in theformer and the existence of cross-tolerance of drought stress and high Mn toxicity. Injuries tothe leaf anatomical features were also found as the reduced thickness in palisade and spongyparenchyma, the decreased density in the conducting tissue and the collapse and split in themeristematic tissue in the central vein. As for the Mn concentrations in the plant tissues, under0, 0.1 and 0.5 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the roots, then leaves, and stem the least, while under 1 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the leaves. As far as the total amounts ofMn extraction are concerned, the leaf extracted more Mn than the root and stem in the twopopulations under various Mn concentrations. There is no difference between the twopopulations under control. Under 0.1 mM, the wet climate population extracted higher Mn inthe root than the dry climate population, while in the shoot, the dry climate populationextracted much more Mn. Under 0.5 and 1 mM, the wet climate population translocated moreMn both in the root and the shoot than the dry climate population. 4. Physiological and biochemical responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrastingpopulations of Populus cathayana Mn treatment resulted in oxidative stress indicated by the oxidation to lipids, proteinsand DNA. A regulated network of defence strategies was employed for the chelation,detoxification and tolerance of Mn including the enhanced synthesis of ABA and polyamines,the accumulation of free amino acids, especially His and Pro, and the activation of theenzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contents of non-protein thiol,reduced glutathione, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds and activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase also increased significantly forantioxidant or chelation functions. The wet climate population not only accumulated lessabscisic acid, free amino acids, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds, but also exhibitedlower activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase thusresulting in more serious oxidative damage and more curtained growth.