Methanol tolerant FeTPP-Pt/C Co-catalysts for the electroreduction of oxygen

It was found for the first time that iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP)-Pt/C showed the good activity for the electroreduction of oxygen and methanol tolerant ability. Their performances were related to the heat-treatment temperature.

Atom space distance and computing of molecular similarity

A mathematical model on computation of molecular similarity was suggested, The algorithmic techniques for measuring the degree of similarity between pairs of three-dimensional chemical molecules was represented by modified interatomic distance matrices. Current work was carried out on Indigo 2 work station with Sybyl software. Four groups of molecules were used to compute the molecules similarity to testing the mathematical model with satisfactory results.

Screening of salt tolerant watercress variants on natural seawater contained medium

The responses of stem segments of watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) to 6-BA,NAA and 2,4-D were studied. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-BA, 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D was used for callus initiation and maintenance. MS medium supplemented with 4.0 mg/L 6-BA was suitable for plant regeneration and MS medium without plant hormone supplement was used for rooting and plant propagation. For screening of salt tolerant calli, stem segments of watercress were plated onto callus initiation medium containing 1/3 natural seawater. Seventeen out of the 325 plated explants produced calli. The growth curves demonstrated that the growth rate of salt-tolerant calli on saline medium almost matched that of the control calli on normal medium. Some of the salt-tolerant calli were transferred to the normal regeneration medium or saline regeneration medium to induce plant regeneration. In the first case, buds and shoots were regenerated in the same way as those of control calli on normal regeneration medium. More than 1 000 regenerated shoots were obtained of which 83 regenerated shoots were cut and transferred to saline MS base medium. At first, all shoot growth was inhibited, but 40 days after the transfer, rapid-growing axillary shoots were observed on 16 of the original shoots but none on the control shoots on saline MS base medium. Moreover, green spots appeared on most calli 10 days after they were transferred to saline medium, however buds appeared only on 5 calli from the 30 transferred calli and at the end only 2 rapid-growing shoots were obtained from two calli. In total, 18 variant lines were obtained through. propagation of the salt-tolerant shoots on saline MS base medium. RAPD analysis was performed in 10 of the 18 salt-tolerant variant lines and DNA variation was detected in all the tested variant lines.

Analysis on deep crustal structure along the onshore-offshore seismic profile across the Binhai (littoral) fault zone in northeastern South China Sea

The onshore-offshore deep seismic experiment was carried out for the first time and filled the blankness of the seismic surveys in the transition area between South China and northeastern South China Sea. The seismic data were analyzed and processed. The different seismic phases were identified and their travel time arrivals were modeled by ray-tracing to study the P-wave velocity crustal structure of this area. The crustal structure of this area is the continental crust. The crust thickness is gradually decreasing southward along the on-shore-offshore seismic line. The low-velocity layer (5.5 similar to 5.9 km (.) s(-1)) exists generally in the middle crust (about 10.0 similar to 18.0km)with about 2.5 similar to 4.0 km thickness, which is also thinning seaward. No obvious high-velocity layer appears in the lower crust. The Binhai (littoral) fault zone is a low velocity zone, which is located about 35km southeast to the Nan'ao station and corresponding to the gradient belt of gravity & magnetism anomalies. The depth of the fault zone is close to the Moho discontinuity. The littoral fault zone is a boundary between the normal continental crust of South China and the thinned continental crust of the sea area.

A comprehensive investigation of an offshore active fault in the Western Sagami Bay, central Japan

Offshore active faults, especially those in the deep sea, are very difficult to study because of the water and sedimentary cover. To characterize the nature and geometry of offshore active faults, a combination of methods must be employed. Generally, seismic profiling is used to map these faults, but often only fault-related folds rather than fracture planes are imaged. Multi-beam swath bathymetry provides information on the structure and growth history of a fault because movements of an active fault are reflected in the bottom morphology. Submersible and deep-tow surveys allow direct observations of deformations on the seafloor (including fracture zones and microstructures). In the deep sea, linearly aligned cold seep communities provide indirect evidence for active faults and the spatial migration of their activities. The Western Sagami Bay fault (WSBF) in the western Sagami Bay off central Japan is an active fault that has been studied in detail using the above methods. The bottom morphology, fractured breccias directly observed and photographed, seismic profiles, as well as distribution and migration of cold seep communities provide evidence for the nature and geometry of the fault. Focal mechanism solutions of selected earthquakes in the western Sagami Bay during the period from 1900 to 1995 show that the maximum compression trends NW-SE and the minimum stress axis strikes NE-SW, a stress pattern indicating a left-lateral strike-slip fault.

Seismic profiles across the middle Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, eastern China

The stratigraphic architecture, structure and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, eastern China, are analyzed based on interpretations of 31 new 2D seismic lines across Laizhou Bay. Cenozoic strata in the study area are divided into two layers separated by a prominent and widespread unconformity. The upper sedimentary layer is made up of Neogene and Quaternary fluvial and marine sediments, while the lower layer consists of Paleogene lacustrine and fluvial facies. In terms of tectonics, the sediments beneath the unconformity can be divided into four main structural units: the west depression, central uplift, east depression and Ludong uplift. The two branches of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone differ in their geometry and offset: the east branch fault is a steeply dipping S-shaped strike-slip fault that cuts acoustic basement at depths greater than 8 km, whereas the west branch fault is a relatively shallow normal fault. The Tan-Lu fault zone is the key fault in the study area, having controlled its Cenozoic evolution. Based on balanced cross-sections constructed along transverse seismic line 99.8 and longitudinal seismic line 699.0, the Cenozoic evolution of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone is divided into three stages: Paleocene-Eocene transtension, Oligocene-Early Miocene transpression and Middle Miocene to present-day stable subsidence. The reasons for the contrasting tectonic features of the two branch faults and the timing of the change from transtension to transpression are discussed. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cloning of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha cDNA from a high hypoxia tolerant mammal - plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae)

Hypoxia-inducible factor I is a transcription factor composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta. It plays an important role in the signal transduction of cell response to hypoxia. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a high hypoxia-tolerant and cold adaptation species livin only at 3000-5000m above sea level on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, HIF-1alpha cDNA of plateau pika was cloned and its expression in various tissues was studied. The results indicated that plateau pika HIF-1alpha cDNA was highly identical to those of the human (82%), bovine (89%), mouse (82%), and Norway rat (77%). The deduced amino acid sequence (822 bp) showed 90%, 92%, 86%, and 86% identities with those of the human, bovine, house mouse, and Norway rat, respectively. Northern blot analyses detected two isoforms named pLHIF-1alpha and pSHIF-1alpha. The HIF-1alpha mRNA was highly expressed in the brain and kidney, and much less in the heart, lung, liver, muscle, and spleen, which was quite different from the expression pattern of mouse mRNA. Meanwhile, a new variant of plateau pika HIF-1alpha mRNA was identified by RT-PCR and characterized. The deduced protein, composed of 536 amino acids, lacks a part of the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODD), both transactivation domains (TADs), and the nuclear localization signal motif (NLS). Our results suggest that HIF-1alpha may play an important role in the pika's adaptation to hypoxia, especially in brain and kidney, and pika HIF-1alpha function pattern may be different from that of mouse HIF-1alpha. Further-more, for the high ratio of HIF-1alpha homology among the animals, the HIF-1alpha gene may be a good phylogenetic performer in recovering the true phylogenetic relationships among taxa. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

旋翼飞行机器人故障诊断及容错控制方法研究

无人直升机（Unmanned Helicopter）具有固定翼无人机所不具备的很多优势，它具有垂直起降、空中悬停、协调转弯、前飞、侧飞等多种飞行模态。这种独特的飞行性能决定了它的使用价值：在军用方面，无人直升机既能执行各种非杀伤性任务，又能执行各种软硬杀伤性任务，包括侦察、监视、目标截获、诱饵、攻击、通信中继等；在民用方面，无人直升机在航拍、大气监测、交通监控、资源勘探、电力巡检、森林防火、农业等方面具有广泛的应用前景。但是，直升机自身动力学所固有的高度复杂性和不确定性，导致难以对其实现高性能控制，目前视距范围内遥控仍然是其主要的行为方式，这极大地制约着无人直升机的实际应用。近五年来，将机器人学中的自主行为技术与无人直升机平台相结合，构造全自主型无人直升机系统，即所谓的旋翼飞行机器人（Rotary Wing Flying Robot, RWFR），被认为是一种可行的技术路线；同时，与之相关的自主控制方法也成为移动机器人领域的重要研究方向之一。 自主行为能力包括三个层面的内涵：一是自主、在线的环境理解能力，这里的环境不仅是机器人所处的外部环境，也包括其自身的动力学以及健康状态；二是以环境理解为基础的优化行为自主产生能力；三是控制自身本体实现期望行为的能力。对于旋翼飞行机器人而言，其自身健康状态的自主理解以及与之相关的控制行为产生是至关重要的环节，因为它决定着可靠性。旋翼飞行机器人具有多变量、非线性耦合、柔性结构等多种动力学特性[1]，在飞行过程中会遇到风、发动机振动等多种扰动，其机械部件和控制系统极易出现故障，如果故障不能被有效检测或在有限控制周期内没有被及时处理，旋翼飞行机器人就会因其静不稳定的特点而失去控制，导致机体严重损毁甚至地面人员伤亡。 本论文针对旋翼飞行机器人的自主健康诊断与管理能力开展深入研究，重点研究传感器、执行器、飞机本体故障解耦，各子系统故障的检测、辨识与容错控制，面向在线应用的算法实时性等核心问题，旨在建立具有结构简单、实时性好、针对典型故障可实时进行故障诊断及容错控制的方法体系。论文的具体内容如下： 第1章，对故障诊断及容错控制方法的研究现状进行综述，深入分析并归纳旋翼飞行机器人故障诊断与容错控制中存在的问题和发展方向，引出本文的研究内容和重点。同时，在简要介绍国内外各种旋翼飞行机器人实验平台的基础上，选择一种具有典型性的实验平台进行深入分析，总结了其特点和不足，为研制自己的实验平台系统奠定基础。 第2章，作为论文后续方法研究、仿真及实验验证的基础，首先介绍旋翼飞行机器人的动力学模型，接下来介绍本人参与研制的开放式仿真系统，并着重介绍以作者为主要负责人所设计、研发的40公斤起飞重量级旋翼飞行机器人开放式飞行实验平台—ServoHeli-40。 第3章，以阐述ServoHeli-40旋翼飞行机器人自主飞行控制结构及独立通道控制方法为基础，创新性地提出旋翼飞行机器人容错控制体系结构，并分析该结构中各模块任务及作用。针对传感器和执行器故障之间的耦合问题，提出基于贝叶斯推理的异类故障解耦方法，为独立研究传感器、执行器故障扫清障碍。 第4章，重点研究旋翼飞行机器人传感器故障诊断及容错控制。针对不同故障检测类型和阶段，提出了三种方法。首先针对突变类型的传感器故障采用基于db2的小波变换方法进行检测，对传感器数据进行时频域同时变换，实现实时准确分析；其次应用自适应神经网络方法对故障信号及正常飞行中飞行模态变化进行区分，提高了故障检测的可信性与可靠性；最后以多源传感器信息融合为基础，探索在部分传感器出现故障的情况下提供次优的传感器数据。 第5章，重点研究执行器软性故障的在线估计及控制策略在线重构问题。首先提出旋翼飞行机器人执行器定量软性故障的数学表达方法，深入研究两种自适应UKF方法在执行器软性故障在线估计方面的有效性和可行性；最后，提出一种基于故障参数在线估计的控制策略重构方法。 论文针对所提出的方法，以ServoHeli-40旋翼飞行机器人的实际拟合动力学模型为对象开展了仿真研究，部分内容在ServoHeli-40上进行了实际飞行实验验证。

中强地震震源的破裂过程

With the large developments of the seismic sources theory, computing technologies and survey instruments, we can model and rebuild the rupture process of earthquakes more realistically. On which earthquake sources' properties and tectonic activities law are realized more clearly. The researches in this domain have been done in this paper as follows. Based on the generalized ray method, expressions for displacement on the surface of a half-space due to an arbitrary oriented shear and tensile dislocation are also obtained. Kinematically, fault-normal motion is equivalent to tensile faulting. There is some evidence that such motion occurs in many earthquakes. The expressions for static displacements on the surface of a layered half-space due to static point moment tensor source are given in terms of the generalized reflection and transmission coefficient matrix method. The validity and precision of the new method is illustrated by comparing the consistency of our results with the analytical solution given by Okada's code employing same point source and homogenous half-space model. The computed vertical ground displacement using the moment tensor solution of the Lanchang_Gengma earthquake displays considerable difference with that of a double couple component .The effect of a soft layer at the top of the homogenous half-space on a shallow normal-faulting earthquake is also analyzed. Our results show that more seismic information would be obtained utilizing seismic moment tensor source and layered half-space model. The rupture process of 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake investigated by using co-seismic surface displacement GPS observations and far field P-wave records. In according to the tectonic analysis and distributions of aftershock, we introduce a three-segment bending fault planes into our model. Both elastic half-space models and layered-earth models to invert the distribution of co-seismic slip along the Chi-Chi earthquake rupture. The results indicate that the shear slip model can not fit horizontal and vertical co-seismic displacements together, unless we add the fault-normal motion (tensile component) in inversions. And then, the Chi Chi earthquake rupture process was obtained by inversion using the seismograms and GPS observations. Fault normal motions determined by inversion, concentrate on the shallow northern bending fault from Fengyuan to Shuangji where the surface earthquake ruptures reveal more complexity and the developed flexural slip folding structures than the other portions of the rupture zone For understanding the perturbation of surface displacements caused by near-surface complex structures, We have taken a numeric test to synthesize and inverse the surface displacements for a pop-up structure that is composed of a main thrust and a back thrust. Our result indicates that the pop-up structure, the typical shallow complex rupture that occurred in the northern bending fault zone form Fengyuan to Shuangji, can be modeled better by a thrust fault added negative tensile component than by a simple thrust fault. We interpret the negative tensile distributions, that concentrate on the shallow northern bending fault from Fengyuan to Shuangji, as a the synthetic effect including the complexities of property and geometry of rupture. The earthquake rupture process also reveal the more spatial and temporal complexities form Fenyuan to SHuangji. According to the three-components teleseismic records, the S-wave velocity structure beneath the 59 teleseismic stations of Taiwan obtained by using the transform function method and the SA techniques. The integrated results, the 3D crustal structure of Taiwan reveal that the thickest part of crustal local in the western Central Range. This conclusion is consistent with the result form the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The orogenic evolution of Taiwan is young period, and the developing foot of Central Range dose not in static balancing. The crustal of Taiwan stays in the course of dynamic equilibrium. The rupture process of 2003)2,24,Jiashi, Xinjiang earthquake was estimated by the finite fault model using far field broadband P wave records of CDSN and IRIS. The results indicate that the earthquake focal is north dip trust fault including some left-lateral strike slip. The focal mechanism of this earthquake is different form that of earthquakes occurred in 1997 and 1998, but similar to that of 1996, Artux, Xinjiang earthquake. We interpreted that the earthquake caused trust fault due to the Tarim basin pushing northward and orogeny of Tianshan mountain. In the end, give a brief of future research subject: Building the Real Time Distribute System for rupture process of Large Earthquakes Based on Internet.