The formation and electronic structures of 3d transition-metal atoms doped in silicon nanowires

Using first-principles methods, we systematically study the mechanism of defect formation and electronic structures for 3d transition-metal impurities (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) doped in silicon nanowires. We find that the formation energies of 3d transition-metal impurities with electrons or holes at the defect levels always increase as the diameters of silicon nanowires decrease, which suggests that self-purification, i.e., the difficulty of doping in silicon nanowires, should be an intrinsic effect. The calculated results show that the defect formation energies of Mn and Fe impurities are lower than those of V, Cr, and Co impurities in silicon nanowires. It indicates that Mn and Fe can easily occupy substitutional site in the interior of silicon nanowires. Moreover, they have larger localized moments, which means that they are good candidates for Si-based dilute magnetic semiconductor nanowires. The doping of Mn and Fe atom in silicon nanowires introduces a pair of energy levels with t(2) symmetry. One of which is dominated by 3d electrons of Mn or Fe, and the other by neighboring dangling bonds of Si vacancies. In addition, a set of nonbonding states localized on the transition-metal atom with e symmetry is also introduced. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3000445]

Controllable electron g-factors in HgMnTe quantum spheres

The electronic structure and Lande electron g-factors of manganese-doped HgTe quantum spheres are investigated, in the framework of the eight-band effective-mass model and the mean-field approximation. It is found that the electronic structure evolves continuously from the zero-gap configuration to an open-gap configuration with decreasing radius. The size dependence of electron g-factors is calculated with different Mn-doped effective concentration, magnetic field, and temperature values, respectively. It is found that the variations of electron g-factors are quite different for small and large quantum spheres, due to the strong exchange-induced interaction and spin-orbit coupling in the narrow-gap DMS nanocrystals. The electron g-factors are zero at a critical point of spherical radius R-c; however, by modulating the nanocrystal size their absolute values can be turned to be even 400 times larger than those in undoped cases. Copyright (c) EPLA, 2008.

Influence of implantation energy on the characteristics of Mn-implanted nonpolar a-plane GaN films

Nonpolar GaN Mn films have been fabricated by implanting Mn-ion into nonpolar a-plane (MO) GaN films at room temperature. The influence of implantation energy on the Structural, morphological and magnetic characteristics of samples have been investigated by means of stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) Simulation software, high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). According to the SQUID analysis, obvious room temperature ferromagnetic properties of samples were detected. Moreover, the implantation energy has little impact on the ferromagnetic properties of samples. The XRD and AFM analyses show that the structural and morphological characteristics of samples were severely deteriorated with the increase of implantation energy. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Giant Zeeman splitting in manganese-doped ZnSe quantum spheres: Eight-band effective-mass calculations

We deduce the eight-band effective-mass Hamiltonian model for a manganese-doped ZnSe quantum sphere in the presence of the magnetic field, including the interaction between the conduction and valence bands, the spin-orbit coupling within the valence bands, the intrinsic spin Zeeman splitting, and the sp-d exchange interaction between the carriers and magnetic ion in the mean-field approximation. The size dependence of the electron and hole energy levels as well as the giant Zeeman splitting energies are studied theoretically. We find that the hole giant Zeeman splitting energies decrease with the increasing radius, smaller than that in the bulk material, and are different for different J(z) states, which are caused by the quantum confinement effect. Because the quantum sphere restrains the excited Landau states and exciton states, in the experiments we can observe directly the Zeeman splitting of basic states. At low magnetic field, the total Zeeman splitting energy increases linearly with the increasing magnetic field and saturates at modest field which is in agreement with recent experimental results. Comparing to the undoped case, the Zeeman splitting energy is 445 times larger which provides us with wide freedom to tailor the electronic structure of DMS nanocrystals for technological applications.

PIXE analysis of Fe content in Fe-implanted GaN film

The diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) were achieved by the ion implantation. Fe+ ions (250 keV) were implanted into n-type GaN at room temperature with doses ranging from 8 X 10(15) cm(-2) to 8 X 10(16) cm(-2) and subsequently rapidly annealed at 800 degrees C for 5 m in N-2 ambient. PIXE was employed to determine the Fe-implanted content. The magnetic property was measured by the Quantum Design MPMS SQUID magnetometer. No secondary phases or clusters are detected within the sensitivity of XRD. Apparent ferromagnetic hysteresis loops measured at 10 K were presented. The relationships between the Fe-implanted content and the ferromagnetic property are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Investigation of Mn-doped Si films prepared by magnetron cosputtering

Mn-doped Si films were prepared on Si(001) substrates by magnetron cosputtering and post-annealing process. The structural, morphological and magnetic properties of the films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction results show that the as-prepared film is amorphous. By annealing at 800 degrees C, however, the film is crystallized. There is no secondary phase found except Si in the two films. Chemical mapping shows that no segregation of the Mn atoms appears in the annealed film. Atomic force microscopy images of the films indicate that the annealed film has a granular feature that covers uniformly the film surface while there is no such kind of characteristic in the as-prepared film. The field dependence of magnetization was measured using an alternating gradient magnetometer, and it has been indicated that the annealed film shows room-temperature ferromagnetism. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

(Ga,Mn,N) compounds growth with mass-analyzed low energy dual ion beam deposition

The (Ga,Mn,N) samples were grown by the implantation of low-energy Mn ions into GaN/Al2O3 substrate at different elevated substrate temperatures with mass-analyzed low-energy dual ion beam deposition system. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile of samples grown at different substrate temperatures indicates that the Mn ions reach deeper in samples with higher substrate temperatures. Clear X-ray diffraction peak from (Ga,Mn)N is observed in samples grown at the higher substrate temperature. It indicates that under optimized substrate temperature and annealing conditions the solid solution (Ga,Mn)N phase in samples was formed with the same lattice structure as GaN and different lattice constant. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

ZnO基稀磁半导体的制备与性质研究

本论文利用溶胶一凝胶法和水热法制备了不同离子（Eu~3＋，Sm~3＋，Mn~2＋，Fe~3＋，Co~2＋，Ni~2＋）作为磁性杂质的ZnO基稀磁半导体，并系统地研究了材料的薄膜、粉末和纳米结构的结晶特性、结构形态和光、电、磁性质。溶胶一凝胶法制备的薄膜的晶体为c轴取向生长的六方纤维锌矿结构。薄膜的取向生长受烧结气氛、烧结温度和掺杂离子浓度的影响，其中烧结气氛是影响薄膜取向生长的最直接、最显著因素。随着烧结气氛中氧含量的减小，薄膜的沿c轴生长的趋势加强。此外，烧结温度的提高也增强薄膜沿c轴生长的趋势，但掺杂离子浓度的增加却抑制薄膜的c轴取向生长特性。通过薄膜表面形态的研究发现，在空气中烧结的薄膜由立方晶粒构成，而在真空中烧结的样品则由不规则的片状晶粒组成。组成薄膜的多晶颗粒粒径小于10Onm，15层薄膜的膜厚为357-366nm。掺杂离子在薄膜中均匀分布，成膜过程不改变掺杂离子（Eu3+，Sm3＋，Mn2+，Fe3＋，Co2＋，Ni2＋）和基质离子（Zn2+和O2-）的价态。 不同Eu3+掺杂浓度的ZnO薄膜样品的吸收光谱的吸收边出现在363nm和368nm之间，对应半导体材料的禁带宽度Eg=3.42～3.40ev。由于Eu3＋改变了薄膜的表面性质，Zn1-xEux（0.005≤x≤0.15）薄膜在可见光区出现了一系列干涉带。Zn1-xTMxO薄膜的吸收光谱的吸收边位置出现在356nm-369nm，对应半导体的禁带宽度为3.34-3.46eV，在可见光区发现了Co2＋的电子的d-d跃迁引起的吸收带。随着掺杂浓度的增加，薄膜的透光率逐渐减小。Zn1-xCoxO薄膜在近紫外与可见光区的透光率都在60％以上，Zn1-xEuxO薄膜的透光率则高达90％。在Zn1-xEuxO薄膜的激发发射光谱中，以613nm作为监控波长，激发光谱除了检测到Eu3＋的7F→5D能级的吸收跃迁外，还检测到最大值位于378nm附近的ZnO的吸收带。以394nm为激发波长，发射光谱检测到Eu3+的5D0→7FJ（J＝1，2，3，4）跃迁。以zno的带隙能量378nm作为激发波长进行激发，检测到Eu3+的5D0→7F2跃迁，说明基质zno和E矿十之间存在能量交换。薄膜磁性测试在4-400K温度范围内进行，发现在此温度范围内Zn0.9Eu0.1O薄膜表现居里一外斯顺磁性；在低温区，存在磁性增强现象。zno．gCoo．IO薄膜在23oK以下表现为铁磁性，200K的M-H曲线显示薄膜的剩磁（Br）约为0．21em侧g，矫顽力（Hc）约为327Oe。但Zn0.9Mn0.1O，Zn0.9Ni0.1O，Zn0.9Co0.1O薄膜的磁性测试则显示在80K以上三种薄膜均表现为顺磁性。Zn0.9Eu0.1O薄膜的电阻呈现典型的半导体性质，在ZT的磁场下，薄膜在110K获得最大14.53％的磁阻率。Zn1-xTMxO薄膜的电阻也表现典型的半导体特性，实验研究了薄膜在不同掺杂离子浓度、外加磁场以及温度条件下的磁阻性质。粉末样品中磁性离子的掺杂浓度均小于薄膜样品。Co，Fe，Ni，Mn掺杂的Zn1-xTMxO粉末在80以上均为顺磁性。在Co2＋掺杂的粉末样品中没有发现类似于薄膜样品的铁磁性，说明DMS的磁性与制备条件关系密切。实验证明了利用sol-gel方法，Zno：TM稀磁半导体能够有效地组装在MCM-41和AAO的孔道内。ZnO:TM材料组装进在MCM-41孔道后，不改变孔道的六方结构但使孔径变小。随着组装次数的增加，MCM-41的孔径和孔容累进减小。组装在AAo模板孔道内的材料呈单分散纳米颗粒状态，颗粒粒径小于loonm。组装材料的磁性测试显示：组装在MCM-41内的Zn0.9Co0.1O材料在80K-30OK呈现超顺磁性。而Mn，Fe，Ni掺杂的Zno在此温度范围内表现顺磁性。组装在AAO内的ZnO:TM(TM=Mn，Fe，Co，Ni）材料在SOK-30OK温度范围内都呈现顺磁性。在水热法合成ZnO:A（A＝Bu，Sm，co）纳米粒子的过程中，发现反应温度、压力、时间和溶液浓度等因素只影响Znl．xCoxO纳米粒子的的产量，而溶液的酸度却影响产物的形貌。控制溶液的酸度，可以控制产物的形貌从粒状向棒状转变。当溶液的PH＝5时，在甲醇：水体系中可以水热合成规则的棒状ZnO：RE（RE=Eu，Sm）纳米晶。所得到的Zn0.98Co0.02O纳米晶在80K呈超顺磁行为，而ZnO：RE（RE＝Eu，Sm）纳米晶在80K则表现较弱的顺磁性。 实验通过控制水热条件，制备了一种新型结构的柠檬酸锌晶体。由于利用了水热反应的非平衡合成条件，所得到的晶体的层状结构不同于目前已知的所有柠檬酸配合物的离散型分子结构。单晶衍射结果表明：化合物是一个由八面体和一个非对称单元交替相连构成的二维层状结构。

Spin states in semiconductor quantum dot with a single magnetic ion

We investigate theoretically CdTe quantum dots containing a single Mn2+ impurity, including the sp-d exchange interaction between carriers and the magnetic ion and the short-range exchange interaction between electron and hole. We find anticrossing behaviors in the energy spectrum of the electron-hole (e-h) pair that arise from the interplay between exchange interactions and the magnetic field. In addition to the s-d exchange interaction, we find that other mechanisms inducing the anticrossings become important in the strong heavy hole-light hole (hh-lh) mixing regime. The transition strengths between the states with spin projection of Mn2+ ion S-z not equal -5/2 (S-z = -5/2) decrease (increase) with increasing magnetic fields due to the alignment of the Mn2+ spin. The spin splitting of the e-h pair states depends sensitively on the external magnetic and electric field, which reveals useful information about the spin orientation and position of the magnetic ion. Meanwhile, the manipulation of the position of the magnetic ion offers us a way to control the spin splitting of the carriers. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Symmetry and optical transition rule for low-dimensional semiconductor system with spin-orbit interaction and magnetic field

Starting from effective mass Hamiltonian, we systematically investigate the symmetry of low-dimensional structures with spin-orbit interaction and transverse magnetic field. The position-dependent potentials are assumed to be space symmetric, which is ever-present in theory and experiment research. By group theory, we analyze degeneracy in different cases. Spin-orbit interaction makes the transition between Zeeman sub-levels possible, which is originally forbidden within dipole approximation. However, a transition rule given in this paper for the first time shows that the transition between some levels is forbidden for space symmetric potentials. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Room-temperature ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb

Ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb single crystals were fabricated by Mn-ions implantation, deposition, and the post annealing. Magnetic hysteresis-loops in the MnxGa1-xSb single crystals were obtained at room temperature (300 K). The structure of the ferromagnetic semiconductor MnxGa1-xSb single crystal was analyzed by Xray diffraction. The distribution of carrier concentrations in MnxGa1-xSb was investigated by electrochemical capacitance- voltage profiler. The content of Mn in MnxGa1-xSb varied gradually from x = 0.09 near the surface to x = 0 in the wafer inner analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical capacitance-voltage profiler reveals that the concentration of p-type carriers in MnxGa1-xSb is as high as 1 1021 cm-3, indicating that most of the Mn atoms in MnxGa1-xSb take the site of Ga, and play a role of acceptors.

Electrically controllable RKKY interaction in semiconductor quantum wires

We demonstrate in theory that it is possible to all-electrically manipulate the RKKY interaction in a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas embedded in a semiconductor heterostructure, in the presence of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction. In an undoped semiconductor quantum wire where intermediate excitations are gapped, the interaction becomes the short-ranged Bloembergen-Rowland superexchange interaction. Owing to the interplay of different types of spin-orbit interaction, the interaction can be controlled to realize various spin models, e.g., isotropic and anisotropic Heisenberg-like models, Ising-like models with additional Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya terms, by tuning the external electric field and designing the crystallographic directions. Such controllable interaction forms a basis for quantum computing with localized spins and quantum matters in spin lattices.

Dynamics of photo-enhanced magneto-crystalline anisotropy in diluted ferromagnetic GaMnAs

By chopping a pump beam in conventional time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) experiments and measuring the time evolution of M-shaped "major" hysteresis loops of magnetic linear dichroism (Delta MLD = MLDpump-on MLDpump-off), the differential MLD signal in the presence and the absence of the pump beam, we studied the dynamics of photo-enhanced magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and found that its very long recovering time (much longer than 13 ns) might reflect the nature of the coherent coupling between photo-excited holes and localized spins in the d shell of manganese.

Magnetic quantum oscillations for the surface states of topological insulator Bi2Se3

We study quantum oscillations of the magnetization in Bi2Se3 (111) surface system in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The combined spin-chiral Dirac cone and Landau quantization produce profound effects on the magnetization properties that are fundamentally different from those in the conventional semiconductor two-dimensional electron gas. In particular, we show that the oscillating center in the magnetization chooses to pick up positive or negative values depending on whether the zero-mode Landau level is occupied or empty. An intuitive analysis of these features is given and the subsequent effects on the magnetic susceptibility and Hall conductance are also discussed.