110 resultados para CdS


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磷脂是动物和植物非光合组织细胞膜系统的主要组成成分,在细胞生命过程中扮演着重要角色。尽管绿色植物光合膜的的甘油脂主要是糖脂,但是它仍然含有大约10%的磷脂,说明磷脂在光合膜的结构和功能中起重要作用。构成生物膜的磷脂有多种,但是,光合膜只含有磷脂酰甘油(PG)一种磷脂。光合膜中的PG有其特殊性,即:在PG的sn-2位上总连着一个棕榈酸(16:0)或者反式十六碳烯酸(16:1trans),说明了这种具有特殊结构的甘油脂在维持类囊体膜的结构和功能方面具有重要的作用。 叶绿体中有两个重要酶参与了PG的生物合成,它们分别是胞嘧啶二脂酰甘油合成酶(CDS)和磷脂酰甘油合成酶(PGS)。本实验以烟草和马铃薯为材料,利用RNAi技术,对CDS和PGS基因的表达进行抑制,通过PG缺失突变体,研究其功能。 对转含有PGS片段的沉默结构的转基因烟草叶片膜脂进行了分析,结果表明,与野生型烟草相比较,其PG含量下降了约20%,同时,SQDG和PC的含量增加。PG含量的降低没有引起MGDG和DGDG含量的变化。另外,我们还对转基因植株目的基因片段的RNA表达水平进行了RT-PCR分析,发现其表达量大幅度降低。这些结果表明,在转基因株系中,PGS基因的表达受到了抑制,说明我们获得了PG部分缺失的烟草PGS突变体。 对烟草PG缺失体的PG脂肪酸组成进行分析,表明其特征性脂肪酸反式十六碳烯酸含量明显下降,比野生型降低了44%,C18:0、C18:1和C18:2的相对含量增加,整个变化与总脂脂肪酸变化基本一致。 为了研究PG缺失对光合作用的影响,我们分析了多种光合指标。对叶绿素含量的分析表明,PG含量的降低影响了光合色素的组成。PG部分缺失的转基因烟草中的叶绿素总的含量下降,其中叶绿素b含量下降更为明显,结果,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值较野生型高。转基因植株净光合速率下降,二氧化碳利用率降低;PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(фPSII)降低,光化学猝灭下降,非光化学猝灭增加,尤其老叶的变化更为明显。这些结果说明了PG的部分缺失影响了植株的光合能力,捕光色素蛋白复合体的结构受到了影响,PSII功能遭受损伤。 同时,我们根据已经报道的马铃薯CDS基因,克隆了一个片段,构建沉默结构,并对沉默结构进行了转化。通过抗性基因的筛选以及RT-PCR检测,证明了沉默结构转化成功,目的基因的表达受到抑制,获得了马铃薯CDS转基因植株。 对马铃薯野生型和CDS转基因植株进行膜脂和脂肪酸分析表明,转基因植株叶片的PE、PG和PC等磷脂含量降低,SQDG和DGDG含量增加;C16:1(3t)、C16:2、C16:3、C18:1和C18:2含量下降,C16:0和C18:3含量增加,而C16:1和C18:0变化不明显。马铃薯CDS转基因植株的叶绿素荧光分析表明,PSII最大光化学效率降低,从野生型的0.82下降到0.77。

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Using a first-principles method, we investigate the structural and electronic properties of grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline CdTe and the effects of copassivation of elements with far distinct electronegativities. Of the two types of GBs studied in this Letter, we find that the Cd core is less harmful to the carrier transport, but is difficult to passivate with impurities such as Cl and Cu, whereas the Te core creates a high defect density below the conduction band minimum, but all these levels can be removed by copassivation of Cl and Cu. Our analysis indicates that for most polycrystalline systems copassivation or multipassivation is required to passivate the GBs.

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Single crystalline ternary ZnxCd1-xS nanocombs, which have 'comb' shaped' teeth on one side, have been synthesized by a one-step metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition process at a low temperature of 420 degrees C. The asymmetric, growth behavior of the nanocombs is likely to be induced by the polarization of the c-ptane. Because of the uniform structure and perfect geometrical shape, the nanoteeth could be potentially useful as nanocantilever arrays for nanosensors and, nanotweezers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The photoluminescence of Mn2+ in ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles with an average size of 4.5 nm has been measured under hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 6 GPa. The emission position is red-shifted at a rate of -33.3+/-0.6meV/GPa, which is in good agreement with the calculated value of -30.4meV/GPa using the crystal field theory. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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We investigate the electronic structures of the inhomogeneous quantum dots within the framework of the effective mass theory. The results show that the energies of electron and hole states depend sensitively on the relative magnitude 77 of the core radius to the capped quantum dot radius. The spatial distribution of the electrons and holes vary significantly when the ratio eta changes. A quantum-confinement-driven type-II-type-I transition is found in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs-capped quantum dot structures. The phase diagram is obtained for different capped quantum dot radii. The ground-state exciton binding energy shows a highly nonlinear dependence on the innner structures of inhomogeneous quantum dots, which originates from the redistribution of the electron and hole wave functions.

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In the framework of the effective-mass envelope-function theory, the electronic and optical properties of a spherical core-shell quantum-dot quantum well (QDQW) structure with one and two wells have been investigated. The results show that the energies of electron and hole states depend sensitively on the well thickness and core radius of quantum-dot quantum well structure. An interesting spatially separated characteristic of electron and hole in QDQW is found and enhanced significantly in the two-wells case. The normalized oscillator strength for the optical transition between the electron and hole states in QDQW exhibits a deep valley at some special well thickness. The Coulomb interaction between the electron and hole is also taken into account. [S0163-1829(98)02412-6].

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溶剂萃取由于具有处理量大、操作简单、易于连续化等优点,被广泛应用于湿法冶金工业。而溶剂萃取过程通常都伴随着有机相微乳体系的形成、变化、甚至完全破乳的过程以及萃合物分子聚集状态的不断变化,因此可以认为,液-液萃取体系提供了一系列可调控的微乳体系。相对于液液萃取在金属分离方面的广泛应用,液液萃取过程中形成的微乳体系在材料制备方面的应用研究还处于起始阶段。本论文在广泛调研文献资料的基础上,开展了利用硫代有机膦萃取剂Cyanex 301萃取体系制备纳米硫化物的研究,取得了一些有意义的结果。该工作的开展将对促进溶剂萃取分离与纳米材料制备一体化研究起到一定的作用,并为寻找简便易行且适用于大规模生产的纳米材料制备新方法提供思路。主要内容如下: 1. 通过两相热法,利用Cyanex 301-AgNO3两相萃取体系制备了尺寸均匀、分散性好的Ag2S纳米粒子。并且发现了与通常纳米材料制备过程不一样的现象,即Ag2S产物的粒径随着反应温度的升高逐渐增大,这与通常观察到的产物颗粒随反应温度升高而变小的现象完全不同。通过红外谱图分析,确定了反应机理,并提出了影响产物粒径的可能机制,认为产物粒径的变化是Cyanex 301作为硫源与作为表面修饰剂相互竞争的结果。 2. 通过两步法合成了四面体、类六角锥和六角片型的Ag2S/CdS纳米复合材料。Ag2S纳米粒子在产物的形成中起到了晶种与模板导向作用,溶剂对产物的形貌也起到诱导作用。 3. 利用两相热法,一步合成了CuS微米花和微米球自组装结构,产物的形貌随水相金属离子浓度的改变而发生变化。

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选取天然产物虎眼万年青作为研究对象,对一其化学成分及药理活性进行了系统的研究。针对不同成分极性的显著差异,分离、纯化出13种化合物,并鉴定了其中的弱极性的小分子物质。采用COZ超临界提取技术,对易挥发的19种成分分别作了鉴定。对其中具有药理活性的多糖、皂营及生物碱等成分,经进一步分离、纯化,并借助现代波谱技术,对其单一成分进行了跟踪、表征。研究了虎眼万年青不同组分的抗肿瘤、抗辐射作用。首次筛选出了有显著药理活性的虎眼万年青中性多糖53,并从非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能等角度,即从细胞和分子水平较全面地研究了S3的免疫增强作用。结果表明,53能显著增强小鼠T淋巴细胞的转化、提高NK细胞细胞毒活性,不同程度的使CD3、CD4、CD4/CDS升高而使CDS下降,从分子水平证实了S3对辅助性T细胞(Th)的增强作用及对抑制性T细胞(Ts)的降低作用,推测Tl:可能是其主要的原发刺激细胞。此外,S3不仅能促进细胞因子IL-2的产生,还能使IL-1mRNA基因表达量显著增加,从基因水平进一步证实了53有提高小鼠免疫功能的作用。首次利用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS),在较温和的条件下得到了具有较高稳定性的新型簇合物离子K+K(NO3)n:和NO3-(KNO3)m。并利用现代量子化学程序对低聚合度簇合物离子的可能组态进行了总成键能的计算,给出了相对稳定的组态。计算结果说明,n=2,3,6组态稳定性高的原因是总成键能高,而m≤4阴离子簇合物不能直接形成的原因是由于溶剂化作用。电喷雾质谱的进样过程与晶体的成核过程相类似,通过气相离子簇合物的组态信息和形成机理的研究,可以为晶体成核理论和化学键理论提供某些证据。

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中药化学成分,尤其是活性成分,是中药发挥药效作用的物质基础,它的深入研究是中药现代化的关键和核心。而中药成分的复杂性和药效的整体性,一般的分析及研究方法无法简捷快速地解决中药有效成分鉴定的难题,直接影响到中药研究开发的进程。质谱技术,尤其是软电离质谱及其联用技术,由于其具有灵敏、快速、分辨率高的优点,使得质谱日益成为研究复杂生物分子和中药体系中的应用问题的强有力手段。本论文以刺五加新药的开发为背景,采用有效部分的研究方法,运用先进的质谱技术,以药理活性筛选为指导,全面地研究了刺五加的活性成分。首先,采用电喷雾多极串联质谱技术,研究了正负离子条件下传统中药刺五加中的有效成分刺五加营B和刺五加营E的特征质谱行为,并提出了质谱碎裂机理,可以此鉴定传统刺五加有效成分,对传统刺五加药材及相关药品的快速鉴别和质量控制具有重要意义。以人参皂营R1为例,定量地研究四种碱金属离子浓度对皂普结构分析的影响,为合理添加碱金属离子以提高皂着分析的灵敏度提供了依据。在此基础上,用电喷雾多极串联质谱技术简便而又快捷地区分了两对生理活性差别较大的人参皂营的同分异构体:Rg1和PF11,Rg2和Rg3,为深入研究人参皂普的药效成分和作用机制奠定了一定的基础。系统地研究了β-香树”脂醇型的三种五环三菇皂营在不同模式下的多级串联质谱特征,为从多角度阐明皂昔类化合物的结构提供了新的思路。结构相近的皂普类化合物在电喷雾多级串联质谱中都表现出了与其自身结构相符的特征质谱行为,为不同皂营混合物的快速鉴定提供了一种快速有效的分析方法。在此基础上,研究了两种典型的刺五加仆卜皂营的质谱特征,并用多种质谱手段从刺五加叶总皂普中检测到18种皂普成分,其中有8种皂营成分在刺五加中而未见有文献报道,并用质谱首次发现了刺五加叶皂营的结构和其在植物体内代谢的相关性,这一结果对研究刺五加皂营的体内代谢有着十分重要的意义。以药理目标活性成分为指标,采用对比实验和一系列正交实验,对刺五加活性成分的提取方法,提取工艺和纯化工艺进行了优化,首次采用联合树脂法一次性分离纯化刺五加中两类有效成分总皂昔和总黄酮,经工艺优化最终得到总有效成分达85%以上的刺五加制剂,为刺五加新药的开发提供了大量的工艺参数。基于环糊精包合物(CDs)在中药剂型改造及提高某些药物稳定性和生物利用度方面广阔的应用前景和刺五加新药开发中的实际需要,系统到研究了三种环糊精(a-CD,β-CD和γ-CD)与刺五加皂昔元齐墩果酸(OA)形成的复合物。纬果表明,三种环糊精都能与OA形成稳定的l:1复合物,而β-CD和γ-CD还能与以形成2:1“三明治”状的复合物。复合物气液两相性质具有良好的相关性,为质谱快速筛选和表征这类非共价复合物提供了必要的条件。采用同样的方法对三种环糊精与刺五加中黄酮类化合物(芦丁和懈皮素)的复合物进行了系统研究,结果发观,三种环糊精都与芦丁(R)和棚皮素(Q)形成1:1复合物。但复合物稳定性有差异,对环糊精与芦丁的1:1复合物,以β-CD复合物最稳定,而对于环糊精与槲皮素1:1复合物则以α-CD复合物最稳定,这与芦丁含有糖链有关。刺五加活性成分黄酮类化合物生物利用度和活性的另一有效途径是制备黄酮-金属络合物。黄酮-金属络合物作为潜在的药物开发正日益受到重视,本文利用电喷雾质谱系统地研究了第四周期五种二价金属离子与棚皮素形成的络合物,并采用多级串联质谱部分表征了这些络合物的结构和稳定性之间的关系,为建立黄酮金属络合物筛选体系和表征提供了一种较好的方法,为这类新药的研制开发提供了一定的理论基础。

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本文分别用恒电位电沉积和恒电位脉冲电沉积技术在ITO基底上成功地沉积出表面平滑均匀、与基底附着牢固、具有一定光活性的CdS多晶薄膜。系统地考察了CdS薄膜的电性质、光性质及光电化学行为。用电沉积技术在不同基底(Ni、Ti、ITO)上成功地实现了Hg_(1-X)Cd_xTe(MCT)的三元共沉积。初步组装了P-Hg_(1-X)Cd_xTe/n-CdS异质结PV池。研究了层状结构材料n-InSe的PEC行为并考察了多种单晶材料,诸如CdS、CdTe、CdSe、InSe等的光阳极特性和界面行为。

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蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白一般是由两个相似亚基组成的异构二聚体或由多个异构二聚体组成的多聚体。烙铁头蛇毒血小板活化素TMVA是一个高分子量的C一型凝集素样蛋白。本文研究了烙铁头蛇毒C一型凝聚素样蛋白的生物活性及其作用机制。同时还从烙铁头蛇毒中分离到一个抗凝蛋白(mucroqucetin)。TMVA呈量效关系地诱导P好和洗涤血小板聚集,提示其活化血小板并不调节v从下或不依赖于vWF。抗人血小板糖蛋白(GP)Ib单克隆抗体HIPI呈剂量依赖性特异性抑制TMVA诱导的血小板聚集。抗人GPllb单克隆抗体PZ也抑制血小板聚集。单克隆抗体和流式细胞术分析显示,FITC一TMVA特异性地、剂量依赖性地结合到福尔马林固定的人血小板上,在FIIC-TMVA4O砚浓度时达到饱和性结合状态,这种结合被HIPI特异性地抑制,并呈剂量依赖性。TMVA不结合血小板GPIX、GPllb、GPllla、GPIa、GPlla和GPIV。Mocarhagin仅能部分阻断TMVA诱导的血小板聚集,然而TMVA却能诱导mocarhagin阻断的血小板聚集。以上结果显示TMVA在GPIbQ上的主要受体位于富含亮氨酸第二次重复区氨基酸残基59一81,除此之外,TMVA可能还有其他结合位点。小鼠体内首次给予TMVA后,在短时间内(15min-30min)引起循环血小板数及网织血小板百分率暂时性减低、血小板膜表面P-seleetin的表达暂时性增加,但循环血液中血小板一白细胞复合物未增加;抗鼠血小板单克隆抗体P一selectin、GPllb、GPlll。免疫组化染色显示脾和肺的组织巨噬细胞呈阴性反应,提示TMVA导致循环血小板减少不是巨噬细胞系统对血小板的清除所致。可能是由于TMVA.通过GPIb活化血小板后使P-selectin暴露于胞浆膜表面,这些脱颗粒的血小板在补体的参与下自身溶破,而导致快速的暂时性血小板减少。给予TMVA.后组织病理学显示,肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、大肠及小肠血管未血栓形成;TMVA不影响内源性和外源性凝血系统;TMVA呈剂量依赖性延长小鼠的出血时间,但在TMvA25p眺g时小鼠的出血时间未延长、仍小于5分钟,是一个安全的剂量。以上结果充分证明TMVA具有体内抗血栓作用,血小板自身溶破导致血小板减少在体内抗血栓中可能也起到重要的作用。体内外实验显示TMVA在动物体内外都具有抗补体活性作用。TMVA上调血小板上DAF和CD59的表达,不同程度地上调白细胞上D胚和CDS夕的表达。TMVA在补体系统中的作用可能与其在异种器宫移植中抗IIAR的发生相关。Mucroqucetin是一个由Q链和p链组成的异二聚体蛋白质,其分子量为25KD。。N一末端氨基酸序列与其它该类蛇毒C一型凝集素样蛋白有很高的同源性。Mucroqucetin呈量效关系延长部分凝血活酶时间(APTT),几乎不影响凝血酶原时间(PT)。因子IX和X的抑制试验显示,该纯化蛋白呈量效关系抑制工X因子的凝血活性,不影响X因子,提示mucroqucetin的抗凝活性主要通过结合FIX而实现,是一个血液凝固IX因子结合蛋白。

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Two obvious emissions are observed from the ZnS clusters encapsulated in zeolite-Y. The emission around 355 nm is sharp and weak, locating at the onset of the absorption edge. The band around 535 nm is broad, strong and Stokes-shifted. Both the two emissions shift to blue and their intensities firstly increase then decrease as the loading of ZnS in zeolite-Y or clusters size decreases. Through investigation, the former is attributed to the excitonic fluorescence, and the latter to the trapped luminescence from surface states. The cluster size-dependence of the luminescence may be explained qualitatively by considering both the carrier recombination and the nonradiative recombination rates. Four peaks appearing in the excitation spectra are assigned to the transitions of 1S-1S, 1S-1P, 1S-1D and surface state, respectively. The excitation spectra of the clusters do not coincide with their absorption spectra. The states splitted by quantum-size confinement are detected in the excitation spectra, but could not be differentiated in the optical absorption spectra due to inhomogeneous broadening. The size-dependence of the excitation spectra is similar to that of the absorption spectra. Both the excitation spectra of excitonic and of trapped emissions are similar, but change in relative intensity and shift in position are observed.

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A broad absorption band around 500 nm is observed in ZnS nanoparticles. The absorption becomes more intensive and shifts to the blue as the particle size is decreased. The absorption energy is lower than the band gap of the particles and is considered to be caused by the surface states. This assignment is supported by the results of the fluorescence and of the thermoluminescence of the surface states. Both the absorption and the fluorescence reveal that the surface states are size dependent. The glow peak of the semiconductor particles is not varied as much upon decreasing size, indicating the trap depth of the surface states is not sensitive to the particle size. Considering these results, a new model on the size dependence of the surface states is proposed, which may explain our observations reasonably. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

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The thermoluminescence (TL) of ZnS nanoparticles is reported. The TL intensity increases as the particle size is decreased. The consistency of the size dependence of the TL with that of the surface fluorescence indicates that the TL may be related to the surface states. TL may be caused by the recombination of carriers released from the surface states or defect sites by heating. Smaller particles have higher surface/volume ratio and more surface states, therefore contain more accessible carriers for TL. Besides, the carrier recombination rate increases upon decreasing size due to the increase of the overlap between the electron and hole wave functions. These two effects may make the TL increase upon decreasing size of the particles. The appearance of TL prior to any radiation reveals that trapped carriers have pre-existed. The investigation of TL may provide some useful information about the surface states that may explain the size dependence of the surface fluorescence. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

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PbS clusters in zeolite-Y have been prepared with the reaction of Pb2+-ion-exchanged zeolite-Y with Na2S in solution at room temperature. Their absorption spectra show dramatic blue shifts from that of the bulk PbS. Obvious change of both the absorption edges and peak positions upon PbS concentrations have been observed. These phenomena provide evidences that PbS clusters have been formed within the zeolite. The absorption spectra show featureless structure and have no tails near the absorption edges. As the PbS loading density becomes higher, the absorption bands become stronger and sharpen. Order PbS clusters lattice with high quality might be formed in the supercages of zeolite-Y. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.