Dynamic behaviors of mode III interfacial crack under a constant loading rate

In an earlier study on intersonic crack propagation, Gao et al. (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 49: 2113-2132, 2001) described molecular dynamics simulations and continuum analysis of the dynamic behaviors of a mode II dominated crack moving along a weak plane under a constant loading rate. The crack was observed to initiate its motion at a critical time after the onset of loading, at which it is rapidly accelerated to the Rayleigh wave speed and propagates at this speed for a finite time interval until an intersonic daughter crack is nucleated at a peak stress at a finite distance ahead of the original crack tip. The present article aims to analyze this behavior for a mode III crack moving along a bi-material interface subject to a constant loading rate. We begin with a crack in an initially stress-free bi-material subject to a steadily increasing stress. The crack initiates its motion at a critical time governed by the Griffith criterion. After crack initiation, two scenarios of crack propagation are investigated: the first one is that the crack moves at a constant subsonic velocity; the second one is that the crack moves at the lower shear wave speed of the two materials. In the first scenario, the shear stress ahead of the crack tip is singular with exponent -1/2, as expected; in the second scenario, the stress singularity vanishes but a peak stress is found to emerge at a distance ahead of the moving crack tip. In the latter case, a daughter crack supersonic with respect to the softer medium can be expected to emerge ahead of the initial crack once the peak stress reaches the cohesive strength of the interface.

蓝田、长安人工林地土层含水量研究

IEECAS SKLLQG

深层治癌重离子束的配送

在辐射治疗应用方面，相比传统体外辐射疗法，高能量的重离子束流有着巨大的优势。近年来，世界上多数重离子治疗中心都对重离子的辐射特性已经进行了深入研究，从2006年起中国科学院近代物理所也开始了重离子辐射治疗肿瘤的临床实验。目前绝大多数重离子治癌中心都采用了包括一对独立的二极铁的束流配送系统，将从加速器引出的笔形束流在肿瘤的各层等深横截面上进行均匀照射。本文重点阐述了HIRFL-CSR重离子治癌装置中的束流配送系统的工作原理和分系统结构，包括深层治癌重离子束运线，终端扫描系统和根据治疗计划生成的扫描路径软件系统。第一部分简单介绍了世界上各大重离子医疗辐射工程，总结了医疗重离子加速器的设计经验，尤其对日本的HIMAC和德国GSI重离子治癌装置进行了详细介绍，同时对新型重离子治癌装置的特点和重离子治癌装置的发展方向进行了介绍。侧重分析研究了束流引出系统、控制系统和扫描系统的工作原理和相关在线设备，详细比较了两种扫描方式的优缺点。第二部分重点介绍了HIRFL-CSR加速器及其重离子辐射应用工程。CSR是中国第一台重离子冷却存储环，其主加速器CSRm是在兰州重离子治癌装置的核心，负责提供对应不同穿透深度不同能量的慢引出束流。兰州近代物理所的治癌临床实验分为三个阶段，其中第一阶段利用HIRFL辐照终端引出的重离子束流对浅层肿瘤进行适形照射。第二阶段利用CSRm引出的重离子束流开展对深层肿瘤的辐照实验，包括动物实验和临床实验。第三阶段在技术成熟后将小型医用重离子加速器向社会推广。第三部分中总结回顾了深层治癌重离子束运线的设计原理和和束运线的磁聚焦结构。对扫描系统（栅扫描和点扫描）进行了计算机模拟和束斑尺寸的控制方式进行了讨论。在重离子深层治癌进行第一次动物实验时，利用位于终端的分条电离室测试了治癌重离子束流的基本参量，得到了引出束流在垂直和水平方向以及束流微结构的品质信息，并用梯度法测量了束流的发射度。这些工作对于模拟不同引出束流情况对应的不同扫描方式时束流照射均匀度很有帮助，也给制定肿瘤的治疗计划提供了一些参考。最后论文还简单介绍了束流的共振引出系统，侧重说明引出束流的特性，提及重离子垂直治疗终端桶型旋转机架的设计

重离子同步加速器SIS中的束团纵向稳定性理论、测量和模拟

本论文中的工作是在德国重离子研究中心（GSI）和中国科学院近代物理研究所的联合培养计划下完成的。论文以GS工的重离子同步加速器SIS为主要研究对象，就其强流运行及为GSI最近批准的新项目而升级的纵向动力学方面进行了研究和探讨。该项工作对于在建的大科学工程兰州重离子储存环HIRFL-CSR有借鉴意义。在GSI的新项目国际重离子、反质子加速器科学研究装置的蓝图中，现有的重离子同步加速器S工S将作为前级提升束流的强度和能量。束团的纵向稳定性是保证可靠的强流运行所必须回答的问题，包括以下内容，在本文中分别进行了探索和解答：纵向的重离子加速器环境阻抗模型；在可能的阻抗条件下束流线性稳定性；在阻尼及不稳定性效应下束流相空间分布的演化行为和结果（发射度增长、粒子丢失等）及其内在机制；对不稳定性和束流相空间稀释效应进行控制的可能性。不同流强下束流纵向相空间测量，这是本论文工作的一个重要基础。自洽的Vlasov束团模型（任意外场加空间电荷效应下的束流匹配）和实际运行中的非理想捕获过程（有限的高频电压上升时间，对应不同的绝热系数），作为任何束团运行和稳定性研究的前提分别在论文中得到了厘清。解析方面的工作包括定态和微扰理论，即将线性Vlasov方程应用于束团，并在适当的近似下得到简洁的解析方程。经过重新推导，得到了修正的Sachrer积分方程，使之在强空间电荷效应下的仍然适用，由此得到了线性稳定图。编写调试成功了PIC（particle-in-cell）算法的模拟程序，和线性理论相互校验，并与己得到的实验结果进行了对比，对实际运行中复杂过程进行了模拟，并研究了不稳定性发展后期非线性阶段。线性理论，模拟和实验结果有很好的一致性。在SIS实验中观察到一种流强相关的束团相干模式演化现象，该现象揭示出束团中朗道阻尼条件，这与束团稳定性密切相关。对空间电荷抑制朗道阻尼效应及发射度增长进行了细致研究。提出用快反馈装置控制相空间稀释的思路。线性理论和模拟的结果都预言，在阻性阻抗和空间电荷阻抗存在下，藕合束不稳定性是515多束团强流运行的潜在威胁。阻性阻抗来自管壁及加速器部件的有效导电性或特殊共振结构，或直接来自频率偏置的高频腔。阻抗补偿或特殊的束团操作可以用来控制桃合束不稳定性。

西北地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题与对策

本文在分析西北地区社会、经济及自然状况的基础上 ,着重从资源与环境方面指出该地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题 ,并针对这些问题 ,提出以可持续发展为目标的资源、环境策略。

The influence of variant PE-b-PEO segments on physical properties of LLDPE graft copolymers

A method was adopted to fix a series of polymers of PE-b-PEO with different PEO/PE segments on the chains of LLDPE. Maleic anhydride (MA) reacting with hydroxyl group of PE-b-PEO (mPE-b-PEO) was used as the intermediate. The structures of intermediates and graft copolymers were approved by H-1 NMR and FTIR. XPS analysis revealed a great amount of oxygen on the surface of grafted copolymers although the end group of PEO was fixed on the LLDPE chains through MA. Thermal properties of the graft copolymers as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that PE segments in the grafted monomers could promote the heterogeneous nucleation of the polymer, increase T., and crystal growth rate.

Order-Order Transition of C -> sdG -> sL -> S in ABC Triblock Copolymer Thin Film Induced by Solvent Vapor

The morphology transition of polystyrene-block-poly(butadiene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (SBV) triblock thin film induced in benzene vapor showing weak selectivity for PS is investigated. The order-order transitions (OOT) in the sequence of core-shell cylinders (C), sphere in 'diblock gyroid' (sdG), sphere in lamella (sL) and sphere (S) are observed. The projection along (111) direction in Gyroid phase (sdG(111)) is found to epitaxially grow from C(001) in the film.

Double-ceramic-layer thermal barrier coatings of La2Zr2O7/YSZ deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition

Double-ceramic-layer(DCL) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of La2Zr2O7 (LZ) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The composition, crystal structure, surface and cross-sectional morphologies and cyclic oxidation behavior of the DCL coating were studied. Both the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) prove that LZ and YSZ have good chemical applicability to form a DCL coating. The thermal cycling test at 1373 K in an air furnace indicates the DCL coating has a much longer lifetime than the single layer LZ coating. and even longer than that of the single layer YSZ coating. The failure of the DCL coating is a result of both the bond coat oxidation and the thermal strain between bond coat and ceramic layer generated by the thermal expansion mismatch.

Fabrication and characterization of SERS-active silver clusters on glassy carbon

In this article, a novel technique for the fabrication of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active silver clusters on glassy carbon (GC) has been proposed. It was found that silver clusters could be formed on a layer of positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) anchored to a carbon surface by 4-aminobenzoic acid when a drop containing silver nanoparticles was deposited on it. The characteristics of the obtained silver clusters have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), SERS and an SERS-based Raman mapping technique in the form of line scanning. The AFM image shows that the silver clusters consist of several silver nanoparticles and the size of the clusters is in the range 80-100 nm. The SERS spectra of different concentrations of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on the silver clusters were obtained and compared with those from a silver colloid. The apparent enhancement factor (AEF) was estimated to be as large as 3.1 x 10(4) relative to silver colloid, which might have resulted from the presence of 'hot-spots' at the silver clusters, providing a highly localized electromagnetic field for the large enhancement of the SERS spectra of R6G. The minimum electromagnetic enhancement factor (EEF) is estimated to be 5.4 x 10(7) by comparison with the SERS spectra of R6G on the silver clusters and on the bare GC surface.