195 resultados para 2s albumin


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从菠菜叶绿体中分离提纯PSI颗粒及其捕光天线色素蛋白复合物LHCI,对其光谱特性进行分析。对PSI颗粒中色素和蛋白的光破坏进程,并对外加组氨酸、Triton,以及温度对PSI颗粒光破坏的影响等进行了比较系统的研究,以探讨PSI光破坏的机理。其主要结果如下: 1. 对PSI颗粒和LHCI色素蛋白复合物的荧光光谱的研究,发现PSI中Chlb所吸收的光能主要传递给LHCI中的“长波组分”(吸收波长大于P700的Chla)。 2. 在PSI颗粒光破坏进程的研究中发现,Chla中吸收波长较长的组分首先发生光破坏;位于PSI颗粒外围的LHCI上的Chlb,也容易受到光破坏;Car先于Chlb发生光破坏。在光照处理过程中,PSI的天线色素蛋白复合物LHCI多肽降解程度大于反应中心多肽组分(PsaA,PsaB)的降解,其中LHCI-680首先由于光破坏而发生降解。PsaD也是容易受到光破坏而发生降解的一个多肽。另外,还发现在长时间光照后有蛋白聚合现象发生。 3. 在PSI颗粒中外加单线态氧的淬灭剂组氨酸,分析不同光强光照处理过程中组氨酸对PSI颗粒中色素和多肽光破坏的保护作用,发现外加组氨酸对强光照(2300μEm-2s-1)引起的叶绿素光吸收减少和CD信号减弱的有效抑制表现出一个明显的延迟期,但对强光诱导的荧光产量下降的效应却能立即表现出来;在强光照前期和弱光照(300μEm-2s-1)条件下,组氨酸不能抑制PSI颗粒的光吸收下降。另外,外加组氨酸除了对反应中心多肽有光保护作用以外,对PSI中其它多肽也有显著的保护作用。 4. 用不同浓度的Triton处理PSI颗粒,发现较低浓度的Triton可以增大叶绿素的光吸收和PSI颗粒的荧光产量,而不对PSI颗粒的多肽组成造成影响;当Triton浓度达到一定的程度时,虽然不会影响PSI颗粒的多肽组成,但是会使其光吸收减少,荧光产量下降;而当Triton浓度过高时,PSI颗粒的多肽会发生降解现象,同时其光吸收和荧光产量也迅速下降。Triton浓度较低时,PSI颗粒光破坏的程度随Triton浓度的增大而增大,当Triton浓度增大到一定的程度时,PSI颗粒的光破坏程度同Triton浓度不再呈明显的正相关。 5. 对PSI颗粒进行不同温度的热处理,其结果表明:温度较低(20 ℃~40 ℃)的热处理对PSI颗粒的多肽和叶绿素光吸收的影响程度很小,照光后不同温度热处理过的PSI颗粒光吸收减少和多肽降解的程度相近;温度较高(50 ℃~60 ℃)的热处理会对PSI颗粒的结构产生影响,使之稳定性减小,对光处理更敏感;温度更高(大于70 ℃)的热处理会破坏PSI颗粒的结构,引起多肽组分的降解。另外,不同的多肽对热处理的敏感性显著不同。 6. 低温(4 ℃)和常温(20 ℃)下PSI颗粒光破坏的比较发现,室温下PSI颗粒的光破坏程度明显大于低温下光破坏的程度,表明光处理过程中温度会影响到PSI颗粒光破坏的程度。 通过上述的研究结果,分析了PSI颗粒光破坏过程中色素和蛋白的变化及其外界因子的影响,对PSI颗粒光破坏的机制进行了初步的探讨。

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Cyt b-559是光系统II反应中心的成分之一,它由亚基和亚基组成的。在Cyt b-559中,血红素辅基与两个亚基中的组氨酸连接成有功能的蛋白,并维持PSII的功能稳定性。前人曾将与血红素相连的His突变,导致Cyt b-559功能和PSII稳定性的丧失。基于此研究,本文采用定点突变技术,将亚基中与His23位置最近的上游氨基酸Arg18分别用Gly和Glu取代,下游氨基酸Ser24用Phe取代,获得了衣藻Cyt b-559的突变体。对突变体的分析,有以下新结果:突变体都能进行光合自养,但无论在异养培养基上还是自养培养基上,和对照相比,其生长速度非常缓慢; PSII的活性分析,表明PSII的放氧活性为野生衣藻细胞的50%~80%, Fv/Fm 的荧光参数为40%~70%;对突变体进行强光(1000μE•m-2•s-1)照射,10min后,其放氧活性都降低为0,而野生型衣藻还保持35%的活性;提取类囊体膜蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE电泳和Western-blotting分析,显示突变体的膜蛋白与对照无显著差异。这些结果说明对围绕血红素环境的固有氨基酸的改变,虽然并没有明显影响类囊体膜蛋白的表达和组成,但是却影响了衣藻细胞的生长和PSII的活性,增加了衣藻细胞对强光的敏感性,降低了衣藻细胞自身的光保护能力。这说明靠近血红素配位环境的氨基酸Arg和Ser,尤其是Arg,对Cyt b-559的功能维持不可缺少,对于维持PSII的活性也很重要。

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光系统I(photosystem I,PSI)是光合膜上参与光合作用原初反应过程的主要膜蛋白超分子复合体之一。高等植物的PSI是由核心复合体(14个亚基)和捕光色素蛋白复合体I(light-harvesting complex I, LHCI,含4个Lhca蛋白)组成的超分子复合体,它的主要功能是调节光诱导的从囊腔侧的质体兰素(plastocyanin,PC)向基质侧的铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin,Fd)的电子传递。研究PSI的结构与功能对于揭示植物光合作用高效吸能、传能的分子机理具有重要意义。在本文中,我们首先建立了分离制备PSI及其亚组分的方法(Qin et al., 2007),并在此基础上对PSI在强光破坏的过程中结构与功能的变化进行了比较深入的研究。本论文的主要研究结果如下: 1.快速、高效分离纯化PSI及其亚组分方法的建立。 国际上传统的PSI分离方法(Bassi and Simpson, 1987; Croce et al., 1998; Påsllon et al.1995; Schmid et al. 2002),耗时长较长(分离PSI颗粒一般需要多于20h的蔗糖超速离心过程,而分离PSI的亚组分则需要25-60h的蔗糖超速离心过程)、得率较低,这不便于PSI方面的研究,为此我们首先改进了传统的分离纯化方法。新方法以高等植物菠菜叶片作为原材料,使用Triton X-100作为增溶剂,通过差速离心技术获得的粗制品,然后使用十二烷基麦芽糖苷(n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside, DDM)增溶PSI粗制品,之后采用100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)0.1-1 mol/L蔗糖梯度离心3h获得纯度较高的PSI颗粒。然后使用DDM和3-(N, N-Dimethylpalmitylammonio) propanesulfonate (zw 3-16)两种增溶剂处理PSI,后经100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)蔗糖梯度离心4h获得纯度较高的PSI core、LHCI-680、LHCI-730复合体。采用吸收光谱、荧光光谱技术研究了各样品的基本光谱学特性,采用HPLC分析了各样品的色素组成,结果显示平均每个Lhca蛋白结合1.5-1.6黄体素,1.0紫黄质, 0.8-1.1 β-胡萝卜素,该方法制备的LHCI比传统方法制备的LHCI减少了类胡萝卜素的丢失。这一工作为以后结构与功能的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。 2.PSI复合体及其亚组分的特性研究。 PSI颗粒具有一定的适应环境酸碱变化的能力,在我们的试验条件下PSI颗粒在pH 5-10相对稳定。PSI、LHCI很难通过加入Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+阳离子聚集沉淀。经绿胶鉴定我们制备的LHCI-680、LHCI-730是二聚体形式;而把PSI绿胶后再进行第二向十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)电泳,结果发现在稍强烈的绿胶增溶条件下,LHCI-730是以二聚体的形式存在,但是LHCI-680却是以单体的形式出现。这说明LHCI形成的二聚体,尤其是LHCI-680,较容易受到增溶处理而分离成单体形式,解释了以生化分离手段得到的LHCI-680的聚集形式是单体还是二聚体这个目前国际上还有有争议的问题。 3.PSI、LHCI光破坏的基本特点。 采用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射PSI颗粒,通过SDS-PAGE及室温吸收光谱检测光照过程中PSI复合体的变化,结果表明:去氧处理能够大大延缓PSI的光破坏,而PSI脱辅基蛋白不会发生光破坏,这说明PSI发生的光破坏可能与Chl与O2的相互作用有关。采用白光(1000 μmol•m-2•s-1、300 μmol•m-2•s-1)处理LHCI-680、LHCI-730,发现LHCI-680被破坏的速度明显快于LHCI-730被破坏的速度,这是首次在体外分离的水平上揭示了不同LHCI光破坏方面的差异。LHCI-680与LHCI-730在光破坏方面的差异可能与两种天线蛋白结合的类胡萝卜素的种类和数量不同有关,还可能与二者结合的长波长Chl的情况有关,但是具体的原因还有待于进一步的研究。 4.结合不同的捕光色素蛋白复合体(light-harvesting complex,LHC)对PSI光破坏的影响。 为了研究结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响,我们制备了PSI-LHCII、PSI、PSI core三种复合体。使用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射这三种复合体,并通过测定各复合体在光破坏过程中蛋白亚基、吸收光谱、PSI活性及P700含量的变化,对比三者光破坏的速度,结果发现PSI-LHCII在这三种复合体中光破坏速度最快,而PSI和PSI core两种复合体光破坏速度基本一致。我们推测在光照过程中部分光系统II捕光Chl a/b蛋白复合体II(light-harvesting complex II,LHCII)能够向PSI core传递能量,另外PSI-LHCII绿胶分析的结果表明发生了LHCII三聚体向单体的转变,这种强光下发生的LHCII聚合形式的转化可能是高光强下调节光能捕获的一种机制,由于植物体内具有较完整的保护系统,体内PSI-LHCII的光破坏可能与体外情况不同;另外LHCI与PSI core的解离可能发生在强光照射的早期,具有保护PSI core减少光破坏的积极作用。该部分的研究首次观察了结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响。

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通过离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析,在大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)皮肤中得到其白蛋白(BmA-skin).该蛋白具有较强的胰蛋白酶抑制活性.用0.5mg/只BmA-skin作为免疫源免疫大白兔,经三次免疫后,抽取大白兔血液,分离血清,饱和硫酸氨沉淀,获得抗BmA-skin的多克隆抗体.经ELISA方法测定该抗体与大蹼铃蟾白蛋白发生免疫反应,抗体滴度为1:100000.

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通过离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析,在大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)皮肤中得到其白蛋白.该蛋白有强烈抑制胰蛋白酶水解小肽底物的活性,但对其它丝氨酸蛋白酶如凝血酶、糜蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶及枯草杆菌蛋白酶无抑制.它以1∶1摩尔比同胰蛋白酶形成稳定结合的复合物.经测定发现,该蛋白对温度、pH值及还原剂二硫苏糖醇的耐受性较强,三种因素对其胰蛋白酶抑制活性影响不大.说明大蹼铃蟾皮肤白蛋白具有稳定的胰蛋白酶抑制活性,可能在大蹼铃蟾防御天敌捕食的过程中发挥重要作用.

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血清白蛋白是脊椎动物血浆中含量最丰富的蛋白质.人血清白蛋白是由585个氨基酸组成的单链蛋白质,分子量为67 kDa.成熟的人血清白蛋白是一个心形分子,由3个结构相似的α-螺旋结构域组成.不同来源的血清白蛋白的氨基酸序列及其空间结构非常保守,它具有结合和运输内源性与外源性物质,维持血液胶体渗透压,清除自由基,抑制血小板聚集和抗凝血等生理功能.最近研究发现,蟾蜍血清白蛋白可能与其皮肤呼吸有关.人血清白蛋白目前已广泛应用于临床.

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通过凝胶过滤层析及两步阴离子交换层析, 从非洲爪蟾( Xenopus laevis ) 的血清中获得了其68 kDa 的血清白蛋白。与大蹼铃蟾血清白蛋白相似, 非洲爪蟾血清白蛋白也具有抑制胰蛋白酶的活性, 但其抑制活力 相对较低, 180 nmol/L 的非洲爪蟾血清白蛋白能抑制84 %的胰蛋白酶活性(30 nmol/L) 。经表面等离子共振法 获得了其与胰蛋白酶的结合动力学常数, 解离平衡常数KD = 1144 ×10 - 6 mol/L 。经Western blot 分析发现, 非洲 爪蟾的皮肤中也分布有血清白蛋白。推测两栖类动物血清白蛋白具有的胰蛋白酶抑制活性可能是其抵御天敌捕 食的一种防御措施。

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以小鼠原核期胚胎为对象, 以胚胎的存活率、卵裂率、囊胚率以及囊胚细胞数作为检测指标, 在M2 液的基础上添加8 种浓度(0 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 , 96 mg/ mL) 牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 配置防冻液, 探讨防 冻液和玻璃化冷冻后对胚胎发育的影响。BSA 防冻液对胚胎发育影响的实验结果表明, 8 个浓度组间以及与对 照组间胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚率以及囊胚细胞数无显著差异( P > 0105) , 说明在防冻液中加入一定浓度的BSA 对小鼠胚胎无毒性作用。防冻液经玻璃化冷冻后对胚胎发育影响的实验表明, 8 个浓度组间冷冻胚胎复苏后的 存活率、卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚细胞数无显著差异( P > 0105) 。表明BSA 在这种防冻液中没有明显的保护作 用。从经济、实用、生物安全角度考虑, 不支持在玻璃化防冻液中添加BSA。

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由于到达地球表面的紫外线B辐射不断加强,生物生长受到了威胁。UV-B的增强改变了生物体赖以生存的环境,影响了藻类生物生长,抑制了其光合作用。以BG11为培养基,在室内培养的条件是光照强度为60μmol·m-2s-(1昼夜比为12h∶12h),温度为26℃,研究了一氧化氮(NO)在增强UV-B(强度为0.2J·m-2s-1)辐射下的对小球藻的作用。测定了小球藻的硝酸还原酶(NR,nitrate reductase)、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR,nitrite reductase)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GS,gluta

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从滇池分离纯化了两种常见水华微囊藻即铜锈微囊藻和绿色微囊藻.在常规培养条件下,两种藻类在对数生长期的生长速率μ值分别为0.61和0.63;早期生长的抑制光强不大于100μmolm-2s-1.铜锈微囊藻主要产生3种微囊藻毒素:MYCST-RR,MYCST-YR和MYCST-LR绿色微囊藻产生的主要微囊藻毒素为[Dha7]-MYCST-RR和[Dha7]MYCST.LR,另含有少量的[Dha7]-MYCST-YR.在低光强15μEm-2s-1时,毒素含量每毫克于重细胞达到3.127μg微囊藻毒素,当光强达到1

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运用经典血清学方法首次在红鯽中证明了一种与金枪鱼中的A-B-O血型及人类的ABO血型模式相似的红细胞抗原系统,命名为S血型系统。该系统有四种血型表型:S~1,S~2,S~2S~2和S~0,推测它由S~1、S~2和S~0三个复等位基因决定。

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An indirect inhibitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay was developed for the microcystins (MCs) detection. The bioconjugate of MC-LR and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized on a CM5 sensor chip. A serial premixture of MC-LR standards (or samples) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) were injected over the functional sensor surface, and the subsequent specific immunoreaction was monitored on the BIAcore 3000 biosensor and generated a signal with an increasing intensity in response to the decreasing MCs concentration. The developed SPR immunoassay has a wide quantitative range in 1-100 mu g L-1. Although not as sensitive as conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SPR biosensor offered unique advantages: (I) the sensor chip could be reusable without any significant loss in its binding activity after 50 assay-regeneration cycles, (2) one single assay could be accomplished in 50 min (including 30-min preincubation and 20-min BIAcore analysis), and (3) this method did not require multiple steps. The SPR biosensor was also used to detect MCs in environmental samples, and the results compared well with those obtained by ELISA. We conclude that the SPR biosensor offers outstanding advantages for the MCs detection and may be further developed as a field-portable sensor for real-time monitoring of MCs on site in the near future. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Microcystins (MCs) comprise a family of more than 80 related cyclic hepatotoxic heptapeptides. Oxidation of MCs causes cleavage of the chemically unique C-20 beta-amino acid (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda) amino to form 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB), which has been exploited to enable analysis of the entire family. In the present study, the reaction conditions (e.g. concentration of the reactants. temperature and pH) used in the production of MMPB by oxidation of cyanobacterial samples with permanganate-periodate were optimized through a series of well-controlled batch experiments. The oxidation product (MMPB) was then directly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The results of this study provided insight into the influence of reaction conditions on the yield of MMPB. Specifically, the optimal conditions, including a high dose of permanganate (>= 50 mM) in saturated periodate solution at ambient temperature under alkaline conditions (pH similar to 9) over 1-4 h were proposed, as indicated by a MMPB yield of greater than 85%. The technique developed here was applied to determine the total concentration of MCs in cyanobacterial bloom samples, and indicated that the MMPB technique was a highly sensitive and accurate method of quantifying total MCs. Additionally, these results will aid in development of a highly effective analytical method for detection of MMPB as an oxidation product for evaluation of total MCs in a wide range of environmental sample matrices, including natural waters, soils (sediments) and animal tissues. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Some species of the genera Anabaena can produce various kinds of cyanotoxins, which may pose risks to environment and human health. Anabaena has frequently been observed in eutrophic freshwater of China in recent years, but its toxicity has been reported only in a few studies. In the present study, the toxicity of an Anabaena flos-aquae strain isolated from Lake Dianchi was investigated. Acute toxicity testing was performed by mouse bioassay using crude extracts from the lyophilized cultures. The mice exposed to crude extracts showed visible symptoms of toxicity and died within 10-24 h of the injection. Serum biochemical parameters were evaluated by the use of commercial diagnostic kits. Significant alterations were found in the serum biochemical parameters: alkaline phosphatase (AKP), gamma-glutamyl transpepticlase (gamma-GT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), AST/ALT ratio, total protein content, albumin content, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Ssr), and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). Histopathological observations were carried out with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain under light microscope. Severe lesions were seen in the livers, kidneys, and lungs of the mice injected with crude extracts. The alterations of biochemical parameters were in a dose-dependent manner, and the severities of histological lesions were in the same manner. Based on biochemical and histological studies, this research firstly shows the presence of toxin-producing Anabaena species in Lake Dianchi and the toxic effects of its crude extracts on mammals. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 10-18, 2009.

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Microcystins (MCs) are a family of related cyclic hepatotoxic heptapeptides, of which more than 70 types have been identified. The chemically unique nature of the C20 beta-amino acid, (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca4,6-dienoic acid (Adda), portion of the MCs has been exploited to develop a strategy to analyze the entirety. Oxidation of MCs causes the cleavage of MC Adda to form 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB). In the present study, we investigated the kinetics of MMPB produced by oxidation of the most-often-studied MC variant, MC-LR (L = leucine, R = arginine), with permanganate-periodate. This investigation allowed insight regarding the influence of the reaction conditions (concentration of the reactants, temperature, and pH) on the conversion rate. The results indicated that the reaction was second order overall and first order with respect to both permanganate and MC-LR. The second-order rate constant ranged from 0.66 to 1.35 M/s at temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C, and the activation energy was 24.44 kJ/mol. The rates of MMPB production can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration, and sufficient periodate is necessary for the formation of MMPB. The initial reaction rate under alkaline and neutral conditions is higher than that under acidic conditions, but the former decreases faster than the latter except under weakly acidic conditions. These results provided new insight concerning selection of the permanganate-periodate concentration, pH, and temperature needed for the oxidation of MCs with a high and stable yield of MMPB.