江豚胎儿形态发生及生殖规律的研究

在胚胎发育早期，江豚上颌生有短须：左侧１－３根，右侧２－３根。具有半月形外耳廓。雄性胎儿阴茎露于体外。脐带较短。胎儿运动器官（胸鳍、尾鳍和尾柄）发育较快。随着胚胎的发育，外耳廓消失，阴茎藏于体腔。江豚胚胎发育过程中的这些形态学变化，再现了鲸类祖先在陆上生活的历史，同时也反映了鲸类在二次入水过程中所形成的对水环境的适应。此外。通过对收集的１７头江豚胎儿资料进行统计，结果表明长江江豚胎儿的生长速度约为９．０８ｃｍ／月（Ｏ．３０３ｃｍ／ｄ），妊娠期为９．４个月，交配季节为６－８月份，分娩为３－５月份。

亚硫酸氢钠对鱼腥藻生长的影响

在不同条件下研究了光呼吸抑制剂——亚硫酸氢钠对鱼腥藻(Anabaena)生长的影响。结果表明亚硫酸氢钠的浓度在1—10μg/ml时都提高了鱼腥藻的生物量,浓度在2.5和5.0μg/ml的效果优于其他浓度。亚硫酸氢钠提高了鱼腥藻叶绿素a的含量,但是,对蛋白质的含量没有的影响。亚硫酸氢钠用于增加鱼腥藻生物产量是有意义的。

鱼类微细胞和小分离细胞制备技术的研究

本文以3种鱼类组织细胞系为材料,对鱼类微细胞和小分离细胞制备技术及其形成机制进行了研究。在微细胞制备中,观察了细胞的微核化过程,微核是由间期状态的细胞核不规则分裂而成。光镜和扫描电镜观察表明,在小分离细胞聚集体形成过程中,细胞核的变化与微细胞的微核化过程相一致,但其细胞质的分裂机制不同,当细胞质进行异常分裂的同时,细胞的微核也随同细胞质不规则分裂而被分配至各个小分离细胞内。

多子小瓜虫的形态、生活史及其防治方法和一新种的描述

<正> 一、绪言小瓜虫是一种身体比较大,肉眼能见的原生动物,寄生在各种淡水鱼的上皮组织和鳃丝组织中,剥取寄主的上皮细胞和红血球为生。同时,由于它在组织中不停的活动和钻营的结果,上皮组织引起病态的浮肿,形成白色突出的小点,故有“白点”病之称。这种病,目前在我国淡水养鱼事业中已成为主要的危险病害之一。它的爆发流行,往往使成千成万的鱼种在几天之内死亡;用作春季产卵孵化的亲鲤,由于它的侵袭,以致不能完成鲤鱼苗的生产计划。金鱼和热带鱼的饲养者对小瓜虫的威胁体会更深,多年很费

黑龙江流域的细鳞鱼和哲罗鱼及其天然杂交种

<正> 细鳞鱼和哲罗鱼在分类学上隶属于(鱼非)形目(Clupeiformes)鲑鳟亚目(Salmonidei)的鲑科(salmonidae)。在中国只为黑龙江流域所特有。鲑科鱼类中,细鳞鱼属(Brachymystax)内仅细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok(Pallas)一种。在哲罗鱼属(Hucho)内,除哲罗鱼Hucho taimen(Pallas)外,在北半球还分布着另外四种,即:Hucho hucho(Linne)棲息于苏联境内的多瑙河流域;Hucho ishikawai Mori,棲息于鸭

The reproductive traits of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) from the Yadong River, Tibet

Some key aspects of the reproductive strategy of the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) in the Yadong River, Tibet, including spawning season, age at sexual maturity, fecundity and egg size, have been studied. The majority of the samples were less than 215 mm and age ranged from 1 to 4 in both sexes, indicating that the majority of the fish were younger and the pressure by overfishing was high. The spawning periodicity was determined to be between the end of October and January, mainly in November and December. The ratio of male to female brown trout population (1.29:1 with P > 0.05) suggested no sex significant differences, although males were significantly more abundant than females in October (P < 0.0001) on monthly basis. Age and size of males and females at maturity was different and males matured earlier than females. Fecundity was markedly correlated with their body weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.9255), standard length (P < 0.01, r = 0.8879), and gonad weight (P < 0.001, r = 0.9366). The mean size of mature eggs in the spawning season was: 4.0 +/- 0.45 mm and tended to increase along with the female spawners size (P < 0.001, r = 0.9641). Further researches about the brown trout population in the Yadong River should be conducted on issues such as artificial reproduction, culture, conservation, management, and restocking.

Validation of a method of estimating age, modelling growth, and describing the age composition of Coilia mystus from the Yangtze Estuary, China

A collection of 577 Coilia mystus was made during April 2006 and 2007 from China's Yangtze Estuary to estimate the age structure and growth patterns of the population. Examination of sectioned sagittal otoliths revealed a periodic straight/curved growth pattern. The straight zone was from April to November, and the curved zone from October to May, indicating annual periodicity. Annual periodicity was also verified by margin zone analysis. The shift from a curved-zone to the next straight-zone stanza was defined as an annulus. The fish from which the otoliths were taken were 0-5 years old. The von Bertalanffy growth function was fitted to standard length (LS)-at-age data as L-S = 215.16 (1 - e(-0.53(t+0.30))) (n = 577, r(2) = 0.81, p < 0.05). The mature females included five age classes, ages 1 and 2 accounting for 74.3% of the population. The mature males included fish aged 1 and 2, those at age 1 accounting for 86.4% of the population. Mean length was smaller, and annual growth less, for mature males than for females of comparable age. The study demonstrated that the Yangtze population of C. mystus consists of more age classes than previously thought and that the age structure of the population needs to be considered in management decisions.

The role of glutathione metabolism in tolerance of tobacco BY-2 suspension cells to microcystin-RR

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the glutathione-involved detoxifying mechanism in defending the tobacco BY-2 suspension cells against microcystin-RR (MC-RR). Analysis showed that exposure of the cells to different concentrations of MC-RR (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g/mL) for 0-6 days resulted in a time and concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione (tGSH) content as well as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly increased after 3-4 days exposure in the highest two concentration treated groups, while decreased until reaching the control values except for GPX at day 6. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content markedly increased compared with control in high concentration MC-RR treated group after 6 days exposure. The GSH/GSSG ratio was much higher than control in 10 mu g/mL MC-RR treated group at day 4, but after 6 days exposure, the ratios in all treated groups were lower than that of the control group.

Variation in stable isotope signatures of seston and a zooplanktivorous fish in a eutrophic Chinese lake

Temporal and spatial changes in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston (mainly phytoplankton) and isotopic relationship between seston and the lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes) were studied in the large eutrophic freshwater Lake Chaohu in China. Much of the spatial and temporal variation in delta(13)C of lake anchovies was explained by variation in seston, indicating a strong link between pelagic primary production and higher order consumers. Because the lake is shallow, there were no significant differences in delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston between surface and overlying waters. Spatially, the relatively high delta(13)C and delta(15)N of seston in the western part of the lake might be due to high levels of anthropogenically derived N and C introduced from the surrounding cities through sewage drainage systems. The trophic position of the lake anchovy in the food web of Lake Chaohu was estimated to be 2.9-4.1 (3.5 +/- 0.4), which agrees well with the previous stomach content analysis suggesting that the lake anchovy fed both on zooplankton and small planktivorous fishes.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese cyprinid genus Rhinogobio Bleeker (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) based on sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region, with comments on character adaptations

Rhinogobio is a cyprinid genus restricted to the river drainages of China. Sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region were determined for four Rhinogohio species and one outgroup species, Coreius heterodon, to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The control region of the Rhinogobio species ranges from 922 to 930 base pairs and comprises 930 base pairs in Coreius. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates two distinct lineages in the genus Rhinogobio. The first includes only R. ventralis. In the second lineage there are three species, two closely related species R. cylindricus and R. hunanensis, and their sister species R. typus. An analysis of character adaptations suggests an evolutionary trend in this genus towards a relatively lower body and caudal peduncle depth, a shorter dorsal fin, and a more anterior anus. In addition, there is a trend towards shorter barbels and relatively larger eyes. Some or all of these traits may be associated with a habitat shift from fast-flowing turbid rivers to slower-flowing clear river habitats.

Artificial interspecific hybridization between Macrobrachium species

Viable F-1 hybrids were obtained from crosses of female Macrobrachium nipponense and male Macrobrachium hainanense involving spermatophore transfer and artificial insemination. This represents the first successful known case of hybridization of two Macrobrachium species by means of artificial insemination. The hatching rate was over 90%. About 20-60% of newly hatched larvae metamorphosed to postlarvae. The morphological characteristics of the hybrids resembled a combination of features of both parents. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and esterase (EST) isozyme electrophoresis indicated parents and F-1 hybrids showed co-dominant expression of the paternal and maternal alleles controlling the isozymes and confirmed the hybridization. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phylogenetic relationships among six species of Epistylis inferred from 18S-ITS1 sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among six species of Epistylis (i.e. E. plicatilis, E. urceolata, E. chrysemydis, E. hentscheli, E. wenrichi, and E, galea) were investigated using sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Amplified rDNA fragment sequences consisted of 215 or 217 bases of the flanking 18S and 5.8S regions, and the entire ITS-1 region (from 145 to 155 bases). There were more than 33 variable bases between E. galea and the other five species in both the 18S region and the ITS-1 region. The affiliation of them was assessed using Neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. In all the NJ, MP and ML analyses E. galea, whose macronucleic position and shape are distinctly different from those of the other five species, was probably diverged from the ancestor of Epistylis earlier than the other five species. The topology in which E. plicatilis and E, hentscheli formed a strongly supported sister clade to E. urceolata, E. chrysemydis, and E. wenrichi was consistent with variations in the thickness of the peristomial lip. We concluded that the macronucleus and peristomial lip might be the important phylogenetic characteristics within the genus Epistylis.

Paired interference 3-dB coupler based on SOI rib waveguides with anisotropic chemical wet etching

A 3-dB paired interference (PI) optical coupler in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based on rib waveguides with trapezoidal cross section was designed with simulation by a modified finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) and fabricated by potassium hydroxide (KOH) anisotropic chemical wet etching. Theoretically, tolerances of width, length, and port distance are more than 1, 100, and 1 mu m, respectively. Smooth interface was obtained with the propagation loss of 1.1 dB/cm at the wavelength of 1.55 mu m. The coupler has a good uniformity of 0.2 dB and low excess loss of less than 2 dB.

Optical bistability in InP/GaInAsP equilateral-triangle-resonator microlasers

Optical bistability is reported in InP/GaInAsP equilateral-triangle-resonator (ETR) microlasers, which are fabricated by planar technology. For a 30 mu m side ETR microlaser with a 2-mu m-wide output waveguide connected to one of the vertices of the ETR, hysteresis loops are observed for the output power versus the injection current from 215 to 235 K. The laser output spectra are measured in the upper and lower states of the hysteresis loop, which show strong mode competition among transverse modes. The hysteresis loops are demonstrated by two-mode rate equations with asymmetric cross gain saturation and different output efficiencies. (C) 2009 Optical Society of America

Raman scattering study on Ga1-xMnxAs prepared by Mn ions implantation, deposition and post-annealing

Raman scattering measurements have been performed in Ga1-xMnxAs crystals prepared by Mn ions implantation, deposition, and post-annealing. The Raman spectrum measured from the implanted surface of the sample shows some weak phonon modes in addition to GaAs-like phonon modes, where the GaAs-like LO and TO phonons are found to be shifted by approximately 4 and 2 cm(-1), respectively, in the lower frequency direction compared to those observed from the unimplanted surface of the sample. The weak vibrational modes observed are assigned to hausmannite Mn3O4 like. The coupled LO-phonon plasmon mode (CLOPM), and defects and As related vibrational modes caused by Mn ions implantation, deposition, and post-annealing are also observed. The compositional dependence of GaAs-like LO phonon frequency is developed for strained and unstrained conditions and then using the observed LOGaAs peak, the Mn composition is evaluated to be 0.034. Furthermore, by analyzing the intensity of CLOPM and unscreened LOGaAs phonon mode, the hole density is evaluated to be 1.84 x 10(18) cm(-3). (C) 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim