Synthesis and characterization of novel polythiophenes containing poly(ethylene oxide) side chains

Thiophene copolymers and their derivatives with poly(ethylene oxide) side chains were synthesized. The starting monomers were 3-hexylthiophene and 2-(3-thienyl) ethanol with poly(ethylene oxide) grafted to the side chains. New functionalized polythiophenes were prepared by both chemical oxidation with FeCl3 and electropolymerization. The conjugating polymers were characterized. The structures of the polythiophene derivatives agreed with the design.

Selective penetration of liquid-phase organic probe molecules into SAM of 2-mercapto-3-n-octylthiophene

An inherently disorganized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 2-mercapto-3-n-octylthiophene (MOT) has been formed on a gold bead electrode from its dilute ethanolic solution. The disorganization of the monolayer is attributed to the loose packing of the aliphatic chains of the MOT adsorbates, which results from a large difference in dimension/or cross-sectional area between the head (thiophene thiolate) and the tail (alkane chain) groups. Electrochemical measurements including ac impedance spectroscopy and metal underpotential deposition have shown that the monolayer is almost pinhole free. However, the MOT SAM can be penetrated by an organic probe molecule with affinity for the alkane chain part of the monolayer. Some typical probe molecules with different size and hydrophilicity have been employed to assess the permselectivity of the monolayer. Measurement results demonstrate that the ability of the employed probe molecules to penetrate into the monoalyer is mainly dominated by their hydrophilicity/or hydrophobicity. The results presented here suggest the potential application of MOT monoalyer to effectively modify the electrode surface for several research areas such as electrochemical sensors, electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, and supported hybrid bilayer membranes.

Formation of a self-assembled monolayer of 2-mercapto-3-n-octylthiophene on gold

Monolayer assembly of 2-mercapto-3-n-octylthiophene (MOT) having a relatively large headgroup onto gold surface from its dilute ethanolic solutions has been investigated by electrochemistry. An electrochemical capacitance measurement on the permeability of the monolayer to aqueous ions, as compared with its alkanethiol counterpart [CH3(CH2)(9)SH (DT)] with a similar molecular length, shows that the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of MOT can be penetrated by aqueous ions to some extent. Furthermore, organic molecular probes, such as dopamine, can sufficiently diffuse into the monolayer because a diffusion-limited current peak is observed when the dopamine oxidation reaction takes place, showing that the monolayer is loosely packed or dominated by defects. But the results of electron transfer to aqueous redox probes (including voltammetry in Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) solutions and electrochemical ac impedance spectrum) confirm that the monolayer can passivate the gold electrode surface effectively for its very low ratio of pinhole defects. Moreover, a heterogeneous patching process involving addition of the surfactants into the SAMs provides a mixed or hybrid membrane that has superior passivating properties. These studies show that the MOT monolayer on the electrode can provide an excellent barrier for hydrated ionic probe penetration but cannot resist the organic species penetration effectively. The unusual properties of the SAMs are attributed to the entity of the relatively large thiophene moiety between the carbon chain and the thiol group.

In-situ microscopic FT-IR spectroelectrochemical investigation of polythiophene film modified electrode

A polythiophene film was electrochemically deposited on a Pt micro-plate electrode and investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in-situ reflection microscopic FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis showed that the electropolymerization of thiophene on the Pt surface was affected Lv the surface adsorption processes of thiophene molecules. Two adsorption modes were identified. Two structure models of the polythiophene chain were observed simultaneously. It was proposed that the good conductibility of the polythiophene film was originated from a co-vibratory equilibrium of the link part of model I and model II.

Energy transfer in phase-separated luminescent polymer films

The energy transfer in a blend film of poly 3-(2-(5-chlorobenzotriazolo) ethyl) thiophene (PCSET) and polyvinylcarzole (PVK) was investigated. The UV-VIS and photoluminescence (PL) results suggest that the energy transfer from PVK to PCBET leads to the enhancement of PL emission of PCBET. The AFM and LMF results indicated that the domains of blend polymer film are of micro-meter size. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of structures of modifiers on electrochemistry of di-mu-oxo dimanganese 2,2'-bipyridine complex

The gold electrodes modified with 2-picolinic acid , nicotinic acid, iso-nicotinic or thiophene were prepared using membrane transfer method, The electrochemistry of di-mu-oxodimanganese 2,2'-bipyridine complex was studied in the acetic acid buffer solution at different modified gold electrodes, It was found that the modifiers which can promote the electrochemical reaction of the complex should be of at least two functional groups, One group can be bound to the electrode surface and the other can form electron transfer pathway between the modifier and the complex through sal; bridge or hydrogen bond, In addition, the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction was discussed.

生物标志化合物数据处理及在重建古环境中的应用

本文主要地讨论了生物标志化合物数据的处理方法，并将此应用到古沉积环境的判别方面。全文共分三大部分：第一部分主要讨论是多元统计方法对那些研究的较成熟的烃类生物标志经合物参数在重建古沉积环境方面的应用。对分别采自不同沉积环境的共46个样品中生物标志化合参数的R型因子分析和对应分析的结果表明：生物标志化合物参数可以有效地将所研究的样品分划分为：淡水湖泊相沉积环境、半咸水/淡水环境、膏盐环境和泻湖沉积具火山灰沉积的环境，与此对应，生物标志化合物参数也可以划分为相应的四大类，即：（1）反映淡水湖泊沉积环境的特征为：含较丰富的高等植物输入的生物标志化合物，如：具较高的H/L，C31/C17，C27/C17比值等；（2）半咸水/淡水沉积环境以较高的Pr，Pr/Ph和高的藿/甾比为特征；（3）生物标志化合物参数组合{Ph/nC18，植烷，升藿烷指数，伽玛蜡烷指数， iC25+iC30和Tm/Ts}是反映膏盐环境的一类生物标志化合物参数；（4）可能可以用含较高的C28甾烷和β-胡萝卜烷来区分泻湖具火山灰沉的环境。正构烷烃的分布对于划分沉积环境远不如上述的综合生物标志化合物那样有效，但是，中等链长的正烷烃（C22，C24）在主因子分析的第二主因子轴上有较大的载荷，反晨了含较高中等链长的正烷烃是膏盐环境的一个特征，对其归一化数据的主因子分析的结果还表明，它是一类较好的物源（高等植物或低等生物输入）指示生物标志化合物。第二部分讨论的是膏盐环境中含硫化合物GC/MS数据的处理方法，通过初步确定碳数、碳数的校正、计算TPI（噻吩指数，Thiophene index）和CTPI、确定噻吩代码、建立TPmaster、绘制噻吩化合物分布的“指纹图”等步骤，在大多数噻吩化合物结构不明的情况下，快速地、清楚地、有条理地将这类化合物的所有异构体表达出来，同时还实现了这类化合物在不同样品间的自动对比和直观对比；大大的方便了这类化合物在地质体中应用的研究。在理论上，可以通过TPmater寻找新的异构体和新的噻吩化合物系列。第三部分在计算同位素分子峰发布的基础上，快速地、有效地处理了卟啉的质谱数据，即：卟啉Probe-MS数据的同位素校正。这一计算程序不仅可以计算混合分子同位素峰束中单个化合物的含量（即质谱数据的同位素校正），还可以计算任意化合物和混合物的分子同位素峰的分布类型，通过对比质谱数据，有助于地质体中新的卟啉化合物的发现和鉴定。在用该计算程序处理了采自不同沉积环境的七个样品的Probe-MS数据后，再加上自由基卟啉的HPLC特征，结果表明：可以用卟啉的分布将淡水/半咸水环境的沁阳凹陷、泻湖相具火山灰沉积的准葛尔盆地和四川三叠系海相区分开来。

The effect of chromium on sulfur resistance of Pd/HY-Al2O3 catalysts for aromatic hydrogenation

Sulfur is a major poison to noble metal catalysts for deep aromatic hydrogenation in the petroleum refining industry. In order to study the sulfur resistance of Pd-based catalysts, a series of Pd, Cr, and PdCr catalysts supported on HY-Al2O3 were studied by NH3-TPD, pyridine-adsorption IR, TPR, IR spectra of adsorbed CO, and toluene hydrogenation in the presence of 3000 ppm sulfur as thiophene under the following conditions: 533-573 K, 4.2 MPa, and WHSV 4.0 h(-1). Cr has no influence on the acidity of the catalysts. TPR patterns and in situ IR spectra of adsorbed CO revealed a strong interaction between Cr and Pd, and the frequency shift of linear bonded CO on Pd indicates that the electron density of Pd decreases with the increase of the Cr/Pd atomic ratio. The catalytic performance of Pd, Cr, and PdCr catalysts shows that the sulfur resistance of Pd is strongly enhanced by Cr, and the activity reaches its maximum when the Cr/Pd atomic ratio equals 8. The active phase model "Pd particles decorated by Cr2O3" is postulated to explain the behavior of PdCr catalysts. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Strong effect of transitional metals on the sulfur resistance of Pd/HY-Al2O3 catalysts for aromatic hydrogenation

In order to improve the sulfur resistance of noble metal catalysts in the aromatic hydrogenation of diesel fuel, the alloying effect of non-noble metals with Pd was studied. Toluene hydrogenation over Pd and Pd-M bimetallic catalysts (M = Cr, W,La, Mn, Mo, Ag) on a mixed HY-Al2O3 support was investigated in the presence of 3000 ppm sulfur as thiophene in the feedstock. The results showed that the addition of the second metals strongly affected the activity of toluene hydrogenation, which suggests that the sulfur resistibility of Pd-M bimetallic catalysts is much different from single Pd. La, Mn, Mo and Ag decreased the sulfur resistance of the palladium catalysts. For example, the toluene conversion at 553 K was observed to decrease sharply from 39.4 wt.% on Pd to 1.6 wt.% on Pd-Ag, which is by a factor of 25. One of the important findings in this article is that Cr and W increase hydrogenation activity of Pd catalysts. The reactions occurring on these catalysts include hydrogenation, isomerization and hydrocracking, The addition of the second metals has no noticeable effects on the hydrogenation and isomerization selectivity, but it slightly suppresses hydrocracking reactions. The four typical catalysts, Pd-Cr, Pd-W, Pd-Ag and Pd were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy of pyridine and CO. LR spectra of CO revealed the strong interaction between Pd and the second metal as Cr, W and Ag (or their oxide), indicating that the improvement in sulfur resistance originates from electron-deficient Pd with the addition of second metals. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.