红毛菜发育过程及其生理基础

红毛菜（Bangia Lyngb.）属于红藻门，与紫菜属同属红毛菜科，其味道和营养都优于紫菜。目前红毛菜栽培产业已在我国福建莆田展开，但栽培技术还有待提高。海藻栽培技术的发展和成熟依赖于对其生长发育过程的认识。本研究针对红毛菜发育过程及相关光合生理展开，并初步探讨了一采自山西娘子关泉淡水红毛菜群体（FWB）的系统地位。 色素突变标记的壳孢子萌发特征表明最初两次分裂产生的4细胞决定了完整植株的形态建成。成熟植株，为雌雄异体。雌性生殖器果胞的标志性分化结构为原始受精丝，环境因子是促发原始受精丝发展的外部因素，其膨大程度随受精的延迟而增大。原孢子是主要的无性生殖孢子类型，在不良环境中，藻体也会形成内生孢子或休眠包囊，或者藻体断裂后重新形成完整的植株。 红毛菜的生长发育很大程度上受环境因子的控制。高温不利于配子体的发育，15-20 ºC比较适宜。红毛菜无性繁殖的最适温度-光照组合为20 ºC-8 h，有性繁殖为15 ºC-12h。 不同发育阶段，PSII实际光合效率（Y(II)）与细胞的健康状况以及光合器官完整性及其在细胞内的分布有关，而与细胞的类型关系不大。健康的假根细胞、已分化未成熟的精子以及果孢子细胞均具有很高的Y(II)。色素体由中间位变为围周位，中央大液泡（营养藻丝）和大小纤维囊泡（成熟孢子与精子）的产生，使得细胞Y(II)降低。刚放散的壳孢子Y(II)很低，说明在壳孢子由贝壳基质释放到自由水体过程，光合作用受到一定程度抑制；而2h后，Y(II)开始恢复，rbcL的转录水平非常高，为孢子的萌发储备物质和能量需求。 在失水和低盐胁迫下，藻体均维持较高的Y(II)。干出处理至藻体重量不再变化，复水后Y(II)可回复初始水平。海生红毛菜在100％淡水培养基中（约20ºC）培养7天后，部分雄性藻体依然活着。从而体现了红毛菜位居高潮带的生理优势。 FWB终生行无性繁殖，藻体形态与发生以及染色体数目（4条）与海生群体没有区别。而rbcL-rbcS Spacer序列显示，红毛菜海生群体（无性和有性）具有完全相同的序列，而FWB与它们有5bp差异，但是与欧洲、北美地区的淡水群体仅1bp不同，初步说明所有淡水红毛菜群体具有共同的原始起源。

Potential of the seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture with scallop Chlamys farreri in North China

In this study the red alga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, was cultivated with the scallop Chlamys farreri in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for 3 weeks at the Marine Aquaculture Laboratory of the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS) in Qingdao, Shandong Province, North China. The nutrient uptake rate and nutrient reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus from scallop excretion were determined. The experiment included four treatments each with three replicates, and three scallop monoculture systems served as the control. Scallop density (407.9 +/- 2.84 g m(-3)) remained the same in all treatments while seaweed density differed. The seaweed density was set at four levels (treatments 1, 2, 3, 4) with thallus wet weight of 69.3 +/- 3.21, 139.1 +/- 3.80, 263.5 +/- 6.83, and 347.6 +/- 6.30 g m(-3), respectively. There were no significant differences in the initial nitrogen and phosphorus concentration between each treatment and the control group (ANOVA, p > 0.05). The results showed that at the end of the experiment, the nitrogen concentration in the control group and treatment 1 was significantly higher than in the other treatments. There was also a significant difference in phosphorus concentration between the control group and the IMTA treatments (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Growth rate, C and N content of the thallus, and mortality of scallop was different between the IMTA treatments. The nutrient uptake rate and nutrient reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus changed with different cultivation density and time. The maximum reduction efficiency of ammonium and phosphorus was 83.7% and 70.4%, respectively. The maximum uptake rate of ammonium and phosphorus was 6.3 and 3.3 A mu mol g(-1) DW h(-1). A bivalve/seaweed biomass ratio from 1:0.33 to 1:0.80 (treatments 2, 3, and 4) was preferable for efficient nutrient uptake and for maintaining lower nutrient levels. Results indicate that G. lemaneiformis can efficiently absorb the ammonium and phosphorus from scallop excretion and is a suitable candidate for IMTA.

Molecular systematics and biogeography of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences

Background and Aims The systematic position of the genus Metagentiana and its phylogenetic relationships with Crawfurdia, Gentiana and Tripterospermum have not been explicitly addressed. These four genera belong to one of two subtribes (Gentianinae) of Gentianeae. The aim of this paper is to examine the systematic position of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum and to clarify their phylogenetic affinities more clearly using ITS and trnL intron sequences.Methods Nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the plastid DNA trnL (UAA) intron were analysed phylogenetically. Ten of fourteen Metagentiana species were sampled, together with 40 species of other genera in the subtribe Gentianinae.Key Results The data support several previously published conclusions relating to the separation of Metagentiana from Gentiana and its closer relationships to Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum based on studies of gross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, embryology and previous molecular data. The molecular clock hypothesis for the tested sequences in subtribe Gentianinae was not supported by the data (P < 0.05), so the clock-independent non-parametric rate smoothing method was used to estimate divergence time. This indicates that the separation of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum from Gentiana occurred about 11.4-21.4 Mya (million years ago), and the current species of these three genera diverged at times ranging from 0.4 to 6.2 Mya.Conclusions The molecular analyses revealed that Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum do not merit status as three separate genera, because sampled species of Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum are embedded within Metagentiana. The speciation and rapid radiation of these three genera is likely to have occurred in western China as a result of upthrust of the Himalayas during the late Miocene and the Pleistocene.

Metagentiana, a new genus of Gentianaceae

The evidence from cross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, and embryology all indicates that sect. Stenogyne is discordant within the genus Gentiana and is as distinct from the other sections of Gentiana as are other genera, such as Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia. In light of these characters, sect. Stenogyne is removed from Gentiana and given generic rank as the new genus Metagentiana. It is more related to Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia than to Gentiana, though it is more primitive than the first two genera. Together with Tripterospermum and Crawfurdia the new genus forms a monophyletic group, which is the sister group to the genus Gentiana. Fourteen new combinations required at specific rank are proposed.

油气勘探风险评价与决策技术研究

PetroChina and other national petroleum incorporations need rigorous procedures and practical methods in risk evaluation and exploration decision at home and abroad to safeguard their international exploration practice in exploration licence bidding, finding appropriate ratio of risk sharing with partners, as well as avoiding high risk projects and other key exploration activities. However, due to historical reasons, we are only at the beginning of a full study and methodology development in exploration risk evaluation and decision. No rigorous procedure and practical methods are available in our exercises of international exploration. Completely adopting foreign procedure, methods and tools by our national incorporations are not practical because of the differences of the current economic and management systems in China. The objective of this study is to establish a risk evaluation and decision system with independent intellectual property right in oil and gas exploration so that a smooth transition from our current practice into international norm can take place. The system developed in this dissertation includes the following four components: 1. A set of quantitative criteria for risk evaluation is derived on the basis of an anatomy of the parameters from thirty calibration regions national wide as well as the characteristics and the geological factors controlling oil and gas occurrence in the major petroleum-bearing basins in China, which provides the technical support for the risk quantification in oil and gas exploration. 2. Through analysis of existing methodology, procedure and methods of exploration risk evaluation considering spatial information are proposed. The method, utilizing Mahalanobis Distance (MD) and fuzzy logic for data and information integration, provides probabilistic models on the basis of MD and fuzzy logic classification criteria, thus quantifying the exploration risk using Bayesian theory. A projection of the geological risk into spatial domain provides a probability map of oil and gas occurrence in the area under study. The application of this method to the Nanpu Sag shows that this method not only correctly predicted the oil and gas occurrence in the areas where Beibu and Laoyemiao oil fields are found in the northwest of the onshore area, but also predicted Laopu south, Nanpu south and Hatuo potential areas in the offshore part where exploration maturity was very low. The prediction of the potential areas are subsequently confirmed by 17 exploration wells in the offshore area with 81% success, indicating this method is very effective for exploration risk visualization and reduction. 3. On the basis of “Methods and parameters of economic evaluation for petroleum exploration and development projects in China”, a ”pyramid” method for sensitivity analysis was developed, which meets not only the need for exploration target evaluation and exploration decision at home, but also allows a transition from our current practice to international norm in exploration decision. This provides the foundation for the development of a software product “Exploration economic evaluation and decision system of PetroChina” (EDSys). 4. To solve problem in methodology of exploration decision, effort was made on the method of project portfolio management. A drilling decision method was developed employing the concept of geologically risked net present value. This method overcame the dilemma of handling simultaneously both geological risk and portfolio uncertainty, thus casting light into the application of modern portfolio theory to the evaluation of high risk petroleum exploration projects.

湘西地区上震旦统上部－下寒武统底部黑色岩系沉积学及地球化学

Widespread black chert-shales occur in the Ediacaran-Cambrian(E-C) boundary successions along the flank of Yangtze Platform, South China, remarkable changes in sedimentology, geochemistry and biology were recorded. Although extensive studies were carried out upon this boundary succession, the origin of black chert-shales still remain controversial. This paper focuses on the E-C black chert-shales in western Hunan, South China, upon which detailed depositional and geochemical changes are documented, accordingly a depositional model for black chert-shales is proposed. Stratigraphic anatomy across the depositional strike demonstrates that the shallow-water Dengying dolostone along the platform margin sharply pass basinward into the Liuchapo chert successions, which indicate syndepositional extensional faulting at depth could have occurred along the platform margin. The deep-water Niutitang phosphorite-rich black shales are either underlain by the Dengying dolostones on the platform margin toward platform interior or directly by the Liuchaopo chert successions farther basinwards. By detailed investigation, silica chimneys are firsly identified approximately in the chert along platform margin; two types of silica chimneys, including mounded and splayed/funnelized chert(generally brecciated) bodies are further sorted out. The mounded chert are exitbited by domed or hummocky surfaces on the top and irregular spongy to digitiform internal fabrics; within the silica mounds, abundant original vesicles/voids and/or channels were mostly plugged by initial chalcedony, quartze crystals with minor dolomite and bladed barite crystals. Splayed/funnelized brecciated chert “intrusion” cross-cut the uppermost dolostones capping to the horizon underneath, and are directly overlain by the Niutitang phosphorite-rich black shales. Their similarities to the silica chimneys reported from the oceanic spreading centres suggest a similar origin responsible for these unique silica bodies which is also supported by the microthermonmetric data and element geochemistry. High P, Ba, Fe contents and positive correlation between Fe and TOC concentrations in the Niutitang black shales indicate a high palaeo-productivity in the Early Cambrian ocean. The low Th/U and the high V/Cr, V/Sc, V/(V+Ni) ratios in the black shales suggest an anoxic water condition during this interval. Furthermore, Positive Eu anomalies and high Ba contents in the sediments also imply a hydrothermal influence on the formation of Niutitang black shales. To better constrain the placement of deep-water successions straddling the E-C boundary and the timing of hydrothermal silica chimneys, sensitive high-resoluton ion microprobe(SHRIMP) U-Pb dating of zircon grains from tuffs within the chert succession of Liuchapo Formation at Ganziping was conducted and yields a weighted-mean 206Pb/238Pb age at 536.6±5.5Ma, younger than E-C boundary age(542.0±0.3Ma). This age combined with carbon isotopic data is then proposed to correspond to the U-Pb age of zircons(538.2±1.5Ma) from the Zhongyicun member of Meishucun Formation at Meishucun in eastern Yunna, thus, the E-C boundary in Gazngziping was placed between the Dengying formations and Liuchapo formatioms. therefore, the silica chimneys took place at the beginning of the Cambrian period. The temporal coincidence of silica chimneys and negative excursions of δ13C and δ34Spy pairs suggest hydrothermal activities were likely responsible for the isotopic changes. Under such a circumstance, vast amounts of greenhouse gases(CO2, CH4, H2S), with highly 13C-depleted carbon and 34S-depleted sulfur would be released into the ocean and atmosphere. A positive shift in δ34Scas and Δ34S values from the late Ediacaran to the Early Cambrian could be a reflection of enhanced bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR), strengthened by the intensified oceanic anoxia stimulated by hydrothermal activities. Based on the analyses of sedimentology and geochemistry, a model- “oceanic anoxia induced by hydrothermal–volcanic activies” was proposed to responsible for the formation of black chert-shales during this E-C transition. Under this case, hydrothermal-volcanic activies could release large large amount of greenhouse into atmosphere and metal micronutrients into the ocean, which may lead to global warming, stratified ocean, thereby a high palaeoproductivity; on the other hand, the massive releasing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with abundant H2S, could have in turn enhanced the ocean anoxia. All of these were favourable the for preservation of organic matter, and subsequent extensive deposition of black silica-shales.

中国特有针叶树种对气候变化的敏感性研究

About 214 trees in 9 sampling sites, representing 5 endemic conifer species, were collected from the western Sichuan Province and eastern Qinghai Province, China. In this study, structure we try to investigate tree-ring sensitivity to climate in order to obtain primary information of reconstructing past climate from the trees in this region. All the 5 species present distinct ring boundaries ^ few ABS(absent rings) and available for cross-dating,which are all past the test by program COFECHA. Statistics for all the 8 tree-ring width residual chronologies present significant inter-correlation between series and high values of mean sensitivity. As well as the maximum latewood density of Picea crassifolia Kom and Pinus densata Mast. These results indicate usefulness of these chronologies for dendrochronological studies. Pearson correlation analyses were applied to provide a basic estimate of the causal relationships between tree-ring width and climate factors. We found some significant relationships between tree-ring width> maximum density and temperature as well as precipitation. Especially, there is high correlation between the maximum density of the Picea crassifolia Kom and the index of moisture, the ratio of precipitation and temperature, which can indicate well the climate; however the higher correlation can be see between the maximum density of Pinus densata Mast and the total temperature from June to September. Regardless of tree species, chronologies in our study region presented accordant variations of which may reveal strong common climate signal. Thus these chronologies are shown to be dependable for building tree-ring network in the nearly future. However, there are limitations in this study, only monthly mean of temperature and precipitation were available. Also, for this typical subtropical mountain system, meteorological stations are usually located in valley and biased to represent moisture conditions on the slopes. Thus the estimation of precipitation both in temporal and spatial domain was rather restricted. Further study, such as wood anatomy, physiology and densitometry, are needed for better understanding the environmental and climatic history in this area.