Overview on the environmental analysis of mercury in China

This paper summarizes some of the research and evaluation studies about mercury analysis in the environment during the past years in China. The main contents is as follows: 1) Determination of total mercury and speciation of mercury in air; 2) Storage and handling of water samples; 3) pre-treatment of solid samples; 4) Determination of total mercury and speciation of mercury in water and solid samples; 5) Certified reference materials.

Transporting nutrients from sediments: nitrogen and carbon as indicators to measure scavenging ability of a detritivorous fish, Liza haematocheila

The redlip mullet, Liza haematocheila, is a common species in polyculture as a scavenger in China. Feeding on detritus, redlip mullet transports nutrients from sediments up into the water column and converts them into forms that can be utilized by phytoplankton and affects the relative abundance of detritus and dissolved inorganic nutrients to phytoplankton, zooplankton and other fishes. We used nitrogen and carbon as the indicators in this study to measure the scavenging ability, which means intake of nitrogen or carbon by redlip mullet, and the loss of nutrients. Temperature and body weight significantly affected growth nitrogen, faecal nitrogen and faecal carbon. At a certain temperature, the proportion of growth nitrogen or growth carbon increased while the proportion of excretion nitrogen or respiration carbon decreased with increasing body weight.

Observations on the nocturnal activity and feeding behavior of Anguilla japonica glass eels under laboratory conditions

Glass eels of the temperate anguillid species, Anguilla japonica, clearly showed a nocturnal activity rhythm under laboratory conditions. Light-dark cycle was a determinant factor affecting their photonegative behavior, nocturnal locomotor activity, and feeding behavior. Under natural light conditions, glass eels remained in shelters with little daytime feeding, but came out to forage during darkness. They moved and foraged actively in the following dark, and then their activity gradually declined possibly because of food satiation. They finally buried in the sand or stayed in tubes immediately after the lights came on. Under constant light, glass eels often came out of the shelters to forage in the lights but spent little time moving outside the shelters (e.g. swimming or crawling on the sand). Glass eels took shelter to avoid light and preferred tubes to sand for shelter possibly because tubes were much easier for them to take refuge in than sand. Feeding and locomotor activities of the glass eels were nocturnal and well synchronized. They appeared to depend on olfaction rather than vision to detect and capture prey in darkness. Feeding was the driving force for glass eels to come out of sand under constant light. However, in the dark, some glass eels swam or crept actively on sand even when they were fully fed. The lunar cycles of activity rhythms of glass eels that have been observed in some estuarine areas were not detected under these laboratory conditions.

Temperature influence on the spawning performance of artificially-matured Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, in captivity

We studied the influence of temperature on the spawning performance of artificially matured Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica, in captivity. We used routine hormone injections to bring females and males to maturity in separate aquaria. We recorded the behavior of three pairs of such hormone-treated matured eels in an aquarium (2 replicates) at four temperatures: 14, 18, 22, and 27 degrees C, respectively. They became active and frequently left the bottom swimming in the water column, and spawning events occurred. Females released eggs in the water column around the activity peaks. Males preceded females in reaching activity peaks (presumably the timing of sperm ejection and egg release), possibly resulting in the low fertilization we observed in this experiment. Males and females returned back to the aquarium bottoms and became quiet after spawning. On several occasions, male-female or female-female pairs were observed to 'cruise together' in the water column for several to tens of seconds prior to egg releasing, but no courtship behavior indicative of spawning such as pairing and chasing was observed in the eels in our study. Our results suggest that 18-22 degrees C might be the thermal preference for spawning for Japanese eels, which approximates the temperature range of the 500 m deep water layer around the Mariana Islands seamount area, the presumed spawning site for the Japanese eel.

Diploid and tetraploid distribution of Allium przewalskianum Regel. (Liliaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions

Polyploidization plays an important role in generating the current high diversity of plants. Studies of distributional patterns of diploids and derivative autopolyploids have provided important insights into evolutionary processes and cryptic speciation of polyploidization within species defined on the basis of their morphology. However, few studies have been designed to examine distributions of infrageneric diploids and polyploids on the Asian Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Allium przewalskianum occurs widely on the QTP and in adjacent regions, at altitudes ranging from 2000m to 4500m. We collected a total of 844 individuals from 62 populations and determined their cytotypes over the entire distribution range of this species. Tetraploids tend to occur at high altitudes; however, the positive relationship between the ploidy and altitude was only marginally significant (P < 0.05). Contact zones between diploids and tetraploids were recorded on the eastern QTP from north to south. Four populations were found to harbor both cytotypes, but no triploid individuals. The wider distribution of tetraploids may be mainly due to their greater colonization ability in the new niches created by the Quaternary climatic oscillations in the QTP region. Our results offer a fundamental framework for studying evolutionary origins, adaptations and cryptic divergences of polyploids within this species complex based on molecular and/or ecological examinations in the future.

A new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from Tibet and its systematic position based on ITS sequence analysis

A new species of Saussurea, S. erecta S. W Liu, J. T Pan A J. Q. Liu sp. nov., is described from Tibet. It resembles S. kingii but may be distinguished by having distinct stems and glabrous achenes. Saussurea kingii was placed in sect. Pseudoeriocoryne of subgen. Eriocoryne; this section was circumscribed by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. The discovery of S. erecta with distinct stems, cauline leaves and corymbose capitula blurred the delimitation of sect. Pseudoeriocoryne and suggested that the section may be polyphyletic. Both the close relationship and the significant difference between S. erecta and S. kingii were confirmed by analyses of nrDNA ITS sequences. The resulting phylogenies based on ITS data further suggest that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne, as traditionally defined, does not constitute a monophyletic group. The rapid radiation and speciation of Saussurea in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from ITS phylogeny, are discussed. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.

横断山区紫乌头复合体的物种形成初探

物种形成是生物进化的重要步骤，是进化生物学中的基本问题。研究一些关键地区植物的物种形成，将提高对这些地区植物区系发生与发展的认识，横断山区就是这样一个非常独特与关键的地区。本文通过对主要分布于横断山区的紫乌头A.delavayi复合体进行nrDNA ITS序列、等位酶与RAPD分析，初步探讨了横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的起源与物种形成。同时对使用RAPD与等位酶数据研究群体遗传结构的方法进行了探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. ITS序列研究 对乌头属27个类群的ITS序列进行了简约法与邻接法的研究，两种方法得到的系统发育树基本一致。乌头亚属的蔓乌头系 Ser. Volublia不是一个单系起源的类群，显拄乌头系 Ser. Sstylosa 与兴安乌头系Ser. Ambigua各自作为单系起源也没有得到支持。特产于云南西北部横断山区的一些种之间存在非常近的系统发育关系，说明这些种是近期物种形成的产物。紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的不同类群在系统发育树上被分到不同的分支中，含西南乌头A. episcopale的分支最为独特，处于系统发育树靠近基部的位置;松潘乌头 A.sunpanense与四川西北部的弯喙乌头A.campylorrhynchum组成一个分支，另一个分支含土官村乌头A.tuguancunense、紫乌头A.delavayi、玉龙乌头A.stapfianum与黄草乌A.vilmorinianum; 表明紫乌头A.delavayi复合体有3个独立的起源，因而该复合体在遗传上是不成立的。但是为了讨论与叙述的方便，本研究仍使用紫乌头A.delavayi复合体这个名字。 2. 等位酶研究 用10种酶系统14个位点，对紫乌头A.delavayi分布于云南横断山区的4种8个居群进行了等位酶分析。结果表明横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体居群的遗传多样性明显低于北美和欧洲的乌头属植物。呈垂直替代关系的紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum居群之间出现有规律的遗传多样性变化，表明冰川对横断山区植物的遗传多样性有重大影响。聚类分析的结果与ITS分析的结果基本一致，西南乌头A. episcopale仍然是较为独特的一类;其余3个种的居群聚为一类，紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum之间的遗传一致度非常高，超过0.95。8个居群的主成分分析没有证实西南乌头A. episcopale中存在杂交渗入。Mantel 检验的结果显示8个居群之间的遗传趋异程度与地理距离之间显著相关。基因分化系数GST与近交系数FIS均显示这些居群不是以异交为主。居群间每代迁移个体数Nm显示这些居群间基因流较弱。 3. RAPD研究 用20个随机引物得到117个RAPD位点，对23个居群进行研究。其中19个属于紫乌头A.delavayi复合体，4个属于与之近缘的瓜叶乌头A.hemsleyanum。根据RAPD表型频率与单倍型频率，分别对23个居群进行了聚类分析。结果显示这两种方法所得结果高度一致，而且也与ITS和等位酶的分析结果基本一致。西南乌头A. episco pale仍然是最为独特一个分支，在本文中称为分支1。其余的居群聚成两个关系较近的大分支，一个分支包含所有分布于云南与四川西南部横断山区的居群，称为分支2，另一个包括所有分布于四川西北部与北部横断山区、重庆东北部、湖北西部与陕西的居群。大部分种处于同一分支中，只有弯喙乌头A.campylorrhynchum与瓜叶乌头A.hemsleyanum的居群分别被聚在分支2与分支3中，完全符合居群的地理位置。从3个分支内的聚类关系可以看出居群间遗传趋异等级与地理隔离程度明显相关。在遗传多样性水平上，分支1明显比分支2和分支3低许多，分支2又高于分支3。 在分支2内部，紫乌头A.delavayi与玉龙乌头A.stapfianum之间的遗传多样性变化与等位酶结果相同。在分支3的松潘乌头 A.sunpanense 5个居群中，横断山区海拔最高的2个居群遗传多样性最低。将23个居群划分成不同等级进行AMOVA分析，结果表明总遗传多样性主要分布于地区间，其次是居群间，居群内遗传多样性所占比例很低。 4．群体遗传结构研究中的数据处理方法 本研究结果表明，在使用RAPD表型数据进行AMOVA分析时，最好采用欧氏距离平方系数。本研究还说明，计算GST的两种不同方法将导致结果不同，而要与Hamrick and Godt（1990）的总结进行对比的话，最好使用他们采用的计算方法。 基于以上研究结果，可得出如下结论：⑴ 紫乌头A.delavayi复合体有3个不同的起源。西南乌头A. episcopale是一个古特有种，其余均为近期物种形成的产物。⑵地理隔离在横断山区紫乌头A.delavayi复合体的物种形成过程中影响最大。而地理隔离主要起因于连续分布区的片段化与瓶颈效应，而这两个原因又与横断山区的地质历史与冰川进退密切相关。

稻属C染色体组物种的群体遗传学和物种形成研究

植物近缘物种系统发育和物种形成过程一直以来都是植物进化生物学研究中最基本的问题之一，是人们理解自然界物种多样性产生和变化的前提。近缘物种间通常形态相似，遗传和分子水平的分化很小且常受诸如渐渗杂交、谱系分选、种内重组等微观进化事件的影响，导致植物近缘物种间系统发育和物种形成过程研究极为困难。在过去十多年中，生物技术的革新和理论方法的发展极大地推动了进化生物学研究，促进了人们对一些重要模式生物与其近缘种间的系统发育关系和物种分化过程的认识，如人、果蝇、线虫、拟南芥和玉米等。然而，迄今在植物中，许多重要类群及其近缘种的系统发育和物种形成过程研究仍不多见，包括在具有特殊重要性的栽培作物中，如稻属（Oryza L.）。由于属内包含有重要粮食作物水稻，稻属向来都是禾本科内备受关注的一个类群。本研究中，我们通过多基因序列的方法，探讨了稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育和物种形成过程，主要研究结果如下。 为选择适宜的实验策略和保证序列数据的真实性，我们利用不同聚合酶扩增自交的栽培稻Oryza sativa ssp. japonica和异交的O. longistaminata不同类型的基因片段，采用克隆测序的方法，评估聚合酶链式扩增反应（PCR）中产生的非真实变异的状况。我们使用exTaq、exTaq和Pfu混和酶和PfuUltraTM酶三种不同聚合酶扩增了Adh1、GPA1和Waxy三个基因片段。在检测到的非真实变异中，PCR 错误的类型主要为单碱基变异和不同等位基因间重组，其中以单碱基变异为主，且突变类型以转换占绝大多数。比较不同酶扩增错误的结果表明，高保真PfuUltraTM酶对PCR反应错误有显著的改善，在扩增产物的单克隆中几乎检测不到PCR噪音，错误率仅为0.0001%，而exTaq和混和酶的错误率分别为0.096%和0.073%。从不同物种比较结果来看，exTaq酶和Pfu酶混用时在自交的O. sativa ssp. japonica内对PCR错误也表现明显的改善，但在异交的O. longistaminata中改善效应不太明显。在三个不同基因位点上，PCR扩增错误出现频率随扩增区域增长而变大。在PfuUltraTM酶的扩增产物中发现重组最少，exTaq和混和酶重组较多，且混和酶对重组改善效果不明显。基于不同聚合酶扩增错误对比研究结果，我们认为，由于能保证序列变异的真实性且不遗漏等位基因，核基因的克隆测序较宜于分离杂合个体中不同的等位基因。 基于随机挑取4个叶绿体和10个核基因位点，利用12份Oryza officinalis、8份O. eichingeri和4份O. rhizomatis材料，对稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育关系作了深入分析。利用不同的系统发育分析方法对单基因位点序列和合并序列数据作了分析，结果表明，稻属C染色体组三个近缘种间呈多歧分支。因此，三个二倍体C染色体组物种可能经快速辐射分化形成。在不同核基因和叶绿体基因的系统发育树中各分支枝长均很短，也表明C染色体组的三个物种可能在较短时期内分化出。不同基因间拓扑结构不一致主要受谱系随机分选的影响。此外，C染色体组不同物种间的种间渐渗和不同等位基因重组对系统发育树的冲突也有影响。值得注意的是，C染色体组三个物种的辐射分化不排除由于相邻两次物种形成事件间隔时间太近、目前数据量不够而无法分辨的可能。在本研究中，我们发现，对于系统发育重建困难的类群，利用等位基因构建物种谱系树有助于挖掘不同基因间结果不一致的因素。 基于10个随机选取的核基因序列数据，利用物种水平的取样方式和群体遗传学分析方法，我们研究了稻属C染色体组三个近缘物种O. officinalis、O. eichingeri和O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性，并根据多态性水平和式样，推测了三个近缘种分化的历史。结果表明，在C染色体组的三个近缘种中，仅分布于斯里兰卡的O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性水平相对最低（θsil = 0.0038），而间断分布于非洲和斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri最高（θsil = 0.0057）。与被子植物其他类群相比，稻属C染色体组三个物种的核苷酸多态性水平显得较低，O. eichingeri的核苷酸多态性仅约为玉米及其近缘野生种的23-46%和拟南芥的35%。C染色体组内三个野生种相对较低的核苷酸多态性水平可能起因于其较小的祖先有效群体。物种形成模型分析表明，O. officinalis和其近缘种从最近共同祖先分化开后可能经历了居群缩减的历史，且自最近共同祖先分开后，三个物种彼此间并无显著的基因交流。基于分子钟粗略估算了C染色体三个物种分化时间，结果表明，三个物种彼此在很短的时期内分开，约0.63-0.68 Myr。同时，O. eichingeri在非洲和斯里兰卡两个地理宗的分异时间约为0.37 Myr，且推测斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri主要由西非经长距离扩散传播到斯里兰卡。

中国近海典型海域沉积物中无机碳的形态研究

碳循环是影响地球环境中能量循环和物质流动的重要过程，而由于人类活动带来的大气CO2浓度升高对生态环境带来一系列的影响，如温室效应、海水酸化及全球灾害性气候增加等。海洋是地球上巨大的碳库，近海海域是连接陆地和海洋两大生态系统的关键环节，它接受着河流输入的大量陆源物质，并通过物理、化学和生物过程与大洋进行各种物质和能量交换。经过对海洋碳循环的多年研究，人们对碳在大洋中的迁移转化获得了比较清晰的认识，但对生物地球化学过程极为复杂的近海的研究还存在较多的不确定性。 元素的存在形态对其迁移转化有着重要影响，为研究近海不同形态无机碳，本文采用连续浸取方法，根据无机碳在沉积物中的结合强度，将无机碳分为交换态、弱碱结合态、强碱结合态、弱酸结合态和残渣态，分析了渤海湾、四十里湾附近海域、大亚湾和南海北部海域等中国典型近海海域表层及柱状沉积物中不同形态的无机碳含量，并讨论了其与各地球化学参数之间的关系，得到如下结论： 在各个研究区，沉积物中总无机碳的平均含量分别为：渤海湾6.16 mg/g，四十里湾附近海域7.51 mg/g，大亚湾3.08 mg/g，南海北部海域11.66 mg/g。渤海湾潮间带沉积物的无机碳含量普遍高于潮下带沉积物，四十里湾附近海域柱状样沉积物中无机碳含量一般随埋藏深度的增加而增加，大亚湾沉积物低的无机碳含量可能与低的陆源物质输入有关，南海北部海域表层沉积物无机碳含量分布表现出明显的近岸低深海高的分布特征，高的无机碳含量明显受生物活动影响。 渤海湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.63 mg/g、氨水相0.74 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.28 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.13 mg/g、残渣相1.38 mg/g。四十里湾附近海域沉积物柱状样各形态无机碳含量为氯化钠相0.54 mg/g、氨水相0.36 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.13 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相6.46 mg/g、残渣相0.02 mg/g。大亚湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.45 mg/g、氨水相0.50 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.46 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相1.51 mg/g、残渣相0.16 mg/g。南海北部沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.52 mg/g、氨水相0.30 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.17 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.79 mg/g、残渣相6.88 mg/g。在所研究的大部分近海沉积物中，盐酸羟胺相是沉积物无机碳的主要形态，只有南海北部海域表层沉积物比较特殊。 渤海湾潮下带沉积物中，碱浸取相（氢氧化钠相和氨水相）无机碳与沉积物总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）之间存在较为紧密的联系；潮间带沉积物中，含水率、TOC、TN和粒度等地球化学参数与前3相及残渣相无机碳均有较紧密的联系。四十里湾附近海域柱状沉积物中，沉积物各参数对不同柱状样各形态无机碳的影响差异较大，位于芝罘岛附近的柱状样B主要受粒度影响，含水率、TOC和TN对离岸较近的柱状样D的前两相无机碳和崆峒岛北侧的柱状样E的氯化钠相无机碳有较大影响，沉积物各参数对崆峒岛南侧的柱状样C和离岸最远的柱状样S的影响相对较小。大亚湾沉积物各形态无机碳受环境影响的程度比其它海域弱。南海北部沉积物中，TOC对各形态无机碳影响较强，其中的氨水相无机碳与沉积物各参数间存在较为紧密的联系。 对比各海域的研究结果发现，不同无机碳形态之间，碱浸取相无机碳之间常存在正相关关系，氯化钠相作为比较活泼的无机碳形态，与其它各相之间的关系具有不确定性，弱酸浸取相无机碳与无机碳总量的关系较为紧密，残渣相与其它无机碳形态的关系一般较弱，说明此相无

云南省西双版纳州南拉河鱼类组成及其现状

下载PDF阅读器分别于2008年1月和5-6月对位于中国西南边陲的中缅界河--南拉河进行了鱼类资源调查.从野外调查结果及文献资料得知,南拉河共有鱼类42种,隶属4目14科34属.鲤形目的鱼类最多,共有27种,占总种数的64.3%;鲇形目和鲈形目均为6种,占总种数的14.3%;合鳃鱼目2种,占总种数的4.8%.其中,丝尾(鱼蒦)(Hemibagrus wyckioides)被列入<中国物种红色名录>.疑似分布种类--长丝(鱼芒)(Pangasius sanitwangsei)被列入<中国濒危动物红皮节>和<中国物种红色名录>.南拉河鱼类区系是以喜温的"老第三纪类群"中的热带河平原鱼类为主要成分的,为典型的东南亚热带鱼类区系类型;以底栖鱼类和杂食性鱼类居多.导致南拉河鱼类现状的原因主要为水质污染、过度捕捞、外来种的影响.

The youngest split in sympatric schizothoracine fish (Cyprinidae) is shaped by ecological adaptations in a Tibetan Plateau glacier lake

Although new empirical evidence shows that sympatric speciation has occurred in some species, there are few indisputable model organisms for this process of speciation. The two subspecies (Gymnocypris eckloni eckloni and G. e. scoliostomus) of the schizothoracine Gymnocypris fish species complex from a small glacier lake in the Tibetan Plateau, Lake Sunmcuo, fit several of the key characteristics of the sympatric speciation model. We used combined mitochondrial control region sequences and the cytochrome b gene (1894 bp) to address the phylogenetics and population genetics of 232 specimens of G. e. eckloni and G. e. scoliostomus, as well as all of its closely related sister species. We found that: (i) a total of four old lineages were uncovered in the widespread G. e. eckloni, of which only one was shown to be shared with all G. e. scoliostomus individuals and (ii) the new subspecies (G. e. scoliostomus) evolved in Lake Sunmcuo from the ancestral G. e. eckloni population within approximately 0.057 Ma. These two taxa of the species complex are morphologically distinct, and reproductive isolation is further suggested. Ecological disruptive selection based on morphological traits (e.g. mouth cleft characters) and food utilization may be a mechanism of incipient speciation of two sympatric populations within Lake Sunmcuo. This study provides the first genetic evidence for sympatric speciation in the schizothoracine fish.

Molecular and morphological data suggest that Spinibarbus caldwelli (Nichols) (Teleostei : Cyprinidae) is a valid species

The taxonomic problem of the cyprinid species of genus Spinibarbus, occurring in southern China and northern Vietnam, was resolved on the basis of molecular and morphological analyses. Spinibarbus caldwelli and Spinibarbus hollandi have a smooth posterior edge of the last unbranched dorsal fin ray among species in the genus. Spinibarbus caldwelli is currently regarded as a junior synonym of S. hollandi because of ambiguities in diagnostic characters. In this article, 11 mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of Spinibarbus specimens were analyzed together with Barbodes gonionotus and Puntius conchonius as outgroups. Our results showed that specimens identified as S. hollandi from Taiwan were different from those from the Asian mainland at a high level of genetic divergence (0.097-0.112), which is higher than that between the two valid species, S. sinensis and S. yunnanensis ( 0.089), and suggested that Taiwan specimens should be considered as a different species from the Asian mainland one. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis, the sister-group relationship between Taiwan specimens and the Asian mainland specimens was supported strongly by a high confidence level ( 100% in bootstrap value). Further analysis of morphological characters showed that overlap of diagnostic characters is much weaker than previously suggested. Taiwan specimens had 8 branched rays in the dorsal fin, whereas those from the mainland had almost 9-10. The molecular and morphological differences suggest S. caldwelli to be valid. The molecular divergence shows the genetic speciation of S. hollandi and S. caldwelli might have occurred 5.6-4.9 million years ago; the former could be a relict species in Taiwan, and the latter dispersed in the Asian mainland.

Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in the Poyang Lake belong to the Ganjiang River population rather than the Changjiang River population

The Poyang Lake is the largest lake and the main nursery area in the middle basin of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. We compared molecular genetic markers of silver carp among populations of the Changjiang River, the Ganjiang River and the Poyang Lake using the ND5/6 region of mtDNA. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of this region revealed distinct variation between the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River populations. The Poyang Lake is linked with the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River. Shared RFLP fragments between the Ganjiang River population and the Poyang Lake population are as high as 61.4%. The value is 47.74% between the populations of the Changjiang River and that of the Poyang Lake. Frequencies of bands peculiar to the Ganjiang River population are the same as in the Poyang Lake population. We conclude that the Poyang Lake silver carp population consists mainly of the Ganjiang River population. The water level of the Poyang Lake outlet, which is higher than that of the Changjiang River in the silver carp spawning season, supports this conclusion.

Comparative investigation on spindle behavior and MPF activity changes during oocyte maturation between gynogenetic and amphimictic crucian carp

The spindle behavior and MPF activity changes in the progression of oocyte maturation were investigated and compared with cytological observation and kinase assay between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and amphimictic colored crucian carp. MPF activity was measured by using histone I-Il as phosphorylation substrate. There were two similar oscillatory MPF kinase activity changes during oocyte maturation in two kinds of fishes with different reproductive modes, but there existed some subtle difference between them. The subtle difference was that the first peak of MPF kinase activity was kept to a longer-lasting time in the gynogenetic silver crucian carp than in the amphimictic colored crucian carp. It was suggested that the difference may be related to the spindle behavior changes, such as tripolar spindle formation and spindle rearrangement in the gynogenetic crucian carp.

隆肛蛙属Feirana种群的系统学与动物地理学研究

对隆肛蛙属的物种构成进行了订正，建立新属肛刺蛙属Yerana gen. nov.；订正后的隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种， 即隆肛蛙F. quadrana和太行隆肛蛙F. taihangnicus。运用形态学分析探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的形态差异和分类关系，通过分子系统学研究探讨了隆肛蛙属物种及种群的分类和系统发育关系，运用动物地理学方法结合系统发育关系探讨了隆肛蛙属种群的地理分布格局成因与历史过程。主要结果和推论如下： 1．隆肛蛙属物种构成的订正及一新属建立 建立新属肛刺蛙属，将隆肛蛙属中的原叶氏隆肛蛙F. yei归隶新属肛刺蛙属并更名为叶氏肛刺蛙Y. yei，，新属建立的主要依据为：（1）雄性肛部隆起，肛孔下方有两个布满黑刺的大的白色球形隆起，具单咽下内声囊， 第一指具婚刺；（2）形态量度分析表明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的形态差异远大于后两者之间的差异；（3）叶氏肛刺蛙的分布区与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的分布区距离较远且呈隔离状态；（4）分子系统学研究资料（Jiang et al.,2005）证明叶氏肛刺蛙与隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙非单系发生；叶氏肛刺蛙在第二支中位于基部。因此，隆肛蛙属现仅隶2种，即隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙。 2．隆肛蛙属种群形态学研究 对隆肛蛙属中隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙的15个地理种群565只标本的28项形态性状进行了测量，运用典型判别分析法对其分析的结果表明：（1）太行隆肛蛙与隆肛蛙形态差异明显，支持其为不同的物种；（2）原隆肛蛙河南伏牛山种群和山西中条山种群应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群；（3）隆肛蛙不同地理种群之间形态差异明显，其中四川安县种群、陕西周至种群和湖北利川种群与模式产地重庆巫山种群的差异可能达到了亚种或亚种以上分化水平。对隆肛蛙属量度分析的15个种群进行定性形态分析表明其分为三种形态型，对应隆肛蛙、过渡型和太行隆肛蛙，其变异特征主要为内跗褶、雄性肛部隆起及疣粒分布、第五趾外侧缘膜等，这与量度分析结果相似。 3．隆肛蛙属种群分子系统学研究 测定隆肛蛙属Feirana的2种19种群的线粒体12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因片段、ND2基因的DNA序列，比对后共计1953bps。（1）遗传多样性与距离分析：结果表明，隆肛蛙属种群具很高的遗传多样性，19个种群样品表现出19种单倍型（遗传多样性指数Hd＝1.0）； ND2基因的进化信息含量远高于12SrRNA和16SrRNA。隆肛蛙属2种群组内的种群间的遗传距离远小于两种群组间的距离，种群在不同基因上的遗传距离表现的关系与对应的系统树一致。（2）系统发育关系分析：结果表明，不同基因片断基于不同方法构建的隆肛蛙属种群系统发育树结构基本一致，基本表明隆肛蛙属种群为单系发生；它们在系统树中分为两大支，分别对应于隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙；支持中条山种群（沁水、历山和济源种群）和伏牛山种群（栾川和内乡种群）为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群，而原隆肛蛙秦岭中东段的部分种群（柞水、宁陕、长安大坝沟种群）也应为太行隆肛蛙的地理种群。（3）亚种分化分析：根据遗传距离分析和系统发育关系分析结果，并考虑形态上的差异情况以及地理分布信息，隆肛蛙所隶种群组可分为2亚种，即隆肛蛙指名亚种F. quadrana quadrana包括四川盆地东缘大巴山东段-巫山-武陵山北麓种群和秦岭中段（周至板房子和长安广货街）种群，他们在系统关系树上聚为一支；安县亚种F. quadrana anxianensis包括四川盆地西缘岷山东麓-龙门山-大巴山和秦岭西段的种群（安县、青川、文县、南江和凤县种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。太行隆肛蛙所隶种群组也可分为2亚种，即太行隆肛蛙指名亚种F. taihangnicus taihangnicus包括中条山的种群（沁水、历山和济源种群）和中东秦岭的部分种群（柞水、长安大坝沟和宁陕种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支；太行隆肛蛙伏牛亚种F. taihangnicus funiuensis，为伏牛山地区的种群（栾川和内乡种群），他们在系统关系树上聚为一支。 4．隆肛蛙属种群动物地理学研究 隆肛蛙属19种群的分歧年代分析： 以长江巫山段和黄河三门峡段的形成历史时期为参考点，根据已测隆肛蛙属19种群及其外群包括N. pleski、P. yunnanesis、P. robertingeri、F. limnocharis的1953bps DNA序列构建分子钟，获得各支系的分歧年代。结果表明：①棘蛙族在70Ma左右开始其独立演化历程，这与Roelants et al.（2004）的分析结果～60±15Ma左右开始分化基本一致，后者印证了本文的分子钟。②隆肛蛙属的起始分化年代较早，隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙两种群组的最近祖先种群大概在46Ma～50Ma左右；隆肛蛙和太行隆肛蛙种群组内的种群分化年代相对两种群组间晚得多， 隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为10Ma左右，而太行隆肛蛙种群组内两亚种分化起始年代约为6Ma。 隆肛蛙属种群分布格局形成过程分析： ①隆肛蛙属的系统关系与地理分布格局密切相关，大部分系统分支分级与地理距离成正比；②隆肛蛙属最近祖先种群的分化中心可能位于秦岭中部地区， 隆肛蛙属的种群分布格局的形成表现为隔离分化与扩散相结合的机制，由隔离分化产生的隆肛蛙祖先种群主要从秦岭中部向西南方向扩散，后隔离分化为两亚种；太行隆肛蛙祖先种群向东北方向扩散也分化为两亚种。 隆肛蛙属种群分布区域地质历史的探讨：本文所建分子钟和种群分化方式印证了该区域的几次主要地质事件，包括岷山-龙门山-西秦岭等地区的快速差异隆起、第四纪冰期等。 The specific composition of the genus Feirana should be revised. A new genus Yerana gen. nov.（Ranidae：Dicroglossinae）was established based on morphological data-set and molecular phylogeny, as a result, only two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus are classified into Feirana now. Morphological differences and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were investigated based on morphological and morphometric data; phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of populations of Feirana were elucidated using molecular data, and then the proceeding of the distribution pattern of populations of Feirana were discussed. The main results and conclusions and proposals were presented as following: 1. Revising of the specific composition of the genus Feirana and establishment of a new genus The new genus Yerana, only containing the type species Y. yei, was established based on the following evidences: (1) In adult male, distinct up-heaved circular vesicle presents around the anal, and under anal there are two white balls on which black spines exist, black horny spines scatter on the upper side of first finger, and internal single subgular vocal sac presents; (2) there is obvious morphometric differences between Yerana and Feirana; (3) Yerana is distributed far from Feirana; (4) evidences of molecular phylogeny（Jiang et al.,2005）suggested that Yerana take a special phylogenetic clade which is different from other genus included in the tribe Paini. As a result, there are only two species in Feirana, i.e., F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. 2. Morphological research of populations of Feirana Twenty-eight characters of 565 individuals of 15 populations of the genus Feirana were measured, the results of Canonical Discriminant analysis of the morphometric data-set indicated that: (1) there are very prominent differences between the two species F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus. The validity of species F. taihangnicus was approved here; (2) Mt. Funiu population and Mt. Zhongtiao population should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Obvious differences exist among 12 populations of F. quadrana, the differentiation among Zhouzhi population, Anxian population, Lichuan population, and Wushan population together with the others probably reach sub-specific or specific level. Result of morphological comparison between 15 different populations show that 3 morphological types are recogenized in according with F. quadrana, F. taihangnicus and intergradation, this result conform to the result of morphometric analysis. 3. Molecular phylogenetic study on populaions of Feirana Fragment of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes, and ND2 gene of 19 populations of two species of Feirana were sequenced and aligned, from which 1953 bps were received. (1) analyses of genetic distance and hereditary diversity indicated that: genetic distance between populations in each group were less than distance between two groups of Feirana, 19 haplotypes were recognized from 19 samples of 19 populations, so the hereditary diversity of populations of Feirana was very high (Hd=1.0), phylogenetic information in ND2 gene is more than fragment sequence of 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA genes. (2) Result of molecular phylogeny indicate that the phylogenetic trees constructed using different methods based on different sequence data sets showed the revised genus Feirana is monophyletic since the 19 populations of Feirana were firstly clustered together as one large clade, which was further clustered into two major clades, corresponding to F. quadrana(GroupⅠ) and F. taihangnicus(GroupⅡ), respectively. So populations of Qinshui and Lishan in Mt. Zhongtiao, populations of Luanchuan and Neixiang in Mt. Funiu, and populations of Zhashui, Dabagou of Chang’an and Ningshan in eastern Mt. Qinling should belong to the species F. taihangnicus; (3) Subspecific differentiation. on the basis of genetic distance, phylogenetic trees and geographical distribution, F. quadrana should have two subspecies, i.e., F. quadrana qudadrana, consisting of the populations Guanghuojie of Chang’an and Zhouzhi in Mid-Mt. Qinling, populations in Wushan area and northern Mt. Wuling (Lichuan), and F. qudadrana anxianensis, consisting of the populations in eastern Mt. Ming shan-Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Daba-western Mt. Qinling (Anxian, Qingchuan, Wenxian, Nanjiang and Fengxian); F. taihangnicus should also has two subspecies, i.e., F. taihangnicus taihangnicus, consisting of the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao and eastern Mt. Qinling, and F. taihangnicus funiuensis, consisting of the populations in Mt. Funiu. 4. Zoogeography of populaions of Feirana Analysis for divergent time of 19 populations of Feirana: Using the dates of run-through of Wushan segment of Changjiang River as the time when the population of Lichuan started differentiated from the populations of Wushan and Shennongjia, and the dates of Sanmenxia segment of Yellow River as the time when the populations in Mt. Zhongtiao started differentiated from the population of Dabagou in Chang’an, molecular clock was established using sequences with 1953 bps of 19 populations of Feirana and outgroup including N. pleski, P. yunnanesis, P. robertingeri, F. limnocharis in order to estimate divergent time of all clades. Result of that indicated that: ① the tribe Paini started to evolve independently at about 70Ma when is in consistent with that estimated by Roelants et al.（2004）with result of about ～60±15Ma, they were corroborated by each other, this confirms the validity of this molecular clock; ② divergent time for speciation of Feriana is early, ancestral populations of F. quadrana and F. taihangnicus were found about 46Ma～50Ma; differentiation of populations within species is greatly late to the divergence of the two species, divergent time for F. quadrana is 10Ma and divergent time for F. taihangnicus is 6Ma. Proceeding of distribution pattern of Feirana. Phylogenetic relationships of populations of Feirana matched quite with distribution pattern of them, the relationships among clades showed in phylogenetic trees is direct ratio to geographical distance of them; the estimated date of speciation between two species of Feirana was as early as speciation of Paa yunnanesis and Nanara pleski; middle part of Mt. Qinling is the center of speciation of Feirana, combination of mult-events of dispersal and vicariance are probably the mechanism of speciation of Feirana, F. quadrana colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in southwest direction, ancestral population of F. taihangnicus colonized the mid-Mt. Qinling and then differentiated into two subspecies in northeast direction. On geological history of the distribution of Feirana. According to molecular clock and speciation model of populations of Feirana, some geological events are confirmed, including special rise of Mt. Minshan- Mt. Longmen-western Mt. Qinling, glacial age.