Elimination of loading reverberation in the split hopkinson torsional bar

The loading reverberation is a multiple wave effect on the specimen in the split Hopkinson torsional bar (SHTB). Its existence intensively destroys the microstructure pattern in the tested material and therefore, interferes with the study correlating the deformed microstructure to the macroscopic stress-strain response. This paper discusses the problem of the loading reverberation and its effects on the post-mortem observations in the SHTB experiment. The cause of the loading reverberation is illustrated by a stress wave analysis. The modification of the standard SHTB is introduced, which involves attaching two unloading bars at the two ends of the original main bar system and adopting a new loading head and a couple of specially designed clutches. The clutches are placed between the main bar system and the unloading bars in order to lead the secondary loading wave out of the main bar system and to cut off the connection in a timely manner. The loading head of the standard torsional bar was redesigned by using a tube-type loading device associated with a ratchet system to ensure the exclusion of the reflected wave. Thus, the secondary loading waves were wholly trapped in the two unloading bars. The wave recording results and the contrasting experiments for examining the post-mortem microstructure during shear banding both before and after the modification highly support the effectiveness of the modified version. The modified SHTB realizes a single wave pulse loading process and will become a useful tool for investigating the relation between the deformed microstructure and the macroscopic stress-strain response. It will play an important role especially in the study of the evolution of the microstructure during the shear banding process. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.

A study on stratification of concentration in crystal-growth of alpha-liio3 by holographic-interferometry

A new thermoplastic-photoconductor laser holographic recording system has been used for real-time and in situ observation of alpha-LiIO3 crystal growth. The influence of crystallization-driven convection on the concentration stratification in solution has been studied under gravity field. It is found that the stratification is closely related to the seed orientation of alpha-LiIO3 crystal. When the optical axis of crystal seed C is parallel to the gravity vector g, the velocity of the concentration stratification is two times larger than that in the case of C perpendicular-to g. It needs 40 h for the crystalline system of alpha-LiIO3 to reach stable concentration distribution (expressed as tau) at 47.6-degrees-C. The time tau is not sensitive to the seed orientation. Our results provide valuable data for designing the crystal growth experiments ia space.

Objective speckle method using stick-on foil and its applications

Objective speckle from a stick-on foil is a new approach to applying the objective white light speckle method to in-plane displacement measurements. By a relatively easy technique a thin aluminum foil is mounted onto the specimen surface and a random grating is scratched onto it, yielding high reflectance and fine optical details. After double exposure by a direct recording system without using a lens, the resulting holographic film possesses a broad spatial spectrum and displacement information. Full-field contour maps of equal displacement can be obtained that are of good contrast and high sensitivity and that have a large adjustable measurement range. The method can be applied to practical engineering problems for both plane and developable curved surfaces.

Studying atomic-resolution by X-ray fluorescence holography

In this work, the results of numerical simulations of X-ray fluorescence holograms and the reconstructed atomic images for Fe single crystal are given. The influences of the recording angles ranges and the polarization effect on the reconstruction of the atomic images are discussed. The process for removing twin images by multiple energy fluorescence holography and expanding the energy range of the incident X-rays to improve the resolution of the reconstructed images is presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

硬X射线相位衬度成像的实验研究

介绍了硬X射线(类同轴)相位衬度成像的工作原理及其实验研究结果。X射线波长为0．08860nm,样品为未经任何处理的飞蛾，记录介质为X射线胶片。胶片经处理以后，用光学显微镜读出，可以看出样品的许多细节,尤其在折射率突变处。而同样条件下基于吸收衬度机制的硬X射线吸收成像，由于是弱吸收样品．没有观察到任何图像。

双掺杂LiNbO3晶体中光栅均匀性的优化研究

研究了非挥发全息记录中南于紫外光的强吸收而引起的光栅非均匀性，分析了这种非均匀性对光栅衍射效率的影响。结果显示，非均匀性致使光折变光栅的平均强度减弱，衍射效率降低。提出了采用两束等光强的敏化紫外光由晶体两侧入射的优化方案以改善光栅的均匀性，提高光栅的衍射效率。通过联立两中心带输运物质方程和双光束耦合波方程，进行了相应的理论模拟，并给出实验验证。结果表明双侧紫外光照射能够实现均匀性较好的光栅，是提高衍射效率的有效途径之一。

强外加电场与大调制度下光折变动力学光栅形成研究

强外加电场与大调制度在光折变效应的研究中已经得到了广泛应用。采用PDECOL算法, 严格求解光折变带输运方程, 得到外加电场时不同调制度下光折变晶体中随时间变化的空间电荷场、载流子浓度, 并讨论了外加电场对它们的影响。通过将物质方程与耦合波方程联立数值求解, 可得到光折变光栅形成过程中两波耦合增益系数以及光束条纹相位的变化。模拟结果表明, 在强外加电场作用下, 两束记录光之间的光强与相位耦合都得到了增强, 而原有的解析式忽视了强外加电场与大调制度对空间电荷场相位耦合的影响, 此时不再适用。同时发现折射率光

Ce：Mn：LiNbO3晶体紫外记录研究

采用紫外光作记录光在Ce：Mn：LiNbO3晶体中实现非挥发全息记录，灵敏度可达0．0803cm／J，衍射效率（固定）为5．07％，比采用红光为记录光，紫外光为敏化光的非挥发双中心记录方案均提高了50多倍。分析表明，采用紫外光作为记录光，深能级电子被激发比例极大提高，参与光折变过程的电子平均运动周期变短．提高了衍射效率和灵敏度；深浅能级电子光栅的同相位，使得固定空间电荷场变强。文中还研究了退火对记录性能的影响。

组合外加电场提高Fe：LiNbO3中90°记录体全息的衍射效率

针对90°全息记录结构的特殊性，在记录和读出阶段分别施加不同极性的外加电场，实现了Fe：LiNbO3晶体中高衍射效率的全息记录和读出。在库赫塔列夫（Kukhtarev）方程基础上引人两维耦合波理论，对组合外加电场提高掺铁铌酸锂晶体光折变特性的机理进行了探讨。实验和理论计算结果都表明这种分别在记录和读出过程施加不同极性组合的外加电场是在Fe：LiNbO3中实现高衍射效率90°记录结构体全息的有效技术方案。

LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体非挥发全息存储研究

采用三种不同的双光记录方案进行了LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体全息存储实验．详细研究了饱和衍射效率、固定衍射效率、动态范围和记录灵敏度，以及退火条件对记录的影响。结果表明，氧化LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体的饱和衍射效率、固定衍射效率和记录灵敏度比其他报道的双掺杂LiNbO3晶体高。结合掺杂能级图，理论分析了LiNbO3双掺杂晶体深陷阱中心能级的相对位置及其微观光学参量对全息记录性能的影响。LiNbO3：Fe：Ni晶体有望成为一种新的高效率非挥发全息存储材料。

(Ce,Cu)∶LiNbO3晶体非挥发全息记录理论研究与优化

根据双中心带输运模型,对(Ce,Cu)∶LiNbO3晶体双中心非挥发全息记录进行了理论研究与优化。推导了(Ce,Cu)∶LiNbO3晶体的微观参量,采用数值方法通过严格求解模拟双中心带输运方程来模拟全息记录过程。分析了记录过程中,记录与敏化光强、Ce和Cu掺杂浓度以及晶体微观参量对(Ce,Cu)∶LiNbO3晶体双中心全息记录的影响。发现(Ce,Cu)∶LiNbO3晶体非挥发全息记录中实现高衍射效率与固定效率的主导因素是深中心Cu,在记录过程中,深中心Cu建立起了很强的空间电荷场。数值模拟的结果经过实验验

LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体近红外非挥发全息记录

采用双中心记录方案在双掺杂LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体中实现了近红外非挥发全息记录,研究了LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体在633 nm,752 nm,799 nm波长下的全息记录性能。结果表明,在使用近红外记录光时,其记录灵敏度随敏化光强的变化趋势与双中心短波长记录时的不同。通过和LiNbO3∶Fe∶Mn等传统双掺杂铌酸锂晶体的近红外波段记录效果对比,发现同时掺杂Fe和Rh可增强晶体对近红外光的吸收,获得更高的浅中心Fe光生伏特系数,从而能够在LiNbO3∶Fe∶Rh晶体中实现近红外波段的光折变全息记录。

LiNbO_3∶Ce∶Cu晶体中绿光非挥发全息记录优化

为了对在LiNbO3∶Ce∶Cu晶体中绿光作为记录光的非挥发全息记录进行优化,联立求解了双中心物质方程和双光束耦合波方程,数值分析了平均空间电荷场(SCF)和衍射效率随晶体的氧化还原态、记录光与敏化光的光强比以及深浅中心的掺杂浓度的变化。结果表明,采用绿光作为记录光在LiNbO3∶Ce∶Cu晶体中进行非挥发全息记录,可以记录得到强光折变光栅,其空间电荷场高达107V/m;获得高达80%以上的固定衍射效率,各相关参量都有较大的优化空间。

Nonvolatile holograms in LiNbO3 : Fe : Cu by use of the bleaching effect

We report our observation of a bleaching effect under an ultraviolet exposure in LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystals. Two three-step recording-transferring-fixing schemes are proposed to record nonvolatile photorefractive holograms in such crystals. In the schemes two red laser beams and an ultraviolet illumination are used selectively to write the charge grating in the shallow-level Fe centers, to develop the charge grating in the deep-level Cu centers by transferring the charge grating in the Fe centers, and to fix only the charge grating in the Cu centers for unerasable read-out. Experimental results, verifications, and an optimal recording scheme are given. A comparison of the lithium niobate crystals of the same double-doping system of Fe:Mn, Ce:Mn, Ce:Cu, and Fe:Cu is outlined. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Theoretical investigation of nonvolatile holographic storage in doubly doped lithium niobate crystals

We have studied theoretically the inherent mechanisms of nonvolatile holographic storage in doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals. The photochromic effect of doubly doped LiNbO3 crystals is discussed, and the criterion for this effect is obtained through the photochromism-bleach factor a = S(21)gamma(1)/S(11)gamma(2) that we define. The two-center recording and fixing processes are analytically discussed with extended Kukhtarev equations, and analytical expressions for recorded and fixed steady-state space-charge fields as well as temporal behavior during the fixing process are obtained. The effects of microphysical quantities, the macrophotochromic effect on fixing efficiency, and recorded and fixed steady-state space-charge fields, are discussed analytically and numerically. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.