Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires with basic additives

Granules of waste tires were pyrolyzed tinder vacuum (3.5-10 kPa) conditions, and the effects of temperature and basic additives (Na2CO3, NaOH) on the properties of pyrolysis were thoroughly investigated. It was obvious that with or without basic additives, pyrolysis oil yield increased gradually to a maximum and subsequently decreased with a temperature increase from 450 degrees C to 600 degrees C, irrespective of the addition of basic additives to the reactor. The addition of NaOH facilitated pyrolysis dramatically, as a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 48 wt% was achieved at 550 degrees C without the addition of basic additives, while a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 50 wt% was achieved at 480 degrees C by adding 3 wt% (w/w, powder/waste tire granules) of NaOH powder. The composition analysis of pyrolytic naphtha (i.b.p. (initial boiling point) similar to 205 degrees C) distilled from pyrolysis oil showed that more dl-limonene was obtained with basic additives and the maximal content of dl-limonene in pyrolysis oil was 12.39 wt% which is a valuable and widely-used fine chemical. However, no improvement in pyrolysis was observed with Na2CO3 addition. Pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of H-2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H4 and C2H6. Pyrolytic char had a surface area comparable to commercial carbon black, but its proportion of ash (above 11.5 wt%) was much higher.

马家塔露天煤矿复垦区不同土地利用类型的土壤水分入渗过程研究

煤矿复垦区土壤结构重组,严重改变了其某些土壤物理性质,入渗过程也必然受到影响。因此以马家塔露天煤矿为研究对象,利用圆盘入渗仪研究分析复垦区4种土地利用类型(荒地、草地、灌木、林地)下土壤在3种负压(-15 cm,-3 cm,0 cm)下水分入渗过程及其影响机理,探讨了土地利用类型及复垦方式对煤矿复垦区土壤的水分运动过程的影响,为矿区土壤复垦及植被恢复提供理论基础。

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤侵蚀强度时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 1 0 a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,分析了林地开垦后不同侵蚀年限情况下土壤侵蚀强度的变化。结果发现 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤侵蚀强度呈明显的增长趋势 ,平均每年约有 1 0 mm的土层被侵蚀掉 ,到侵蚀的第 1 0 a时 ,已有 1 0 0 .81 mm的土层被侵蚀掉 ,相当于林地土壤的 A层大部分遭到流失。土壤侵蚀强度的增加 ,土壤质量的下降 ,土壤性状的恶化 ,更促使侵蚀程强度的加剧

黄土丘陵林区开垦地人为加速侵蚀与土壤物理力学性质的时间变化

以子午岭土壤侵蚀与生态环境演变观测站长年观测的径流泥沙资料为基础 ,分析了林地及其开垦地不同侵蚀年限土壤的颗粒组成、>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量、抗剪强度和容重等土壤物理力学性质与土壤侵蚀强度的关系。研究结果表明 ,>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量对土壤侵蚀强度影响最大 ,其偏相关系数为 0 .972 8,其次为土壤的粗粉粒含量和抗剪强度。最后对 >0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量和抗剪强度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系进行了分析 ,表明林地开垦后侵蚀第 1年和第 7年为土壤侵蚀强度加剧的转折点 ,说明了森林植被在防治黄土高原土壤侵蚀方面的作用。

黄土丘陵林区开垦地土壤抗冲性的时间变化研究

以黄土丘陵林区 10a径流泥沙观测资料为基础 ,进行土壤抗冲试验 ,分析了林地及其开垦后不同年限土壤的抗冲性能。结果表明 ,林地具有很强的抗冲性能 ,一旦被开垦后 ,随侵蚀年限的增长 ,土壤的抗冲性呈减弱趋势 ,在 3L/min流量下 ,土壤冲刷量从侵蚀 1a的 4.0 1g/L增大到侵蚀 10a的 2 5 .5 1g/L ,加剧了土壤侵蚀发展。相关分析表明 ,土壤的抗剪强度对抗冲性影响最大 ,其次为水稳性团粒和有机质含量。因此 ,退耕还林、恢复和重建植被 ,改善土壤侵蚀环境 ,提高土壤抗冲性 ,能有效地防治土壤侵蚀。

Vulcanization of polybutadiene latex induced by Co-60 gamma radiation

Polybutadiene latex (PBL) vulcanization induced by Co-60 radiation and the influence of dose on crosslinking were investigated. Morphology and particle size distribution were examined by AFM and a particle size analyzer. The casting films were characterized for their swelling and mechanical properties as a function of dose.

Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Compatibilized Poly(butylene terephthalate) Blends: Effect of Functional Groups and Dynamic Curing

Two sets of graft copolymers were prepared by grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or ally] (3-isocyanate-4-tolyl) carbamate (TAI) onto ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer (EPDM) in an internal mixer. These graft copolymers were used as the compatibilizer to prepare the thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) containing 50 wt%, of poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, 30 wt% of compatibilizer, and 20 wt% of nitrile-butadiene rubber, NBR. The indirect, two-step mixer process was chosen for dynamic curing.

Critical behavior of brittle-ductile transition of polymers

We report that the brittle-ductile transition of polymers induced by temperature exhibits critical behavior. When t close to 0, the critical surface to surface interparticle distance (IDc) follows the scaling law: IDc proportional to t(-v) where t = 1 - T/T-BD(m) (T and T-BD(m) are the test temperature and brittle-ductile transition temperature of matrix polymer, respectively) and v = 2/D. It is clear that the scaling exponent v only depends on dimension (D). For 2, 3, and 4 dimension, v = 1, 2/3, and 1/2 respectively. The result indicates that the ID, follows the same scaling law as that of the correlation length (xi), when t approach to zero.

Novel Method for Preparation of Polypropylene Blends with High Melt Strength by Reactive Compounding

Ultrafine full-vulcanized polybutadiene rubber(UFBR) with particle sizes of ca. 50-100 nm were used for modifying mechanical and processing performances of polypropylene(PP) with PP-g-maleic anhydride(PP-g-MA) as a compatibilizer for enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the two components. The morphology, dynamical rheology response and mechanical properties of the blends were characterized by means of SEM, rheometer and tensile test, respectively.

Toughening effects of poly(butylene terephthalate) with blocked isocyanate-functionalized poly(ethylene octene)

BACKGROUND: Blocked isocyanate-functionalized polyolefins have great potential for use in semicrystalline polymer blends to obtain toughened polymers. In this study, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was blended with allyl N-[2-methyl-4-(2-oxohexahydroazepine-1 -carboxamido)phenyl] carbamate-functionalized poly(ethylene octene) (POE-g-AMPC).RESULTS: New peaks at 2272 and 1720 cm(-1), corresponding to the stretching vibrations of NCO and the carbonyl of NH-CO-N, respectively, in AMPC, appeared in the infrared spectrum of POE-g-AMPC. Both rheological and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated a new copolymer was formed in the reactive blends. Compared to uncompatibilized PBT/POE blends, smaller dispersed particle sizes with narrower distribution were found in the compatibilized PBT/POE-g-AMPC blends. There was a marked increase in impact strength by about 10-fold over that of PBT/POE blends with the same rubber content and almost 30-fold higher than that of pure PBT when the POE-g-AMPC content was 25 wt%.

Effects of SEBS-g-BTAI on the morphology, structure and mechanical properties of PA6/SEBS blends

Styrene-b-(ethylene-co-1-butene)-b-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer functionalized with epsilon-caprolactam blocked allyl (3-isocyanate-4-tolyl) carbamate (SEBS-g-BTAI) was used to toughen polyamide 6 (PA6) via reactive blending. Compared to the PA6/SEBS blends, mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young's modulus, especially Izod notched strength of PA6/SEBS-g-BTAI blends were improved distinctly. Both theological and FTIR results indicated a new copolymer formed by the reaction of end groups of PA6 and isocyanate group regenerated in the backbone of SEBS-g-BTAI. Smaller dispersed particle sizes with narrower distribution were found in PA6/SEBS-g-BTAI blends, via field emitted scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The core-shell structures with PS core and PEB shell were also observed in the PA6/SEBS-g-BTAI blends via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which might improve the toughening ability of the rubber particles.

Preparation and Physical Properties of LLDPE Grafted with Novel Nonionic Surfactants

Copolymers of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) grafted with two novel nonionic surfactants, acrylic glycerol monostearate ester (AGMS) and acrylic polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate ester (ATW-EEN80), containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and 1-olefin double bond were prepared by using a plasticorder at 190 degrees C. To evaluate the grafting degree, two different approaches based on H-1-NMR data were proposed, and FTIR calibration was showed to validate these methods. The rheological response of the molten polymers, determined under dynamic shear flow at small-amplitude oscillations, indicated that crosslinking formation of the chains could be decreased with increasing the monomer concentration. Their thermal behavior was studied by DSC and polarization microscope (PLM): The crystallization temperature (T-C) of grafted LLDPE shifted to higher temperature compared with neat LLDPE because the grafted chains acted as nucleating agents. Water and glycerol were used to calculate the surface free energy of grafted LLDPE films.

Effect of peroxide crosslinking on thermal and mechanical properties of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), a saturated polyester, derived from ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone, was chemically crosslinked with various amounts of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) by a two-step method by first evenly dispersing the BPO into the PCL matrix and then crosslinking at elevated temperature. The gel fraction increased with an increase in BPO content. The modified Charlesby-Pinner equation was used to calculate the ratio of chain scission and crosslinking. The results showed that both scission and crosslinking occurred, and that crosslinking predominated over scission. The number-average molecular weight between the crosslinks determined by the rubber elasticity theory using the hot set test showed a decrease with increasing BPO content. The melting temperature and crystallinity decreased with an increase in BPO content, and the crystallization temperature increased after crosslinking. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed a decrease in the glass transition temperature as a result of chemical crosslinking of PCL. This was explained by the observed reduction in crystallinity and the increase in free volume due to restrictions in chain packing.