112 resultados para altitudinal gradients
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A new mathematical model for the transient flow in the composite low permeability is established. It is solved by FEM with different boundary conditions such as infinite, circular closed and constant pressure boundary conditions. The typical curves for transient wellbore pressure have been presented. It is shown that the pressure and pressure derivative curves with composite start-up pressure gradients have different slopes which are depended on the start-up pressure gradients and the mobility radios in different regions. The boundary effects are the same as the normal reservoirs without start-up pressure gradients. The study provides a new tool to analyze the transient pressure test data in the low permeability reservoir.
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Modeling results are presented concerning the characteristicsoflaminar and turbulentargonplasmajetsimpingingnormally upon a flat plate (workpiece) in ambient air. It is found that the presence of the flat plate significantly enhances the entrainment rate of ambient air into the jets and affects on the flow and temperature fields in the near-plate region of the jets. At comparatively large distances between the plate and the jet inlet, the axial gradients of the plasma parameters in the laminarplasmaimpinging-jets assume values much less than those in the turbulentplasmaimpinging-jets.
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Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth process is a widely used technique in manufacturing of silicon crystals and other semiconductor materials. The ultimate goal of the IC industry is to have the highest quality substrates, which are free of point defect, impurities and micro defect clusters. The scale up of silicon wafer size from 200 mm to 300 mm requires large crucible size and more heat power. Transport phenomena in crystal growth processes are quite complex due to melt and gas flows that may be oscillatory and/or turbulent, coupled convection and radiation, impurities and dopant distributions, unsteady kinetics of the growth process, melt crystal interface dynamics, free surface and meniscus, stoichiometry in the case of compound materials. A global model has been developed to simulate the temperature distribution and melt flow in an 8-inch system. The present program features the fluid convection, magnetohydrodynamics, and radiation models. A multi-zone method is used to divide the Cz system into different zones, e.g., the melt, the crystal and the hot zone. For calculation of temperature distribution, the whole system inside the stainless chamber is considered. For the convective flow, only the melt is considered. The widely used zonal method divides the surface of the radiation enclosure into a number of zones, which has a uniform distribution of temperature, radiative properties and composition. The integro-differential equations for the radiative heat transfer are solved using the matrix inversion technique. The zonal method for radiative heat transfer is used in the growth chamber, which is confined by crystal surface, melt surface, heat shield, and pull chamber. Free surface and crystal/melt interface are tracked using adaptive grid generation. The competition between the thermocapillary convection induced by non-uniform temperature distributions on the free surface and the forced convection by the rotation of the crystal determines the interface shape, dopant distribution, and striation pattern. The temperature gradients on the free surface are influenced by the effects of the thermocapillary force on the free surface and the rotation of the crystal and the crucible.
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The conventional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has a strong restriction on the cell size because simulated particles are selected randomly within the cell for collisions. Cells with size larger than the molecular mean free path are generally not allowed in correct DSMC simulations. However, the cell-size induced numerical error can be controlled if the gradients of flow properties are properly involved during collisions. In this study, a large cell DSMC scheme is proposed to relax the cell size restriction. The scheme is applied to simulate several test problems and promising results are obtained even when the cell size is greater than 10 mean free paths of gas molecules. However, it is still necessary, of course, that the cell size be small with respect to the flow field structures that must be resolved.
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《固体力学进展及应用:庆贺李敏华院士90华诞文集》收录了近代固体力学基础理论及其应用领域的重要科技成果和最新进展。作者是在同体力学领域工作多年的资深研究员,他们来自各行各业,有丰富的科研与丁作经验。他们提供的论文在相当程度上反映当前同体力学的发展现状与成就,并能看出发展趋势,对未来研究的课题选择有参考价值。《固体力学进展及应用:庆贺李敏华院士90华诞文集》还收集了李敏华院士的珍贵照片和纪念李敏华院士90华诞的庆贺和回忆文章,具有重要的史料价值。
目录
Resumo:
A theoretical model has been developed to investigate the microfluidic transport of the signaling chemicals in the cell coculture chips. Using an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor as the sample chemical, the effects of velocities and channel geometry were studied for the continuous-flow microchannel bioreactors. It is found that different perfusion velocities must be applied in the parallel channels to facilitate the communication, i.e., transport of the signaling component, between the coculture channels. Such communication occurs in a unidirectional way because the signaling chemicals can only flow from the high velocity area to the low velocity area. Moreover, the effect of the transport of the signaling component between the coculture channels on the growth of the monolayer cells and the multicellular tumor spheroid (MTS) in the continuous-flow coculture environment were simulated using 3D models. The numerical results demonstrated that the concentration gradients will induce the heterogeneous growth of the cells and the MTSs, which should be taken into account in designing the continuous-flow perfusion bioreactor for the cell coculture research.
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This is the first part of direct numerical simulation (DNS) of double-diffusive convection in a slim rectangular enclosure with horizontal temperature and concentration gradients. We consider the case with the thermal Rayleigh number of 10^5, the Pradtle number of 1, the Lewis number of 2, the buoyancy ratio of composition to temperature being in the range of [0,1], and height-to-width aspect ration of 4. A new 7th order upwind compact scheme was developed for approximation of convective terms, and a three-stage third-order Runge-Kutta method was employed for time advancement. Our DNS suggests that with the buoyancy ratio increasing form 0 to 1, the flow of transition is a complex series changing fromthe steady to periodic, chaotic, periodic, quasi-periodic, and finally back to periodic. There are two types of periodic flow, one is simple periodic flow with single fundamental frequency (FF), and another is complex periodic flow with multiple FFs. This process is illustrated by using time-velocity histories, Fourier frequency spectrum analysis and the phase-space rajectories.
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The coupling mechanisms and flow characteristics of thermocapillary convection in a thin liquid layer with evaporating interface were studied. The planar liquid layer, with the upper surface open to air, was imposed externally horizontal temperature differences. The measured average evaporating rates and interfacial temperature profiles indicated the relative importance of evaporation effect and thermocapillary convection under different temperature gradients. A temperature jump was found at the interface, which was thought to be related to the influence of evaporation effect. All above mentioned results were repeated in a rarely evaporating liquid to compare the influence of evaporation effect.
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在星间激光通信中,涉及对大口径衍射极限激光波面的检测,为保证测量精度,必须严格控制波面十涉仪镜子的自重和温度变形。采用有限元方法对大型干涉仪镜子在不同支承方式下的表面变形进行了分析,结果表明,接触角为180°的钢带支承是较好的支承方式,反射镜表面变形峰-谷(P-V)值仅为1.35nm,均方根(RMS)值为0.363nm根据这一结论,设计了一个同定支承点与浮动支承相结合的超静定钢带支承结构。在该结构下,分析了镜子轴向、径向、周向的温度梯度效应,分析数据表明,镜子的热弹性变形远大于自重变形,建议采取一定的温控
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With the present work we tried to study the effective methods to improve the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and reflectance of HR coatings at 355 nm. The work presented in this paper wits part of an ongoing study about vacuum annealing. It was dedicated to study the effects Of Vacuum annealing with different temperature gradients on the structure, optical properties and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of 355nm Al2O3/MgF2HR coatings. A number of samples were prepared by electron beam evaporation using the same deposition process with an optimal deposition temperature of 280 degrees C. After deposition, samples were annealed in the coating chamber for 3 h with different temperature gradients. Morphologies of the samples were observed by Leica-DMRXE. Microscope, Structure of the samples had been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmittance and reflectance of the samples were measured by Lambda 900 Spectrometer, The LIDT of the samples was measured by a 355 nm Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of 8 ns. It was found that the temperature gradient of vacuum annealing had significant effects on the morphology, structure, absorption, and LIDT of the samples, (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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是否存在一般性的生物多样性垂直格局理论,是人们普遍关心的问题。为了解决这一疑问。本文设计了三个方面的问题作为研究的内容。一、标准化系统取样能够满足山地生物多样性研究的需要吗?二、山地植物群落中不同植物类群的物种丰富度沿海拔梯度有相同的格局变化吗?三、山地植物群落中,不同植物类群的群落水平多样性,包括物种丰富度、均匀度和群落多样性沿海拔梯度有怎样的变化?不同植物类群内,及不同植物类群间物种丰富度、物种均匀度和群落多样性之间的空间相互关系? 为了解决上述问题,我们采用了模拟和试验两类数据(来自北京东灵山地区7条垂直样带),研究中着重考虑了数据的空间相关性或尺度依赖性,应用地统计学和多元地统计学的方法对数据进行分析,得出如下结论: 一、标准化系统取样是不能满足山地物种多样性研究的需要的,它忽略了取样单元面积效应。理论上,文献所列的四种典型的生物多样性格局类型都可以随取样单元而相互转换;评价生物多样性垂直格局时,不存在唯一合适的取样单元尺度。通常在一定尺度范围内,多样性显现某一格局类型,超过了尺度阀值,格局类型会发生转换,但是存在一个最小取样单元尺度,小于这一尺度生物多样性的空间结构将不能正确显现;山地生物多样性分布具各向异性,垂直方向物种替代速率远大于水平方向,因此,不但取样面积,而且取样单元的形状也对多样性格局有重要影响。山地生物多样性格局研究中,以垂直方向作长边的长方形较为合适;本研究没有对物种多样性格局随取样单元发生转换的决定因素得出明确的结论,但 多样性的空间分布可能是一主要因素。 二、乔、灌、草和群落总的物种丰富度格局,大多数大尺度上呈现梯度格局,小尺度上呈斑块的聚集。物种丰富度垂直格局的尺度依赖性与坡向有密切关系,同一坡向的格局的特征表现出很强的一致性;乔、灌、草及总的植物物种丰富度垂直梯度格局与取样单元尺度的关系也表现出与坡向的密切关系,同一坡向合适的取样面积基本一致;总的来说,不同植物类群的物种丰富度垂直格局都表现出其独特的特点,不同坡向同一植物类群又表现出明显不同的特点。将我们的研究结果与其它山地物种丰富度的垂直格局研究进行比较,得出这样的推论:在山地植物多样性研究中,同一群落层次在相同的生物地理区(或气候带)内,物种丰富度具有一致的垂直格局类型,而在不同的生物地理区内具有不同的特点。分别研究不同群落层次物种丰富度在同一生物地理区不同地点,以及在不同生物地理区的垂直格局,有利于区别历史、进化因素和现时生态因素对生物多样性形成和维持的作用,形成一般的生物多样性理论。 三、乔、灌、草三层的群落多样性Simpson指数和物种丰富的垂直格局类型基本一致,多样性和丰富度格局的相似性不但表现在格局的类型上,而且表现在对空间的尺度依赖上,如自相关范围、大尺度上梯度效应等都表现出了一致性;均匀度格局变化比较复杂,在乔木层、阴坡灌木层与物种丰富度有相似的格局特征,阳坡灌木层均匀度则基本不随海拔变化;草本层均匀度很高,表现出与物种丰富度、多样性相反的格局。我们认为物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度沿着环境梯度变化以及它们之间的关系还不能确定是否有一般性特征,它们可能不但与生物类群而且与垂直样带所处的环境有关。理论研究认为在大尺度上群落多样性的变化主要反映在物种丰富度水平上的变化,主要由均匀度引起的多样性的变化可能只存在小范围的环境梯度中,本文的研究为这一理论提供了佐证。理论模拟表明物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性之间是简单的强正相关性,丰富度和均匀度相互独立存在,我们证明了它们之间并非简单的正相关,丰富度和均匀度也非简单独立存在,它们的关系与尺度、坡向(环境条件)、植物类群密切相关,不同的生态过程或因素在不同尺度上的作用决定了它们的关系类型。乔、灌层间各多样性测度间总体呈正相关关系,并随尺度增加而降低;乔、草层间多样性测度间的关系与乔、灌层间明显不同,乔木层各多样性测度与草本层丰富度、多样性指数间显著负相关,与草本层均匀度间弱正相关,并随尺度增大渐弱;灌、草层间与乔、草层间情形相似,特别是阴坡。不同层次间多样性测度的相互关系还与坡向和尺度密切相关。 通过本研究,虽然不能肯定回答是否存在一般性的生物多样性垂直格局理论,但是我们认为在同一生物地理区域内,对同一生物类群(具有相同或相似的生物、生态学特性,具有对外界环境相同或相似的适应方式),并匹配于适宜的尺度揭示生物多样性垂直格局,并比较不同生物地理区、不同生物类群的生物多样性垂直格局,可能会找出一般性的生物多样性垂直格局理论。
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养分回收是植物衰老时,养分从衰老组织向活的组织体转移的一种过程。该过程延长了养分在植物体内的滞留时间,提高了植物保持养分的能力,因此是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的策略之一。全球气候变化,包括降水格局改变和氮(N)沉降增加,改变了生态系统正常的生物地球化学循环,因此可能会对植物的养分回收特性产生影响。研究不同N、磷(P)、水梯度上,植物物种养分回收特性的响应格局,对于预测N沉降增加和降水格局改变对物种养分利用策略的潜在影响,具有一定的理论与实践意义。本研究以中国科学院植物研究所多伦恢复生态学实验站长期施N肥实验(0,1,2,4,8,16,32,64 g N m-2 yr-1等8个水平)为研究平台研究了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)群落中优势植物养分回收随N素添加梯度的变化,同时结合三个盆栽控制实验(施N肥实验:0,0.5,1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128 g N m-2等10个水平;施P肥实验:梯度同施N肥实验;控水实验:3600,4000,4500,5143,6000,7200,9000,12000,18000,36000 mL pot-1等10个水平),主要探讨了羊草(Leymus chinensis)养分回收效率(从衰老组织中回收转移的养分百分数,RE)和养分回收度(以枯叶中养分浓度衡量,RP)以及其它叶片养分特性(绿叶养分浓度和比叶面积SLA)对环境因子改变的响应格局。同时,我们还调查了枯叶C:N比和C:P比等参数,研究环境因子改变对凋落物分解的影响。 1)连续4年施N肥显著降低了五个物种叶片N素回收度(NRP),对P素回收度(PRP)的影响在各物种间差异较大,但低N提高了多数物种的PRP;物种间,冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)RP(枯叶N和P浓度分别为14.3±2.0 mg g-1和0.68±0.09 mg g-1)最低,砂韭(Allium bidentatum)(N:5.2±0.2 mg g-1,P:0.12±0.01 mg g-1)最高。沿施N梯度,N素回收效率(NRE)的变化趋势在物种间差异较小但在方法间(叶干重水平,叶面积水平和单株水平)差异较大,而P素回收效率(PRE)的变化在物种间和方法间差别都较大。叶干重水平和叶面积水平上,NRE在四个物种中表现出显著降低的趋势,PRE只在糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)中显著降低,其它三个物种变化不显著。单株水平上,所有物种NRE(除了克氏针茅)和PRE均与施N量梯度无显著性关系。物种间,砂韭的RE最高(>80.0%),冷蒿和星毛委陵菜最低(<60.0%)。方法间,叶片水平上的RE均高于单株水平上。沿施N肥梯度,两个禾本科物种SLA无显著变化规律,而其它三个物种SLA表现出先增加后变化不大的趋势。物种间,最高和最低的SLA分别表现在冷蒿和克氏针茅。沿施N肥梯度,五个物种C:N比呈先显著降低后缓慢降低的趋势。物种间,最大和最小的C:N比分别出现在砂韭和冷蒿。 2)盆栽施N肥实验中,一定范围内,施N肥显著提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA和绿叶N浓度,显著降低了C:N比、NRP、NRE和PRE,但对绿叶P浓度、叶片PRP和C:P比无明显影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为16.2 mg g-1和1.01 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为46.1﹪和58.1﹪。10月时,地下生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 3)盆栽施P肥实验中,一定范围内,施P肥显著地提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、绿叶N浓度和绿叶P浓度,显著降低了C:N比、C:P比、NRP、PRP和PRE,但对NRE无显著影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为9.9 mg g-1和7.43 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为58.2﹪,平均PRE为56.1﹪。10月时地下部分生物量和N库积累均高于地上部分,而P库在两个部分间差别不大。 4)盆栽控水实验中,一定范围内,供水量增加显著增加了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、NRP、PRP、PRE、C:N比和C:P比,显著降低了绿叶N浓度,但对绿叶P浓度和NRE无显著性影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为10.4 mg g-1和0.32 mg g-1,平均NRE和PRE分别为54.4﹪和76.8﹪。10月时,地下部分生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 以上结果表明,N、P和水分因子的改变影响了植物生物量和养分分配、叶片养分特性、养分回收能力以及枯叶分解质量等,且不同梯度影响程度也不同。因此,未来全球变化包括N沉降增加和降水格局改变可能影响植物养分利用策略和凋落物分解特性,进而可能对植被-土壤系统养分循环产生影响。
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通量测量点的能量收支总是表现出不平衡,即使在地势平坦、植被分布均一、稀疏植被下垫面的情况下也有约30%的能量失衡状况。能量平衡闭合 (EBC) 问题在验证涡度相关系统质量方面,得到了广泛的关注。实验在内蒙古草原3个地点,通过涡度相关系统附近移动能量平衡系统的测定手段,采用能量平衡余项法和最小二乘 (OLS) 线性回归法,研究了土壤热通量、净辐射及可供能量空间变异对能量平衡闭合的影响。 结果显示,EBC 在三个研究点的平均余项为8~19 W m-2,OLS 斜率为0.83~0.96。EBC 在土壤湿润情况的站点要高于干旱站点。 土壤热通量的空间变异三站点平均为白天48 W m-2 (占同时间 Rn 的13%),夜间15 W m-2 (34%),平均29 W m-2 (24%)。通过8个工作站的测量,这个变异会造成9% (从0.93到1.01) 的 OLS 斜率差别。夜间的能量平衡不闭合可以由土壤热通量的空间变异解释。如果在本研究的的三个草原站点上忽略了土壤热通量,则会造成较大的余项 (峰值时110 W m-2) 产生,从而使 OLS 斜率增大23%。特别是通量板埋置在地面以下30 mm处时,上层的土壤热储部分占到全部土壤热通量的50%,这不仅影响到 EBC 的大小,更起到调节土壤热通量与“真实的波形” 相一致的作用。如果该部分热储被忽略掉,EBC 余项会增加60 W m-2,OLS 斜率也会变化 (减少) 9%。用大尺度多点测量与涡度塔附近的小尺度测定相比较,后者表现出稍高的闭合率,即 OLS 斜率增加4%。 相对于土壤热通量,净辐射的空间变异较小,三站点平均为白天17 W m-2 (5%),夜间7 W m-2 (13%),平均 12 W m-2 (5%)。可以引起3% (从0.88到0.91) 的 OLS 斜率差异。研究结果还表明,风速校正应该在 Q7.1 净辐射仪中应用,校正后的结果与 CNR1 的结果在白天有吻合较好,但在其它时段仍有较大差异,特别是在夜间,风速校正基本不起作用,使得两种仪器间差异达20 W m-2。比较表明,风速校正可以提高白天 Rn 的6%,仅降低夜间0.3%。因此,无论是用余项法还是用 OLS 线性回归法,在比较使用不同仪器的站点间的闭合状况时 (本研究的结果适用于草地 Q7.1 与 CNR1 间的比较),可以用9:00-15:00 h 时段的数据进行比较,这样可以避免因使用不同仪器的差异所造成的影响。用该时段的数据进行比较,仪器间的差异余项法小于6 W m-2,OLS 法小于3%。 受可供能量空间变异影响,三个站点平均 EBC 的不确定性为白天66 W m-2 (19%),夜间23 W m-2 (50%),平均42 W m-2 (36%);或者改变 OLS 斜率11%。用最大值和最小值来衡量,EBC 最大不确定性,正午时在站点 I、II 和 III 中分别为81,114和91 W m-2。故在探讨能量平衡和能量平衡闭合问题时,必须充分考虑到这种不确定性,否则会产生偏差,或者得出错误结论。 研究还表明,即使考虑到白天所有可供能量的最大不确定性,仍然不能使能量平衡闭合。中午 (12:00 h),站点 I,II 和 III 仍然有14±15,48±12和47±14 W m-2 的失衡不能够归因于可供能量的空间不确定性。因此,其它影响因素也需进行细致的探讨。 在两站点不同测量深度土壤热通量结果的差异性比较实验中,无论在站点 I 还是 III,均表现出一致的结论,即随通量板布置深度加深,其测量结果会越高,与浅层布置的相比,差别可高达150 W m-2。深层土壤热通量的计算仍是个难题,需进一步研究。 在不同植被结构对净辐射测定影响的实验中发现,随刈割强度增加,一天中大部分时间净辐射均减少。正午依次为413,395和388 W m-2。无论正午还是全天合计,重度刈割地点的净辐射均比不刈割对照处理少6%,而且,在整个生长季也少6%,约合40,000 W m-2。测量高度不同,不同处理间对测定结果影响不同:刈割处理中,由于下垫面较均一,结果相差不显著;而对照则表现出较高的差异,用两配对样本T检验表明差异达到极显著 (P<0.000,9:30-15:00 h data)。当使用不同新旧程度的 domes 时,对净辐射结果会产生明显的影响。新 domes 的测量结果白天明显高,晚上明显低,使用了11个月的旧 domes,峰值时,白天低估25 W m-2,晚上高估10 W m-2。说明该差异在进行能量平衡闭合计算时,不能忽略。而全用新的和全用旧的进行比较,晚上仅有2-3 W m-2差异。 考虑生态系统中非生物因子对干扰条件下生物多样性动态和功能的影响,有助于更精确地阐明生物多样性-稳定性功能的关系。为此,设计了一个单因子刈割实验——内蒙古地区一种广泛存在的土地利用方式。主要目的是研究不同强度刈割影响下,微气候变量特别是能量平衡各分量和群落结构的变化及二者的关系。连续4年刈割,占第一位的优势种明显由低矮半灌木冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) 取代了高大丛生禾草克氏针茅 (Stipa kylovii)。重度刈割下,针茅的盖度、生物量和丛重,群落叶面积、绿色生物量、凋落物量和群落高度一致低于轻度刈割/不刈割处理。微气候由于群落特征的这些变化也呈规律性变化。与对照相比,重度刈割降低了生长季土壤含水量的47.5%,但中午和日均土壤表面温度分别增加了7.4和1.2 °C,并且增加地表下2 cm土壤温度日较差 (日最高与最低温度之差) 4.2 °C。刈割处理由于凋落物少、反射强而表现出较低的净辐射,但土壤热通量显著提高,表现为土层加热和冷却快。因此,重度刈割处理较对照降低了可供能量8%,约合52,000 W m-2 。不同刈割强度间来看,NPP 或 LAI 与土壤热通量和净辐射的比值 (G/Rn) 以及波文比 (H/LE) 间呈负相关。重度刈割处理感热通量显著提高,但潜热通量在处理间差异不显著,表明未刈割处理虽然冠层伸展大,但是并没有导致更大的水分亏缺。未刈割处理增加了抵抗物种改变的能力,而刈割处理在连续一年一割的第四年显著增加了物种数,可能与因刈割影响而导致的群落结构与微气候的改变有关。本研究表明,未刈割处理可以减轻高温干旱季节的高温和干旱胁迫,表现出对环境变化的高抵抗性。未刈割处理的凋落物层和较高的垂直结构所形成的遮荫,可以形成一个阻挡蒸发的篱笆,这是维持其水分的保证。因此,为了恢复退化草原生态系统功能,需要修复能导致微气候变化的植物群落结构,否则难以成功。 本研究立足于原创性的实验研究,在中国特有的自然草原生态系统上开展,结合不同温度梯度的三地区涡度相关系统进行了能量平衡闭合的移动比较实验,以及结合常用土地利用方式的定点能量平衡实验。在翔实的数据基础上,为涡度相关方法的陆地表面能量平衡失衡问题提供了解释。增加了对两个主要能量流——土壤热通量和净辐射空间变异规律的认识,研究对于能量平衡和湍流通量相关研究是有价值的。在三个代表性地区首次利用多个净辐射仪和土壤热通量板的结果与三个标准的涡度相关系统进行了比较,这类量化失衡原因的相关研究应受到高度重视并进一步拓展,以提高对能量失衡的认识,进而推进水热和碳循环研究向更深层次发展。
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通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学以及反射光谱等技术研究了两个青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)品种的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,青稞的光饱和点1000 μmol m-2 s-1左右。在0~500 μmol m-2 s-1的光强范围里,青稞叶片的光呼吸(Pr)随着光强升高而增加;光强超过500 μmol m-2 s-1以后,光呼吸变化不明显。光呼吸占总光合的比例(Pr/Pm)随光强增强下降。随着光强增强,PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(Fv′/Fm′),PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),光化学猝灭系数(qP)不断降低而青稞叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)不断升高,说明越来越多的光能以热耗散的形式耗散掉。光谱分析表明△PRI 随着青稞叶片暴露于光下的时间迅速增大。因此,我们认为光呼吸不是青稞主要的光破坏防御机制,依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散可能是田间青稞耗散过剩光能的主要途径。 通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学等技术研究了四种乔木在拉萨和那曲的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,四种乔木藏川杨(Populus szechuanica var. tibetica schneid.),银白杨(Populus alba L.),左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var. subintegra C. Wang et P. Y. Pu),墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis N. Chao)在拉萨市的光合速率(Pn),叶片气孔导度(Gs),蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著高于那曲。藏川杨和墨竹柳的光下实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在拉萨显著高于那曲,银白杨和左旋柳的光下实际光化学效率在拉萨和那曲没有显著差异。四种乔木开放反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)和天线热耗散(1-Fv′/Fm′)在拉萨和那曲的差异不显著。测量光合时的气温(Tair)拉萨显著高于那曲,除墨竹柳外叶温(Tleaf)也显著高于那曲,墨竹柳的上述两参数在两地间无显著差异。除藏川杨外其余三种乔木在拉萨的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)显著高于那曲,气孔限制值(Ls)显著低于那曲,藏川杨的上述两指标在两地间无显著差异。除墨竹柳外,其余三种乔木在两地的光合(Pn)与叶温(Tleaf)成显著正相关。对银白杨和左旋柳来说,低叶温通过降低气孔导度(Gs)从而降低胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)是造成那曲光合低的主要因素之一。对于墨竹柳来说,可能有其他非温度的环境条件影响其气孔导度进而造成气孔限制。此外,叶温可能主要通过非气孔限制来影响藏川杨的光合速率。因此,我们认为在西藏地区不同乔木对海拔高度的响应机制可能不同,但具体机制还需要进一步研究。
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In order to examine the role of environmental factors affecting foliar morphology, we performed a case study of leaf morphological variation of Ranunculus natans found in the arid zone of northwest China. We found that foliar phenotypic variation differed significantly between populations. We described substantial positive correlations between altitude and leaf area (LA) as well as leaf perimeter (LP), and also between longitude and number of teeth, along with dissection index (DI). The pH, conductivity, and salinity of the environment caused a significant decrease in both LA and LP. Ranked in terms of their impacts on leaf morphology, the six selected factors were: altitude > pH > conductivity > salinity > longitude > latitude. We found that foliar morphological variations are functional responses to water-quantity factors (e.g., altitude and longitude at regional scales) and water-availability relation factors (e.g., pH, conductivity, and salinity at local scales), rather than to temperature-relation factors (latitude). Therefore, altitude and longitude, along with pH, conductivity, and salinity, are the main factors that significantly influence foliar morphology in the arid zone of China. We found that main factors played major roles in plant phenotypic plasticity in a complex ecosystem, although different combinations and interactions of environmental and geographical factors in each local environment may obscure the general trends in trait changes along environmental gradients.