滇东南南温河花岗岩年代学和地球化学初步研究

南温河花岗岩分布于中-越接壤处的云南省马关县、麻栗坡县老君山地区穹隆状变形-变质岩系的内核部位，大地构造位置位于华南褶皱带西端与上扬子地块、哀牢山褶皱带和印支地块的接合部位，是研究华南大陆形成与演化及特提斯构造域时空发展的关键地区。前人对本地区花岗岩的研究，更多的集中在燕山期老君山花岗岩的研究上，而对南温河花岗岩的研究还没有引起足够的重视，还停留在初步的岩石学和地球化学阶段。 本文对滇东南老君山地区南温河花岗岩进行了U-Pb、Rb-Sr同位素年代学和主微量、Sr-Nd同位素地球化学的系统研究，取得了以下主要认识： 1、通过对南温河花岗岩 SHRIMP锆石U-Pb、TIMS锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩Rb-Sr年代学的研究，确定了南温河花岗岩主体的结晶年龄为440Ma左右，少量结晶为420Ma左右， 属于广西运动产物。在同位素年代学和岩石学研究基础上，重新对南温河花岗岩进行了岩石单元划分，归并为猛洞河单元和南加河单元两个单元。南捞片麻岩并非如1：50000麻栗坡县幅、都龙幅所认为的新元古代岩浆岩，也同属加里东期岩浆岩，应归属于猛洞河单元。 2、南温河序列花岗岩成分来源主要为上部地壳的泥质岩、粉砂岩、杂砂岩的部分熔融，可能还有少量地幔物质和下部地壳物质的加入。成因上主要属于S型花岗岩，少量属于 I型花岗岩。 形成的构造环境上，主要为同碰撞环境，少部分为造山后环境。 继承锆石年龄和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征显示，源区存在古元古代的古老地壳。 3、结合SHRIMP和TIMS锆石U-Pb年代学两种测年方法的差异，确定了后期的主变质年龄为 230Ma左右，提出了确定后期中-浅变质作用年龄的一种新思路。 4、通过南温河花岗岩热年代史反演，恢复了本区加里东期以来的构造历史，并初步探讨了本区加里东期的大地构造环境。

云南中甸普朗斑岩铜矿矿床地球化学

中甸格咱地区是在晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中所形成的中甸弧的主弧带，区内岛弧火山活动和岩浆侵入活动均非常强烈，广泛分布有印支期斑岩体，同时发育有众多的与其有关的斑岩型和矽卡岩型矿床或矿点。普朗斑岩铜矿就是近年来在该区发现的一个大型乃至超大型矿床，目前已圈定5个矿化体，7个工业矿体，其中，主矿体探明铜资源量436.5万吨。 本论文主要从区域地质背景、矿床地质特征、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、流体包裹体地球化学、矿床年代学及成矿机理等角度对普朗斑岩铜矿进行了较为系统的研究，主要获得如下认识： 普朗复式岩体具明显的多次脉动侵入特征，可分为三期：第一期为大面积分布的石英闪长玢岩（部分为二长闪长玢岩），第二期为岩体中心的石英二长斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩，第三期为岩脉状闪长玢岩。岩体具有典型的斑岩铜矿蚀变分带特征，由内向外依次为强硅化带（局部）→钾化硅化带→绢英岩化带→青磐岩化带。 矿化石英二长斑岩的锆石离子探针U-Pb年龄约为226～228Ma；钾化硅化带中黑云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄约为210～216Ma；含矿石英脉中辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄约为214Ma。 普朗岩体总体显示I型花岗岩类特征，属典型的钙碱性系列岩石。锶、钕、铅同位素特征显示其岩浆源区具有幔源物质（占主要地位）与壳源物质较为均匀混合的特征。金属硫化物的硫、铅同位素特征显示成矿元素与岩体具有密切的亲缘关系。脉石矿物的氢、氧、碳同位素特征和流体包裹体特征显示成矿流体自钾化阶段至网脉状矿化阶段均具岩浆流体特征。 根据不同期次的含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体特征，主要发现有四种流体：高盐度岩浆流体（盐度：34～54wt%NaCl）、含CO2低盐度流体（盐度：2.7～6.4wt%NaCl，XCO2：0.04～0.25）、中等盐度流体（盐度：19～25wt%NaCl）以及低盐度水溶液（盐度：＜10wt%NaCl）。这些流体可能主要是原始岩浆流体演化至不同阶段的产物。 原始岩浆流体可能有两种来源：其一是斑岩侵入过程中自身分异的流体，其二是岩浆房中分异的流体。其中，岩浆房来源的岩浆流体对普朗岩体的蚀变及矿化作用起到了主导性作用。主成矿期金属硫化物的沉淀主要与流体系统开放后因其物理化学条件的变化而产生的流体相分离作用及流体对围岩的蚀变作用有关。

滇东南都龙锡锌多金属矿床矿物学及年代学

都龙锡锌多金属矿床位于云南省马关县都龙镇，是我国最大的锡石硫化物矿床之一。在野外地质和岩矿鉴定基础上,本文对该矿床的绿泥石、鲕状黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿异构交生体、铁闪锌矿的“黄铜矿疾病”等矿物和特殊组构，开展了比较系统的电子探针、拉曼光谱和X光衍射等微束分析，结合对该矿床的黑云母Ar-Ar年代学、锡石TIMS法U-Pb年代学研究，基本明确了矿床各个成矿期次的具体成矿特点，丰富和完善了该矿床的成矿模式。论文取得的主要认识有： （1）绿泥石与锡矿化同为燕山期岩浆热液作用的产物。绿泥石的形成温度（231~304oC）和环境（还原环境）表明，岩浆热液叠加成矿环境为中、低温的还原环境。 （2）鲕状黄铁矿为热水沉积期的特征矿物，是Fe、Zn、S等成矿元素的主要物源。 （3）磁黄铁矿主要在区域变质晚期，由黄铁矿（主要为鲕状黄铁矿）变质脱硫而成。辣子寨矿段单斜磁黄铁矿的出现，说明燕山期岩浆热液叠加成矿温度在该矿段以中低温为主。 （4）铁闪锌矿的“黄铜矿疾病”主要是黄铜矿交代铁闪锌矿的结果，其中的Fe主要来自变质期形成的铁闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿，而Cu主要来自岩浆热液。 （5）自然铋、自然银、锡石、黄铜矿、方铅矿等矿物广泛共生，且交代、穿切其他矿物，表明岩浆热液期的成矿元素组合主要为Bi+Ag+Sn+Cu+Pb。在该矿床首次发现的自然铋和自然银，指示岩浆热液期为低硫、中低温的还原环境。 （6）利用远红外（IR-Laser）阶段加热技术，获得黑云母的低温段和高温段坪年龄，分别为179.0± 5 .0Ma和195.7± 6.6Ma。在黑云母组构显微分析的基础上，认为179.0± 5 .0Ma大致代表了变质成矿作用的年龄。 （7）都龙锡锌多金属矿床属于多成因复成矿床，其形成主要经历了热水沉积、变质改造和岩浆热液叠加三个过程。热水沉积成矿作用形成的鲕状黄铁矿，可能是后期成矿作用中Fe、Zn、S等成矿元素的主要物源。变质改造成矿作用与印支期晚期区域变形-变质作用有关，形成了大量铁闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿，可能对应于造山后伸展事件。岩浆热液叠加成矿作用与燕山晚期老君山花岗岩有关，发生大规模的锡、铜、银、铅、铋矿化。 另外，本次研究在该矿床中首次发现了自然铋、自然银等自然元素，其矿床成因意义有待进一步研究。

Dynamics of collapsing fluidized beds and its application in the simulation of pulsed fluidized beds

A new method to study collapsing process of fluidized bed was proposed. The method is based on the analysis of the pressure variation during collapse. A model is proposed to describe the pressure variation on any location of the bed during collapse. Three kind of particles were fluidized by air and the pressure variation after shutting down the gas supply was measured by pressure transducers and simulated by the proposed model. The simulated results were in good agreement with the experimental data. The parameters of the fluidized bed, such as bubble fraction alpha(b), particle fraction in dense phase alpha(p), bubble velocity u(b) and slip velocity of particle u(i), can be estimated from the measured pressure data by using the proposed model. The model was also used to calculate the pressure variation in pulsed fluidized beds with low frequency.

A NOVEL PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR FROM SNAKE-VENOM - PURIFICATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND MOLECULAR-CLONING

A novel plasminogen activator from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom (TSV-PA) has been identified and purified to homogeneity. It is a single chain glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 33,000 and an isoelectric point of pH 5.2. It specifically activates plasminogen through an enzymatic reaction. The activation of human native GIu-plasminogen by TSV-PA is due to a single cleavage of the molecule at the peptide bond Arg(561)-Val-(562). Purified TSV-PA, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of several tripeptide p-nitroanilide substrates, does not activate nor degrade prothrombin, factor X, or protein C and does not clot fibrinogen nor show fibrino(geno)lytic activity in the absence of plasminogen. The activity of TSV-PA was readily inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and by p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate. Oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of the N-terminal and the internal peptide sequences of TSV-PA were used for the amplification of cDNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction. This allowed the cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding TSV-PA from a cDNA library prepared from the venom glands. The deduced complete amino acid sequence of TSV-PA indicates that the mature TSV-PA protein is composed of 234 amino acids and contains a single potential N-gIycosylation site at Asn(1G1). The sequence of TSV-PA exhibits a high degree of sequence identity with other snake venom proteases: 66% with the protein C activator from Aghistrodon contortrix contortrix venom, 63% with batroxobin, and 60% with the factor V activator from Russell's viper venom. On the other hand, TSV-PA shows only 21-23% sequence similarity with the catalytic domains of u-PA and t-PA. Furthermore, TSV-PA lacks the sequence site that has been demonstrated to be responsible for the interaction of t-PA (KHRR) and u-PA (RRHR) with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.

Localization and distribution of tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators and their inhibitors type 1 and 2 in human and rhesus monkey fetal membranes

Fetal membranes consist of 10 distinct layers including components of amnion, chorion and decidua, the latter being of maternal origin. They form mechanically integrated sheets capable of retaining amniotic fluid and play an essential role in protecting fetal growth and development in the pregnant uterus. The extracellular matrix, substrate for plasminogen activators (PAs), is an important supportive framework of the fetal membranes. :Fetal membranes from women with preterm premature rupture of membranes may differ in their protease activity compared with normal membranes. To identify the presence of PAs and their inhibitors (PAI) and their possible role in the process of fetal membrane rupture, this study in investigated the distribution and localization of both protein and mRNA for tissue (t) and urokinase (u) PA and their inhibitors type 1 (PAI-1) and type 2 (PAI-2) in amniochorion of human and rhesus monkey using conventional and. confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the distribution and localization of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-I and PAI-2 were similar in the fetal membranes of human and rhesus monkey; no obvious species difference was observed. Evidence of tPA mRNA was detected in amniotic epithelium, trophoblast cells and nearly all cells of the decidual layer. Strong expression of uPA mRNA was noted in the decidual cells which increased in intensity as the abscission point was approached. Weak staining in chorion laeve trophoblast was also detected. In situ hybridization experiments showed PAI-1 mRNA to be concentrated mainly in the decidual cells, some of which were interposed into the maternal-facing edge of the chorion laeve. Maximal labelling of the decidua occurred towards the zone of abscission. Weak expression of PAI-1 mRNA nas also noted in some cells of the chorion laeve. The distribution of PAI-2 mRNA in amniochorion was also concentrated in the cells of the decidual layer, maximum expression of the mRNA was in the level of abscission. No detectable amount of mRNAs for tPA, uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 was found in the fibroblast, reticular and spongy layers. Distribution of the proteins of tPA, uPA and PAI-1 in the fetal membranes of these two species was consistent with the distribution of their mRNA. Anti-PAI-2 immunofluorescence was found to be strongly concentrated in the amniotic epithelium, but PAI-2 mRNA was negative in this layer, suggesting that the epithelium-associated PAI-2 is not of epithelial origin. These findings suggest that a local fibrinolysis in fetal membranes generated by precisely balanced expression of PAs and their inhibitors via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms may play an essential role in fetal membrane development, maturation and in membrane rupture. Following an analysis of the distribution and synthesis of activators and inhibitors it was found that they may play a role in abscission during the third stage of labour. (C) 1998 W. B. Saunders Company Ltd.

Cloning, characterization, and gene expression analysis of a novel cadmium metallothionein gene in Tetrahymena pigmentosa

A novel cadmium-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene (Tpig-MT1) was cloned and sequenced from the ciliate Tetrahymena pigmentosa. The number of deduced amino acids is 118. The polypeptide possesses CCC and CC clusters characteristic of typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MTs. The structure of Tpig-MT1 is different from the reported Cd-MT in T. pyriformis, T. thermophila and T. pigmentosa. Tpig-MT1 contains two intragenic tandem repeats with 72.9% identity described as Tpig-MT1 (repeat A1) and Tpig-MT1 (repeat A2). The transcriptional response of Tpig-MT1 gene to different heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb) and oxidative stress (H2O2) was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the gene was quickly induced (1 h) by the five heavy metals and the order of expression level was Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn. The induction effect of H2O2 was 5-fold after about 15 min, but soon decreased to a non-significant level (30 min). The genetic diversity of Tetrahymena MT genes is discussed in relation to the unique structure of the Tpig-MT1 gene and other reported Cd-MT isoforms. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analysis of heavy metals of muscle and intestine tissue in fish - in Banan section of Chongqing from Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The present study was carried out to investigate contamination of heavy metals in 19 fish species from the Banan section of Chongqing in the Three Gorges, Yangtze River. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals were higher in intestine than muscle, except zinc in upper strata. In the fish inhabiting the upper strata, there were significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cr, Cu and Hg in muscle and intestine (P <0.05). There were also significant differences between mean concentrations of Cr and Cu in muscle and intestine in the fish inhabiting middle strata. However, significant differences between mean concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn were measured in fish inhabiting bottom strata in both intestine and muscle tissues (P <0.05). For the fish inhabiting different strata, the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Ph in muscle and intestine of the fish from bottom strata (BS) were higher than those in both upper strata (US) and middle strata (MS); whereas a higher concentration of Zn was measured in muscle and intestine from fish inhabiting upper strata. Mean metal concentrations were found to be higher in age 11 than those in age I in Coreius heterodon (2- and 1-year odl fish respectively). The overall results indicated that fish muscle in the Banan section were slightly contaminated by heavy metals, but did not exceed Chinese food standards.

Sediment sources and the flood record from Wanghu lake, in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

A sediment core was collected from the centre of Wanghu Lake, in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. The recent part of the core was dated using a combination of Pb-210 and spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCP) techniques. Extrapolating this chronology dated the laminated section of the core, between 723 and 881 mm, to the first half of the 18th century and this section was selected for detailed study. The thicknesses of the laminae were measured using reflecting and polarizing microscopes whilst geochemistry was determined by an electron probe. The thickness of the dark layers was found to be positively correlated with titanium concentrations, and negatively correlated with aluminium and potassium concentrations. The thickness of the light layers was found to be negatively correlated with the concentrations of titanium. It is concluded that the dark layers were deposited from the Fushui River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, under periods of normal flow whilst the light Layers were mainly deposited from the Yangtze River itself during flood periods. Documentary evidence for floods occurring in the take catchment corresponded with thick laminations of high titanium concentration. Further, two of the three thickest, light laminations with low titanium concentrations were found to be synchronous with recorded flood dates of the main Yangtze River in its Middle Reaches, but one was synchronous with a local drought. These data suggest that the Lake sediment provides an archive of the relative water levels of the Yangtze and Wanghu including floods of both the main Yangtze River and the local hydrological regime. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Heavy metal pollution in China: Origin, pattern and control

Goal, Scope and Background. Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. Methods. Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni are included also in part as well. Results and Discussion. In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of. the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 pg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. Conclusions. In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. Recommendations and Outlook. To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.

白腐菌选择性降解木质素的研究

对15株白腐真菌进行了以玉米秸秆为基质的初步筛选，从中获得一株选择性系数较高的菌株Y10，并对其降解玉米秸秆的情况进行了研究。结果表明，在30天的培养过程中菌株Y10对玉米秸秆降解的选择性系数都大于1，第15天选择性系数最高为3.88。对未经降解和降解过的玉米秸秆分别作了紫外光谱和红外光谱分析，结果表明，经该菌降解后玉米秸秆的化学成分发生了很大变化，且木质素的降解程度要大于纤维素的降解程度。对菌株Y10进行了ITS-5.8S rDNA序列鉴定，初步判定其为Cerrena sp.。 为了考查不同的外源添加物对菌株Y10降解玉米秸秆的影响，在以玉米秸秆为基质的固态发酵培养基中分别添加了7种金属离子、8种碳源、6种氮源。结果显示，这7种金属离子均能促进木质素的降解，并且一定浓度的某些离子明显抑制纤维素的降解；其中添加0.036%的MnSO4·H2O和0.36%的MgSO4·7H2O对纤维素降解的抑制作用比较强，降解率分别为0.96%和1.31%，木质素的选择性系数分别达到了34.40和20.17。8种碳源中除麦芽糖外都能促进木质素的降解，除微晶纤维素外都明显促进纤维素的降解。6种氮源中酒石酸铵、硫酸铵、草酸铵和氯化铵的添加都会使该菌生长变慢，而且氮源浓度越高菌丝生长越慢。外加碳源和金属离子对半纤维素降解和选择性系数的影响不大。 同时对菌株Y10在液态培养下产木质素降解酶的条件和培养基做了优化。结果表明，在初始产酶培养基中，菌株Y10的漆酶酶活在第10d达到最高，锰过氧化物酶酶活在第11d达到最高，基本上检测不到木质素过氧化物酶。菌株Y10产漆酶的最适温度为32℃，最适PH为6.0；产锰过氧化物酶的最适温度为32℃，最适PH为6.5。菌株Y10产漆酶的最佳碳源为甘露糖，最佳氮源为酒石酸铵，最适诱导剂VA浓度为3 mmol/L，最适表面活性剂TW-80浓度为1%。 利用响应面法对其产漆酶的培养基进行优化，优化后的培养基配方为葡萄糖10.00 g/L，酒石酸铵0.50 g/L，大量元素296.50 ml/L，微量元素100.00 ml/L，NTA 1.40 g/L，VA 5.00 mmol/L，吐温-80加入量为0.10%。进行了菌株Y10产漆酶的验证实验，实测酶活为5282.56 U/L，与预测酶活5162.73 U/L接近。在优化后培养基中，菌株Y10在第14 d达到生长的最高峰，第20 d时，漆酶酶活最高，为11325.00 U/L；第16 d时，锰过氧化物酶酶活最高，为30.77 U/L。 对菌株Y10的漆酶酶学性质做了初步的研究，结果显示，酶反应的最适温度为40℃-65℃，最适PH为3.0。在40℃，PH=3.0时，漆酶催化ABTS反应的米氏方程为 。 Fifteen white-rot fungi based on corn stalk were screened. One white-rot fungus Y10 with high selectivity value was obtained. The degradation of corn stalk was initially studied. The results indicated that the selectivity value was above 1 during the 30 day-cultivation and the highest was 3.88 after 15 days. The composition of untreated and treated stalk was analyzed through ultraviolet spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the composition of treated stalk was greatly altered and the degree of the degradation of lignin is greater than the cellulose. Y10 was identified as Cerrena sp. by ITS -5.8S rDNA sequence analysis. The influence of metal ions, carbon sources and nitrogen sources on corn stalk degradation by white-rot fungus was studied. While all seven metal ions could promote lignin degradation, the cellulose degradation was best inhibited at certain ion concentrations. Notably, when 0.036% MnSO4·H2O and 0.36% MgSO4·7H2O were added into the medium, the cellulose degradation was restrained to the extents that the coefficients of lignin selectivity rose to 34.40 and 20.17 respectively. It was also found that all carbon sources except maltose can promote lignin degradation. The addition of carbon sources other than microcrystalline cellulose significantly promoted cellulose degradation. The addition of the nitrogen sources, ammonium tartrate, ammonium sulfate, oxalate, ammonium chloride, resulted in remarkable inhibition to mycelium growth; the larger the concentrations of nitrogen sources are, the slower the mycelium grew. The addition of carbon sources and metal ions had less impact on the degradation of hemicellulose and selectivity value. Meanwhile, we optimized the conditions and culture medium of the lignin-degrading enzyme production of strain Y10. The results showed that in the initial culture medium, the Lac activity was highest at the 10th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 11th day and the LiP could not be detected. The optimum condition of Lac was at temperature 32 and PH =6.0 and the optimum condition of MnP was at temperature 32 and PH =6.5. The optimum carbon source for Lac was seminose, the optimum nitrogen source was ammonium tartrate, the optimum content of VA was 3 mmol/L, the optimum content of TW-80 was 1%. PB and RSM were used to optimize the culture medium of laccase by white-rot fungus Y10. The optimum culture medium was consist of glucose 10.00 g/L, ammonium tartrate 0.50 g/L, macro elements 296.50 ml/L, trace elements 100.00 ml/L, NTA 1.40 g/L, VA 5.00 mmol/L, TW-80 0.10%. Under the optimal conditions, the activity of laccase was 5282.56 U/L and the experimental value agreed with the predicted value 5162.73 U/L. The biomass was highest at the 14th day, the Lac activity was highest at the 20th day, the MnP activity was highest at the 16th day. The results of the studies on the characteristics of Lac showed that the optimum temperature for Lac activity is 40℃-65℃ ; the optimum PH for Lac activity is 3.0 and under 40℃，PH=3.0, the Michaelis-menten equation of Lac catalized ABTS oxidation was .

Measurement of neutron flow with the external target experimental device on CSR

With the construction of the neutron detection wall at the external target position on Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou-Cooling Storage Ring (HIRFL-CSR), it will be possible to detect high energy neutron. A BUU model is applied to simulate the flow in both symmetric (Ni+Ni, Pb+Pb) and asymmetric(Pb+Ni) systems. It is shown that at above several hundreds MeV/u, the flow signals are very obvious and depend clearly on the centrality of the collisions. Based on the products in the forward angle less than 20 degrees, the simulation also reveals that the determination of the reaction plane and the selection of the impact parameter, both of which are essential in the flow measurement, are well implemented. The double event and its influence on the determination of the neutron flow are also simulated.

Trends in heavy metal levels in the dissolved and particulate phase in the Dutch rhine-meuse (MAAS) delta*

Levels of the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, in both the dissolved and particulate phase, were determined in two sampling campaigns in August 1978 and August 1984 in the Dutch Rhine-Meuse (Maas) Delta. Besides the heavy metal concentrations, other important parameters were determined, such as the concentrations of seston, chlorophyll and nutrients. The concentrations of dissolved Cd and of Cd, Pb and Cu in particulate matter were much higher in 1978 than in 1984, especially for Cd. This may be due to the strict regulations implemented in Germany to reduce the pollution of natural waters by heavy metals. The correlation between the high Cd content and the chlorophyll content is explained by the binding of Cd to living and dead organisms. The distribution of the metals between the dissolved and the particulate phase, indicated by the distribution quotient Kd , increases from low values of Kd for Cu and Zn, to higher values for Cd and Cr, and the highest values for Pb. The differences are explained by various binding forms of each of these metals in natural waters

Synthesis and characterization of Prussian blue@platinum nanoparticle hybrids from a mixture solution of platinum nanocatalyst and ferric ferricyanide

In the present study, platinum nanoparticles modified with Prussian blue (PB) have been synthesized by a heterogeneous catalytic reaction. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) confirmed the deposition of nanoclusters around the Surfaces of platinum particles, and spectroscopic studies verified that the molecular composition of the nanoclusters was dominantly PB and a minority of platinum ferricyanide. Thus, it was shown that the platinum particles behaved not only as catalysts for the growth of PB, but also as a reactant to generate a PB analogue complex.

Synthesis and characterization of new carbazole/fluorene-based derivatives for blue-light-emitting devices

2,7-Bis(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)fluorene and a segmented copolymer composed of the same chromophores alternated with hexamethylene fragments were synthesized. The obtained materials possess good solubility in common organic solvents, high thermal stability with 1% weight loss temperature of 350-370 degrees C, and suitable glass transition temperatures. Both derivatives show blue fluorescence in dilute solutions as well as in solid state, demonstrating that excimers are not formed in the thin films. The fluorescence spectra of the materials do not show any peaks in the long-wavelength region even after annealing at 200 degrees C in air. An organic LED with the configuration of ITO/copolymer/Al generates blue electroluminescence with the maximum peak at 416 nm, rather low turn-on voltage (4.0 V), and brightness of about 400 cd/m(2). The heterostructure device based on model derivative emitted stable blue light with low operation voltage (100 cd/m(2) at similar to 11 V) and demonstrated luminescence efficiency of 0.8 cd/A.