Novel polyimides derived from 2,3,3 ',4 '-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride

A series of polyimides (PIs) based on 2,3,3',4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (2,3,3',4'-BTDA) and 3,3',4,4'-BTDA were prepared by the conventional two-step process. The properties of the 2,3,3',4'-BTDA based polyimides were compared with those of polyimides prepared from 3,3',4,4'-BTDA. It was found that PIs from 2,3,3,4'-BTDA have higher glass transition temperature and better solubility without sacrificing their thermal properties. Furthermore the theological properties of PMR-15 type polyimide resins based on 2,3,3',4'-BTDA showed lower melt viscosity and wider melt flow region (flow window) compared with those from 3,3',4,4'-BTDA. The structure-property relations resulted from isomerism were discussed.

Polyimides derived from mellophanic dianhydride

The synthesis of mellophanic dianhydride (MPDA), an isomer of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), was studied. A trend of forming cyclic oligomers in the reactions of MPDA with 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) or 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) in DMAC was found. The cyclic dimer from MPDA/MDA was isolated and fully characterized, including an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The reactions of MPDA with aromatic diamines were found much more complicated than those of PMDA. A model study was performed to clarify the reactions. Several byproducts were isolated and characterized, so that, in an usual two-step process to prepare polyimides, imide, amide linkage, and carboxylic group may be involved in the polymer structure. The water, either existing in solvent or being generated during the imidization, is the main reason for the side reactions. The properties of some polyimides derived from MPDA and diamines were tested and compared with those of the isomeric polyimides derived from PMDA.

Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PEO in ethylene terephthalate-ethylene oxide segmented copolymers

The nonisothermal crystallization behavior of Ethylene Terephthalate-Ethylene Oxide (ET-EO) segmented copolymers has been studied with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The kinetics of PEO in ET-EO segmented copolymer under nonisothermal crystallization conditions has been analyzed with the Ozawa equation. The results show that there is no agreement with Ozawa's theoretical predictions in the whole crystallization process owing to the constraint of ET segments imposed on the EO segments. A distinct two-crystallization process has been investigated by using the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny to deal with the nonisothermal crystallization data. The value of the Avrami exponent n is independent of the length of soft segments. However, the crystallization rate is sensitive to the length of soft segments. The longer the soft segments, the faster the crystallization will be.

Polyimides from 3,3 '-dioxo-[1,1 ']-spirodiphthalan-5,5 ',6,6 '-tetracarboxylic dianhydride

A novel dianhydride, 3,3'-dioxo-[1,1']-spirodiphthalan-5,5',6,6'-tetracarboxlic dianhydride, was synthesized and used as a monomer to prepare polyimides with several diamines via a conventional two-stage procedure. The intermediate poly(amic-acid)s had inherent viscosities of 0.84-1.71 dL/g and could be thermally converted into lightly yellow, transparent, flexible and tough films. Films cast from chemically imidized polyimides were transparent and colorless. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) were > 400 degrees C, and the 5% weight-loss temperatures were > 420 degrees C in N-2 and in air. The solubilities of these polyimides in various solvents were evaluated. The mechanical properties of some polyimides were also tested. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Behavior of silver cluster on laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A successful analysis of silver was reported utilizing laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI/TOF-MS) in this paper, The silver cluster ions Ag-n(+) and AgnO+ (n=2 similar to 5) were formed during laser desorption/ionization. In the presence of I-, K+ and Na+, the peaks corresponding, to the cluster ions [AgnIn-1](+) (n=2 similar to 6) and the adduct ions [AgI](+), [AgI]Na+ and [AgI]K+ were observed in the positive ion spectrum; the peaks corresponding to [AgnIn+1](-) (n=1 similar to 3) were found in the negative ion spectrum, all of which accompanied by sliver isotope distribution, The formation of silver cluster ions was accomplished through two-stage reaction: the first step was the generation of clusters, which was followed by the processes of photoionization and ion/molecule reaction.

Studies of Oxygen Reduction on Polycobaltprotoporphyrin Film with RRDE

The mechanism of oxygen reduction on polycobaltprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (PolyCoPP) film has been studied by using the rotating ring(Au)-disk(pyrolytic graphite, PG) electrode (RRDE) technique. The PolyCoPP/PG electrode promotes the oxygen reduction via two-electron process which produces peroxide as a main product in O-2-saturated 0.1 mol.dm(-3) NaOH. Once HO2- has been formed, no further reduction to OH- takes place at the disk. When the disk potential shifts to more negative, either the direct reduction of O-2 to OH- or the further reduction of HO2- to OH- occurs.

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF ISOPOLY AND HETEROPOLY OXOMETALLATE FILM MODIFIED MICROELECTRODES .5. PREPARATION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL-BEHAVIOR OF A 2/18-MOLYBDODIPHOSPHATE ANION MONOLAYER MODIFIED ELECTRODE

In this paper a carbon fibre (CF) microelectrode modified with the 2:18-molybdodiphosphate anion by simple adsorption is described and its electrochemical behaviour is reported. The 2:18-molybdodiphosphate anion (alpha-P2Mo18O626-), which is a Dawson structure, undergoes five successive multielectron reductions in acidic solution. The first three redox waves correspond to the two-electron process, and the last two waves are four-electron and six-electron processes respectively. On the basis of the experimental results it is shown that the electrode process of alpha-P2Mo18O626- on the CF electrode in acidic solution is simultaneously controlled by the diffusion and adsorption of alpha-P2Mo18O626- anions. When the concentration of the alpha-P2Mo18O626- in the solution is reduced, the electrode process mainly exhibits non-diffusion-controlled behaviour, and the diffusion-limited process takes over as the concentration of alpha-P2Mo18O626- becomes higher. The CF electrode modified with a thin film of alpha-P2Mo18O626- exhibits very good stability and redox behaviour in aqueous acidic solution. The alpha-P2Mo18O626- is reduced to heteropoly blue, with an accompanying protonation process. The addition of more than six electrons to the alpha-P2Mo18O626- anion in an aqueous solution does not result in its decomposition. The result obtained is not the same as that reported previously.

Isolation and purification of phycoerythrin from red alga Garcilaria verrucosa by expanded-bed-adsorption and ion-exchange chromatogaphy

R-phycoerythrin was isolated and purified from Gracilaria verrucosa on an expanded-bed adsorption column combined with ion-exchange chromatography, which can effectively solve the problem of blockage of chromatographic columns due to polysaccharides during isolation and purification of phycobiliproteins. 0.1 M (NH4)(2)SO4 proved best to elute R-phycoerythrin from the expanded-bed column, and desalted 0.1 M (NH4)(2)SO4 eluate was used on an ion-exchange column to purify the R-phycoerythrin. Using this two-stage chromatography, the purity (OD565/OD280) of the R-phycoerythrin from G. verrucosa is increased to 4.4, and the yield of purified R-phycoerythrin can reach 0.141 mg . g(-1) of the frozen alga.

The characterization of color mutations in Bangiaceae (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

The color mutations in Bangiaceae were investigated by treating the blades, conchocelis and conchospores phase of Bangia sp., Porphyra yezoensis, and P. haitanensis sampled in China with mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). A high percentage of mutation in different expression characteristics in all three phases were shown within optimum mutagen concentrations. Among mutagenized blades, mutations occurred on single cells, which is a direct outcome of mutation of haploid cells. The mutation of mutagenized conchocelis resulted in a two-step process: low-level expression in conchocelis phase, and high-level expression in progeny, explaining that mutation took place in diploid cells. The mutations of conchospores were expressed immediately at germination of spores, indicating a change in ploidy. This paper reports the process of meiosis and its effect on frond development, and the relation between color mutations and morphological characteristics expressed by mutations in Bangiaceae.

海洋发酵菌和光合细菌耦联制氢研究

近年来，生物制氢技术与废物综合治理技术相结合，在处理废物的同时获得清洁的能源。目前生物制氢技术发展的瓶颈问题是高效产氢菌种的获得。因此，本研究采用不同预处理方法对海洋污泥的产氢能力的影响进行了分析，同时分离获得多株海洋产酸产氢细菌和海洋光合产氢细菌。 采用不同预处理方法（包括酸处理、碱处理、热处理和硝酸盐处理）获得海洋产酸产氢混合菌种，且其对产氢能力的影响进行分析。结果表明在所有预处理方法中，热处理的最大产氢量最高；于是，我们研究了不同起始pH值（pH 4-10.0）和不同底物浓度对热处理产氢菌群的产氢能力的影响。结果表明热处理产氢菌群的最适起始pH值为8.0，该值与天然海水的pH值相近。这意味着该产酸产氢菌群可作为海洋有机废物处理的候选菌群。 通过富集获得两类海洋光合产氢菌群，它们分别可以利用发酵产氢的关键副产物—乙酸或丁酸作为产氢碳源。研究表明温度、光照强度、起始pH和乙酸或丁酸浓度皆对两类光合产氢菌群的生长和产氢能力皆有明显影响。此外，产酸产氢菌群和光合细菌菌群耦联放氢进行了初步研究，结果表明藕联放氢可以获得较高的产氢量和底物利用率。 建立了一种厌氧产氢细菌的快速筛选方法。采用该方法从已获得的暗发酵和光合高效产氢菌群中分别分离高效产氢菌株。结果分离纯化获得暗发酵产氢细菌61株和光合产氢细菌34株。其中12株暗发酵产氢细菌和7株光合产氢细菌产氢量相对较高。 利用海水养殖有机废水进行微生物制氢技术将微生物制氢和环境治理相结合，是集污水治理和废物利用为一体的综合技术，具有广阔的应用前景，本研究为海水养殖有机废水进行微生物制氢技术发展奠定了基础。

输电线巡检机器人越障机理与试验

分析超高压输电线路架空地线上的障碍物类型以及跨越这些障碍的过程。可以发现,巡检机器人采用双臂交替跨越障碍,越障过程简单。但是由于受巡检机器人自身重力偏矩的影响和手臂长度尺寸的限制,当单臂悬架在架空地线上时,导致巡检机器人本体倾斜,另一手臂完成脱线和上线任务变得十分困难,有时甚至造成越障失败。为了解决上述问题,提出质量调节的控制方法。该方法通过调节巡检机器人的质心,使巡检机器人的本体保持水平状态。为了验证质量调节控制方法的正确性,采用Lagrange方法建立巡检机器人动力学模型,通过仿真试验、实验室模拟实际架空地线试验以及超高压实际现场试验说明了提出方法的可行性。

2500个印刷体汉字识别研究

本文提出关于两级汉字识别问题的一种方法。第一级分类采用四种办法:文字边缘长度,四边编码,交叉线(对角线)编码及文字两侧负象的重心。用这四种办法每类可产生平均16个字的候选类。第一级分类大大改进了识别效率。第二级分类(识别)利用R变换算法,选出其中15个分量作为特征,按最小距离分类。对带有一定干扰的2500个黑体标准汉字样在装有硬盘的DJS-130机上进行了实验研究,正确率为98.24％,误识率为0.08％,拒识率为1.68％。

碎屑锆石年龄和Nd-Hf同位素组成对扬子基底演化的制约

The South China craton was formed by the collision of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks during the Neoproterozoic Jiangnan orogeny (also termed as the Jingnin or Sibao orogeny in Chinese literature). Basement rocks within the Yangtze block consist mainly of Proterozoic sediments of the Lengjiaxi and Banxi Groups. U-Pb ages of detrital zircons obtained by the LA-ICP-MS dating technique imply that the deposition of the Lengjiaxi Group continued until the Neoproterozoic. The youngest detrital zircons suggest a maximum deposition age of ~830 Ma for the Lengjiaxi Group, consistent with the initiation time of the deposition of the overlying Banxi Group, likely indicating continuous deposition of these two groups and a short temporal hiatus (~10 Ma) between the Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks distributed in the South China craton. Detrital zircons from both the Lengjiaxi and Banxi Groups have a wide range of εHf(t) values from -12 to 14.2 and a continuous Nd and Hf model age spectrum from ~820 Ma to 2200 Ma. Some grains have model ages ranging up to ca. 2.9-3.5 Ga, indicating that both juvenile mantle material and ancient crust provided sedimentary detritus. This is also consistent with the Nd isotopic signature of sedimentary rocks recorded in the Lengjiaxi Group, suggesting a back-arc tectonic setting. The Banxi Group has slightly enriched Nd isotopic signatures relative to the Lengjiaxi Group, implying a higher percentage of old continental material in the sedimentary source. Combined with previously published data, new results can help us to reconstruct the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the South China craton. The age spectrum of detrital zircons and Nd-Hf isotopic composition suggests a two-stage collision: Between 1000 Ma to 870 Ma, a continental magmatic arc was build up along the eastern margin of the Yangtze block. Convergence led to continent-based back-arc extension, subsidence and formation of a back-arc basin. Detritus originating from arc-related magmatic and old basement rocks was transported into this back-arc basin resulting in formation of the Lengjiaxi Group and its equivalents. At around 870 Ma, a second (oceanic) arc was formed by extension of an inter-arc basin, subduction subsequently led to the first collision and the emplacement of the blueschist mélange. Accretion of the magmatic arc lasted until the closure of an oceanic basin between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks at about 830 Ma. Shortly after the collision, subsequent uplift, further extension of the former back-arc basin and post-collisional granitoid magmatism caused a tilting of the Lengjiaxi sediments. Between 830 Ma and 820 Ma, subsequent closure of the oceanic back-arc basin and formation of the Jiangnan orogen took place, leaving a regional unconformity above the Lengjiaxi Group. Above this unconformity the Banxi Group was immediately deposited during the post-tectonic stage.

东喜马拉雅构造结新生代碰撞变形与岩石圈演化

The Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) is one of the strongest deformation area along the Himalayan belt resulted from the collision between Indian plate and the Eurasian Plate since the 50～60Ma, and has sensitivity tracked and preserved the whole collisional processes. It should depend on the detail geological investigations to establish the deformational accommodate mode, and the uplift history, to elucidate the deep structure and the crust-mantle interaction of the Tibet Plateau of the EHS. The deep-seated (Main Mantle Thrusts) structures were exhumed in the EHS. The MMT juxtapose the Gangdese metamorphic basement and some relic of Gangdese mantle on the high Himalayan crystalline series. The Namjagbawa group which is 1200～1500Ma dated by U/Pb age of zircon and the Namla group which is 550Ma dated by U/Pb age of zircon is belong to High Himalayan crystalline series and Gangdese basement respectively. There is some ophiolitic relic along the MMT, such as metamorphic ocean mantle peridotite and metamorphic tholeiite of the upper part of ocean-crust. The metamorphic ocean mantle peridotites (spinel-orthopyroxene peridotite) show U type REE patterns. The ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios were, 0.709314～0.720788, and the ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd ratios were 0.512073～0.512395, plotting in the forth quadrant on the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr-~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd isotope diagram. Some metamorphic basalt (garnet amphibolite) enclosures have been found in the HP garnet-kynite granulite. The garnet amphibolites can be divided two groups, the first group is deplete of LREE, and the second group is flat or rich LREE, and their ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd ratios were 0.70563～0.705381 and 0.512468～0.51263 respectively. Trace element and isotopic characteristics of the garnet amphibolites display that they formed in the E-MORB environment. Some phlogolite amphibole harzburgites, which exhibit extensive replacement by Phl, Amp, Tc and Dol etc, were exhumed along the MMT. The Phl-Amp harzburgites are rich in LREE and LILE, such as Rb, K etc, and depletes Eu (Eu~* = 0.36 ～ 0.68) and HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, P, Ti etc. The trace element indicate that the Phl-Amp harzburgites have island arc signature. Their ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr are varied from 0.708912 to 0.879839, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd from 0.511993 to 0.512164, ε Nd from- 9.2 to - 12.6. Rb/Sr isochrone age of the phlogolite amphibole harzburgite shows the metasomatism took place at 41Ma, and the Amp ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar cooling age indcate the Phl-Amp harzburgite raising at 16Ma. There is an intense crust shortening resulted from the thrust faults and folds in the Cayu block which is shortened more 120km than that of the Lasha block in 35～90Ma. With the NE corner of the India plate squash into the Gangdese arc, the sinistral Pai shear fault and the dextral Aniqiao shear fault on the both sides of the Great bent of Yalun Zangbu river come into active in 21～26Ma. On the other hand, the right-lateral Gongrigabu strike-slip faults come into activity at the same period, a lower age bound for the Gongrigabu strike-slip fault is estimated to be 23～24Ma from zircon of ion-probe U/Pb thermochronology. The Gongrigabu strike-slip faults connect with the Lhari strike-slip fault in the northwestern direction and with the Saganing strike-slip at the southeastern direction. Another important structure in the EHS is the Gangdese detachment fault system (GDS) which occurs between the sedimental cover and the metamorphic basement. The lower age of the GDS is to be 16Ma from the preliminary 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of white mica. The GDS is thought to be related to the reverse of the subducted Indian crust and the fast uplift of the EHS. Structural and thermochronology investigation of the EHS suggest that the eastern Tibet and the western Yunnan rotated clockwise around the EHS in the period of 35～60Ma. Later, the large-scale strike-slip faults (RRD, Gaoligong and Saganing fault) prolongate into the EHS, and connect with the Guyu fault and Gongrigabu fault, which suggest that the Indianchia block escape along these faults. Two kind of magmatic rocks in the EHS have been investigated, one is the mantle-derived amphibole gabbro, dioposide diorite and amphibole diorite, another is crust origin biotit-garnet adamellite, biotit-garnet granodiorite and garnet-amphibole-biotite granite. The amphibole gabbro dioposite diorite and amphibole diorite are rich in LREE, and LILE, such as Ba, Rb, Th, K, Sr etc, depleted in HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti etc. The ratio of ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr are from 0.7044 to 0.7048, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd are from 0.5126 to 0.5127. The age of the mantle origin magamatic rocks, which result from the partial melt of the raising and decompression anthenosphere, is 8Ma by ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating of amphibole from the diorite. The later crust origin biotite-garnet adamellite, biotite-garnet granodiorite and garnet-amphibole-biotite granite are characterized by aboudance in LREE, and strong depletion of Eu. The ratios of ~(87)Sr-~(86)Sr are from 0.795035 to 0.812028, ~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd from 0.51187 to 0.511901. The ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar plateau age of the amphibole from the garnet-amphibole-biotite granite is 17.5±0.3Ma, and the isochrone age is 16.8±0.6Ma. Their geochemical characteristics show that the crust-derived magmatic rocks formed from partial melting of the lower curst in the post-collisional environment. A group of high-pressure kaynite-garnet granulites and enclave of high-pressure garnet-clinopyroxene grnulites and calc-silicate grnulites are outcroped along the MMT. The peak metamorphic condition of the high-pressure granulites yields T=800～960 ℃, P=1.4～1.8Gpa, corresponding the condition of 60km depth. The retrograde assemblages of the high-pressure grnulites occur at the condition of T=772.3～803.3 ℃, P=0.63～0.64Gpa. The age of the peak metamorphic assemblages are 45 ～ 69Ma indicated by the zircon U/Pb ion-plobe thermochronology, and the retrograde assemblage ages are 13～26Ma by U/Pb, ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar thermochronology. The ITD paths of the high-pressure granulites show that they were generated during the tectonic thickening and more rapid tectonic exhumation caused by the subducting of the Indian plate and subsequent break-off of the subducted slab. A great deal of apatite, zircon and sphene fission-track ages, isotopic thermochronology of the rocks in the EHS show that its rapid raising processes of the EHS can be divided into three main periods. There are 35～60Ma, 13～25Ma, 0～3Ma. 3Ma is a turn in the course of raising in the EHS which is characterized by abruptly acceleration of uplifting. The uplift ratios are lower than 1mm .a~(-1) before 3Ma, and higher than 1mm .a~(-1) with a maximum ratio of 30mm .a~(-1) since 3Ma. The bottom (knick point) of the partial anneal belt is 3.8km above sea level in the EHS, and correspond to age of 3Ma determined by fission-track age of apatite. The average uplift ratio is about 1.4 mm .a~(-1) below the knick point. The EHS has raised 4.3km from the surface of 2.36km above sea level since 3Ma estimated by the fossil partial anneal belt of the EHS. We propose a two-stage subduction model (B+A model) basing on Structural, thermochronological, magmatical, metamorphic and geophysical investigations of the EHS. The first stage is the subduction of the Indian continental margin following after the subduction of the Tethys Ocean crust and subsequent collision with the Gangdese arc, and the second stage is the Indian crust injecting into the lower crust and upper mantle of the Tibet plateau. Slab break-off seems to be occurred between these two stages.

基于MRF模型的油气储层属性随机建模方法研究

Stochastic reservoir modeling is a technique used in reservoir describing. Through this technique, multiple data sources with different scales can be integrated into the reservoir model and its uncertainty can be conveyed to researchers and supervisors. Stochastic reservoir modeling, for its digital models, its changeable scales, its honoring known information and data and its conveying uncertainty in models, provides a mathematical framework or platform for researchers to integrate multiple data sources and information with different scales into their prediction models. As a fresher method, stochastic reservoir modeling is on the upswing. Based on related works, this paper, starting with Markov property in reservoir, illustrates how to constitute spatial models for catalogued variables and continuum variables by use of Markov random fields. In order to explore reservoir properties, researchers should study the properties of rocks embedded in reservoirs. Apart from methods used in laboratories, geophysical means and subsequent interpretations may be the main sources for information and data used in petroleum exploration and exploitation. How to build a model for flow simulations based on incomplete information is to predict the spatial distributions of different reservoir variables. Considering data source, digital extent and methods, reservoir modeling can be catalogued into four sorts: reservoir sedimentology based method, reservoir seismic prediction, kriging and stochastic reservoir modeling. The application of Markov chain models in the analogue of sedimentary strata is introduced in the third of the paper. The concept of Markov chain model, N-step transition probability matrix, stationary distribution, the estimation of transition probability matrix, the testing of Markov property, 2 means for organizing sections-method based on equal intervals and based on rock facies, embedded Markov matrix, semi-Markov chain model, hidden Markov chain model, etc, are presented in this part. Based on 1-D Markov chain model, conditional 1-D Markov chain model is discussed in the fourth part. By extending 1-D Markov chain model to 2-D, 3-D situations, conditional 2-D, 3-D Markov chain models are presented. This part also discusses the estimation of vertical transition probability, lateral transition probability and the initialization of the top boundary. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify related discussions. The fifth part, based on the fourth part and the application of MRF in image analysis, discusses MRF based method to simulate the spatial distribution of catalogued reservoir variables. In the part, the probability of a special catalogued variable mass, the definition of energy function for catalogued variable mass as a Markov random field, Strauss model, estimation of components in energy function are presented. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify, related discussions. As for the simulation of the spatial distribution of continuum reservoir variables, the sixth part mainly explores 2 methods. The first is pure GMRF based method. Related contents include GMRF model and its neighborhood, parameters estimation, and MCMC iteration method. A digital example illustrates the corresponding method. The second is two-stage models method. Based on the results of catalogued variables distribution simulation, this method, taking GMRF as the prior distribution for continuum variables, taking the relationship between catalogued variables such as rock facies, continuum variables such as porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, can bring a series of stochastic images for the spatial distribution of continuum variables. Integrating multiple data sources into the reservoir model is one of the merits of stochastic reservoir modeling. After discussing how to model spatial distributions of catalogued reservoir variables, continuum reservoir variables, the paper explores how to combine conceptual depositional models, well logs, cores, seismic attributes production history.