PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC (Separated Sector Cyclotron)-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou). The beam intensity at the LEBT (Low Energy Beam Transport) for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous. The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes. The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron. An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron, as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects. The results of the PIG (Particle-In-Cell) mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.

Emittance estimation by an ion optical element with variable focusing strength and a viewing target

The emittance of an extracted ion beam can be estimated to first order by a series of three linear independent profile measurements. This estimation is restricted to the evaluation of an upper limit of the emittance value for a homogeneous, nonfilamented beam. The beam is assumed to be round, respectively elliptical, without any structure of the intensity distribution, no space charge has been assumed for the drifting beam, and the optics is assumed to be linear. Instead of using three different drift sections, a linear focusing element with three different focusing strengths can be used. Plotting the beam radius as function of focusing strength, three independent solutions can be used to calculate the Twiss parameters alpha, beta, and gamma and furthermore the emittance epsilon. Here we describe the measurements which have been performed with the SECRAL ion source at Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou.

强流扇聚焦回旋加速器中空间电荷效应的研究

本文比较系统地介绍了扇聚焦回旋加速器内部的束流动力学及其注入系统的一般理论，并结合两台具体的扇聚焦回旋加速器的设计讨论了在回旋加速器以及静电反射镜内空间电荷效应对束流的影响。第一章简单介绍了回旋加速器的发展历史及分类、强流回旋加速器的应用，加速器驱动系统ADS(Accelerator Driving System)、能量放大器EA(Energy Amplifier)方案以及本文工作的主要内容。第二章首先介绍了扇聚焦回旋加速器的基本理论，包括扇聚焦回旋加速器内的轨道理论(静态平衡轨道及加速轨道性质)以及相空间的描述方法等。然后详细讨论了回旋加速器内空间电荷效应的影响及研究方法，包括空间电荷作用下粒子的运动方程、空间电荷电场的不同种类、求解空间电荷电场的基本方法和模型以及空间电荷效应对束流轨道特性和相空间传输特性的影响等。在本章的第4节中，介绍了两台强流扇聚焦回旋加速器(50MeV-6mA H_2~+超导扇聚焦回旋加速器和17MeV-2mA H~-扇聚焦回旋加速器)的具体设计步骤和计算结果,讨论了这两台扇聚焦回旋加速器中加速轨道和相空间的传输以及空间电荷效应的影响。最后，简单介绍了设计时所使用的两个计算程序AGORA_SCE和CINEZ_SCE。第三章首先简单介绍了用于扇聚焦回旋加速器的各种注入方法以及在轴向注入时所采用的不同种类的静电偏转镜。然后详细介绍了目前最常用的螺旋扇型静电偏转镜的基本工作原理，如参考粒子的运动轨道及偏转镜的光学性质等，讨论了螺旋线型静电偏转镜中空间电荷效应的影响。最后仍然以50MeV-6mAH_2~+和17MeV-2mA H~-这两台扇聚焦回旋加速器为例，对它们的静电偏转镜进行了设计，并分别研究了它们在空间电荷效应影响下的轨道特性及相空间传输特性。第四章简单介绍了工作中所用到的一些计算工具，如三维电磁场计算程序MAFIA以及等时场分析程序EQUIL，并给出了17MeV-2mA H~-扇聚焦回旋加速器的等时场的计算结果。论文的最后部分简单总结了本文的工作，并提出了今后进一步的工作设想。

CSR电子冷却中电子束的空间电荷效应研究

电子冷却是利用具有相同平均速度运动的强流冷电子束与热的离子束在储存环的一小部分相互重叠，通过多次库仑相互作用，达到降低束流发射“度和动量散度，改善束流品质的一种有效方法。HIRFL-CSR就是采用电子冷却方法迅速压缩储存环中离子束的横向包络、发散角和纵向动量散度，从而获得高品质的重离子束流。论文论述了两体碰撞模型，得到了冷却力和冷却时间的解析表达式；并以此为依据，编程模拟了冷却过程对储存环中离子束发射度和动量散度的影响。本论文的重点是通过求解强流电子束自身的空间电荷场，得到了电子束速度的径向梯度分布；获得了电子束在自身空间电荷场和螺线管纵向磁场的作用下产生横向漂移速度和由此引起的电子束横向温度的变化。为了减小强流电子束的空间电荷场，CSR的电子冷却系统将首次采用空心电子束对储存环中的重离子束流进行冷却。分析了空心电子束的空间电荷场，研究了其对电子束速度和电子束温度的影响，并将结果与实心束的情形进行了详细地比较。与此同时，利用电子束密度的K-V分布，研究了强流电子束在纵向螺线管场中运动的包络方程，采用数值计算方法，得到了CSR电子冷却系统强流电子束在冷却段螺线管中的包络振荡特性。另外，论文还对电子冷却在储存环中的附加影响进行了一些探讨。从Betatron运动方程出发研究了斜四极场和螺线管场存在时束流的幅度的耦合效应，理论上分析了斜四极场存在时束流发射度的变化；通过求解储存环中粒子束的空间电荷场，计算了CSRm中的粒子束空间电荷效应造成的储存环工作点的移动；对于强流电子束空间电荷场对储存环的频移大小也进行了分析；此外，对电子冷却对储存环中束流寿命的影响进行了初步研究。论文最后对CSrm35keV电子冷却系统的机械安装、磁场的测量以及初步的调试结果也给予了介绍。

有机半导体中载流子迁移率的测量方法

本文简要地介绍了有机半导体中载流子迁移率的几种模型,着重阐述了测量有机半导体中载流子迁移率的各种方法的测试原理。主要有如下几种:稳态(CW)直流电流-电压特性法(steady-state DC JV),飞行时间法(time of flight,TOF),瞬态电致发光法(transient electroluminescence,transient EL),瞬态电致发光法的修正方法即双脉冲方波法和线性增压载流子瞬态法(carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage,CELIV),暗注入空间电荷限制电流(dark injection space charge limited current,DI SCLC),场效应晶体管方法(field-effect transistor,FET),时间分辨微波传导技术(time-resolved microwave conductivity technique,TRMC),电压调制毫米波谱(voltage-modulated millimeter-wave spectroscopy,VMS)光诱导瞬态斯塔克谱方法(photoi...

Negative differential resistance effect in organic devices based on an anthracene derivative

The authors observed a negative differential resistance (NDR) in organic devices consisting of 9,10-bis-(9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-anthracene (DPFA) sandwiched between Ag and indium tin oxide electrodes. The large NDR shown in current-voltage characteristics is reproducible, resulting in that the organic devices can be electrically switched between a high conductance state (on state) and a low conductance state (off state). It can be found that the currents at both on to off states are space-charge limited and attributed to the electron traps at the Ag/DPFA interface. The large and reproducible NDR makes the devices of tremendous potential in low power memory and logic circuits.

Improvement of luminescence efficiency by electrical annealing in single-layer organic light-emitting diodes based on a conjugated dendrimer

In this paper, we study the effects of electrical annealing at different voltages on the performance of organic light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting diodes studied here are single-layer devices based on a conjugated dendrimer doped with 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as the emissive layer. We find that these devices can be annealed electrically by applying a voltage. This process reduces the turn-on voltage and enhances the brightness and efficiency. We obtained an external electroluminescence quantum efficiency of 0.07% photon/electron and a brightness of 2900 cd m(-2) after 12.4 V electrical annealing, which are about 6 times and 9 times higher than un-annealing devices, respectively. The improved luminance and efficiency are attributed to the presence of a space charge field near the electrodes caused by charging of traps.

Effects of phase-breaking on long-range charge transfer in DNA: Partially-coherent-tunneling model study

The mechanism of hole charge transfer in DNA of various lengths and sequences is investigated based on a partially coherent tunneling theory (Zhang et al., J Chem Phys 117:4578, 2002), where the effects of phase-breaking in adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine base pairs are treated on equal foot. This work aims at providing a self-consistent microscopic interpretation for rate experiments on various DNA systems. We will also clarify the condition under which the simple superexchange-mediated-hopping picture is valid, and make some comments on the further development of present theory.

Photoexcited charge current for the presence of pure spin current

The asymmetric spin distribution in k space caused by the pure spin current (PSC) can introduce a photoexcited charge current (PECC). This provides us a practical scheme for direct detection of PSC. We demonstrate theoretically that the PECC related to the PSC depends sensitively on the wave vector and spin orientation of the carriers, more important, the helicity dependence of this PECC provides us a way to refine it from the helicity independent background current by tuning the polarized laser beams from left to right circular polarization.

Crystal structure and charge transfer energy of the vaterite-type orthoborate YBO3:Eu

Ligand-to-metal charge transfer energies of YBO3:Eu have been investigated from the chemical bond viewpoint. The chemical bond parameters, such as the covalency, the polarizability of the chemical bond volume, and the presented charge of the ligands in the chemical bond have been quantitatively determined based on the dielectric theory of complex crystal. We calculated the environmental factor (h(e)), which is the major factor influencing the charge transfer energy in the compounds. The calculated results show that the suitable group space of YBO3 is C2/c. The method provides us with a supplementary tool to judge the proper structure when the structure of the crystal has many uncertain space groups.

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of a charge transfer salt based on 1.3-cyclopentadiene tetrabutylammoniumdodecamolybdosilicoate

A charge transfer salt, (Bu4N)(4) (C5H6)[(HSiMo11MoO40)-Mo-VI-O-V] has been photochemically synthesized from (Bu4N)(4)SiMo12O40 and 1.3-cyclopentadiene and Characterized, by elemental analysis, IR spectra, solid diffusion reflectance electronic spectra, CV and ESR. The X-ray crystal structure revealed that the title complex crystal data are as follows: triclinic, space group P (1) over bar, a = 14.347(3), b = 14.423(3), c = 27.158(5) Angstrom, alpha = 96.90(3), beta = 104.18(3), gamma = 98.20(3)degrees, V = 5322(2) Angstrom (3), Z = 2, M-r = 2855. 30, D-c = 1.782g.cm(-3), F(000) = 2860, R = 0.0719, wR = 0.198. The title compound is composed of 1.3-cyclopentadiene, four tetrabutylammonium and [(SiMo11MoO40)-Mo-VI-O-V](4-) anion.

Preliminary study on the charge transfer and bond ionicity of binary crystals

Charge transfer and bond ionicity of some monovalent, divalent, and trivalent binary crystals of A(N)B(8-N) type have been investigated using the self-consistent method. The method divides the binary crystal systems into two subsystems which contain only one kind of element each in physical space. The charge transfer values are obtained by adjusting the charge in a self-consistent way. Based on the obtained charge transfer values, an empirical formula for bond ionicity has been proposed. It has been shown that the present results for bond ionicity are in good agreement with the previous theoretical study delivered by Levine and Pauling. The results also indicate that a large magnitude of charge transfer (or less excess charge in the bonding region) gives rise to high bond ionicity (or low bond covalency); this agrees well with the viewpoint that the excess charge in the bonding region is the origin of the formation of bond covalency. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(98)00837-X].