Hydrothermal synthesis and crystal structure of a novel layered compound [Ni(C10H8N2)(2)V3O8.5]

A novel layered compound, [Ni(C10H8N2)(2)V3O8.5], was hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 1.551 8(3) nm, b = 1.476 1(3) nm, c = 1.048 3(2) nm, beta = 92.02(3), V = 2.399 8(8) nm(3), Z = 4, R = 0. 046 7, wR(2) = 0. 085 9.

A phenomenological study of the structural relaxation of an inorganic glass (Li(2)O2SiO(2))

The structural relaxation process of an inorganic glass (Li(2)O2SiO(2)) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The sample is subjected to different thermal ageing histories with isothermal stages at an ageing temperature of T-g - 30 degrees C for different ageing times and at an ageing time of 16 h for different ageing temperatures. A four-parameter Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) model, is applied to simulate the normalized specific-heat curves measured. The ageing-temperature and ageing-time dependence of the structural relaxation parameters in the TNM model is obtained. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Crystallization behaviour of poly(ether ether ketone)/poly(ether sulfone) block copolymer

The crystallization and melting behaviours of a multiblock copolymer comprising poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and poly(ether sulfone) (PES) blocks whose number average molecular weights <((M)over bar (n)'s)> were 10 000 and 2900, respectively, were studied. The effect of thermal history on crystallization was investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurement. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to detect the thermal transitions and to monitor the energy evolved during the isothermal crystallization process from the melt. The results suggest that the crystallization of the copolymer becomes more difficult as compared with that of pure PEEK. The equilibrium melting point of the copolymer was found to be 357 degrees C, about 30 degrees C lower than that of pure PEEK. During the isothermal crystallization, relative crystallinity increased with crystallization time, following an Avrami equation with exponent n approximate to 2. The fold surface free energy for the copolymer crystallized from the melt was calculated to be 73 erg cm(-2), about 24 erg cm(-2) higher than that of pure PEEK. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLY(ARYL-ETHER-ETHER-KETONE)S BLENDS

The crystallization and melting behaviour of poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) in blends with another polymer of the same family containing a bulky pendant phenolphthalein group (PEK-C) have been investigated by thermal methods. The small interaction energy density of the polymer pair (B = -8.99 J/cm3), evaluated from equilibrium melting point depression, is consistent with the T(g) data that indicate partial miscibility in the melt. Two conjugated phases are in equilibrium at 430-degrees-C: one is crystallizable and contains about 35 wt% of PEK-C; the other, containing only 15 wt% of PEEK, does not form crystals upon cooling and it interferes with the development of spherulites in the sample. The analysis of kinetic data according to nucleation theories shows that crystallization of PEEK in the explored temperature range takes place in Regime III and that a transition to Regime II might be a consequence of an increase in the amount of non-crystallizable molecules in the PEEK-rich phase. A composition independent value of the end surface free energy of PEEK lamellae has been derived from kinetic data (sigma-e = 40 +/- 4 erg/cm2) in excellent agreement with previous thermodynamic estimates. A new value for the equilibrium melting temperature of PEEK (T(m)-degrees = 639 K) has been obtained; it is about 30-degrees-C lower than the commonly accepted value and it explains better the "memory effect" in the crystallization from the melt of this high performance polymer.

Formation and early development of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilaria, Gracilariaceae) under laboratory conditions

Morphological and culture studies of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis were carried out under laboratory conditions. Relationships of germination rate, diameter and survival rate of tetraspores from 1st generation branches with grads of temperature and irradiance were determined, respectively. The result showed that 1st generation branches is in the majority of the tetraspores shedding and tetraspores from which had highest survival rates than other parts of the sporophytic plant. The time tetraspores used developing from giant unicells to diads, which both existed on the epidermis, then to tetraspores off the matrix, was only approximately 3 weeks all through. However, tetraspores spent more than two months developing into germlings of gametophytes. It was shown that temperature variation (10, 15, 25, 30 degrees C) with the light of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) had significant effects on the germination rate and diameter, but had no apparent effect on survival rate (ANOVA, P < 0.01). Germination rates of tetraspores reached the maximum at 20 degrees C, which was significantly higher than those at other temperature levels (P < 0.01), whereas 15 degrees C seemed to be optimal temperature for the diameter. All the three growth parameters (germination rate, diameter and survival rate) yield highly significant variations with irradiance treatments at room temperature (ANOVA, P < 0.01). The optimal germination rate was detected at the irradiance of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) (P < 0.01). The photon flux density which exceeds 480 nnol m(-2) s(-1) have apparently negative effect on diameter and survival rate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Flux and fate of Yangtze river sediment delivered to the East China Sea

Numerous cores and dating show the Yangtze River has accumulated about 1.16 x 10(12) t sediment in its delta plain and proximal subaqueous delta during Holocene. High-resolution seismic profiling and coring in the southern East China Sea during 2003 and 2004 cruises has revealed an elongated (similar to 800 km) distal subaqueous mud wedge extending from the Yangtze River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan Strait. Overlying what appears to be a transgressive sand layer, this distal clinoform thins offshore, from similar to 40 in thickness between the 20 and 30 m water depth to < 1-2 in between 60 and 90 m water depth, corresponding to an across shelf distance of less than 100 km. Total volume of this distal mud wedge is about 4.5 x 10(11) m(3), equivalent to similar to 5.4 x 10(11) t of sediment. Most of the sediment in this mud wedge comes from the Yangtze River, with some input presumably coming from local smaller rivers. Thus, the total Yangtze-derived sediments accumulated in its deltaic system and East China Sea inner shelf have amounted to about 1.7 x 10(12) t. Preliminary analyses suggest this longshore and across-shelf transported clinoform mainly formed in the past 7000 yrs after postglacial sea level reached its mid-Holocene highstand, and after re-intensification of the Chinese longshore current system. Sedimentation accumulation apparently increased around 2000 yrs BP, reflecting the evolution of the Yangtze estuary and increased land erosion due to human activities, such as fanning and deforestation. The southward-flowing China Coastal Current, the northward-flowing Taiwan Warm Current, and the Kuroshio Current appear to have played critical roles in transporting and trapping most of Yangtze-derived materials in the inner shelf, and hence preventing the sediment escape into the deep ocean. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

滤食性贝类养殖活动对海域生态系统的影响及生态容量评估

滤食性贝类以水体中的浮游植物和有机碎屑为主要食物，养殖海域的初级生产力水平、水动力学特性等生态环境因子的差异，不仅直接影响养殖贝类的产量，而且也与贝类养殖活动对生态环境的压力密切相关。由于养殖的种类、密度、方式及养殖海域的特性不同，关于贝类对生态环境的影响往往有不同的结果。本文以我国北方大连獐子岛扇贝底播海区和荣成桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖区为研究对象，采用现场调查、室内受控实验及生态数值模型模拟方法，分析研究了滤食性贝类对海域生态系统的影响，对这两个海域贝类养殖的生态容量进行了初步的评价。 主要结果： 1. 獐子岛海域底播贝类养殖活动对该海域生态系统的影响较小。非参数统计—符号检验的结果显示，养殖区与非养殖区之间的溶解性无机氮、磷酸盐浓度、氮磷摩尔比及浮游植物群落结构没有统计学上的差异（p>0.05）。但是从变化的趋势上来看，贝类养殖活动对水域环境的某些参数有一定程度的影响。例如，獐子岛底播贝类养殖海域的溶解性无机氮以氨氮为主，可能与贝类的代泄活动有关；不论是叶绿素浓度，还是网采浮游植物的生物量都是贝类高密度养殖区<贝类低密度养殖区<非养殖区（7月份除外），这种趋势可能与贝类的摄食压力有关。 桑沟湾各环境指标表现出明显的区域性。除春季外，非养殖区的DIN浓度高于各养殖区。在春季和冬季，贝类区的磷酸盐浓度显著降低；而硅酸盐浓度在夏季和秋季显著增大。综合分析DIN、PO4-P及SiO3-Si三个参数的四季变化，海带区、贝藻区及贝类区发生显著性变异的概率分别为25%，42%和50%，贝类区的变异较大。浮游植物、小型浮游动物的生物多样性指数都是以非养殖区为最高，贝类区的多样性指数最低。尤其是浮游动物的丰度，贝类区显著低于非养殖区。 2. 利用挪威的MOM (Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring)评价系统，评价了桑沟湾长期大规模的贝藻筏式养殖活动对底质环境的压力。在桑沟湾设10个取样站位，共获得66个底泥样品。比较了MOM－B评价系统的3组参数的季节变化特性。结果显示，底质条件属于1级，说明桑沟湾贝藻长期大规模的养殖活动对底质环境的压力较低。结合桑沟湾的环境及养殖特点，分析了压力较低的原因。 3. 经计算，2006年中国海水养殖的贝类和藻类使用浅海生态系统的碳可达396万吨，并通过收获从海中移出至少136.9万吨的碳。从1995年至2006年，养殖大型藻类和贝类累计移出的碳分别约为365万吨和893万吨，总计达1258万吨。证明了浅海的贝类和藻类养殖活动直接或间接地使用了大量的海洋碳，提高了浅海生态系统吸收大气CO2的能力。 4. 采用模拟现场生物沉积法测定了虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食率等生理指标及其与贝类个体大小、水温的关系。虾夷扇贝单位个体的滤水率与组织干重的关系符合幂函数方程CR=a×DWb，b值在0.45～0.65范围内；水温对虾夷扇贝滤水率的影响极其显著(p<0.01)，温度（T）与滤水率（CR）呈抛物线的关系：CR=-0.0009T2+0.0188T-0.0306，水温为10℃时，虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食较大。 5. 采用模拟现场流水法测定了3种滤食性贝类的食物选择性。紫贻贝、长牡蛎及栉孔扇贝分别对直径4m, 6m 和 8m颗粒的保留效率达到最大值；对小颗粒（直径2m）的保留效率分别为17%, 19% 和 8％。栉孔扇贝对食物数量和质量浓度的变化相对敏感，随着数量浓度的增加，栉孔扇贝倾向于摄食较大的颗粒；随着颗粒食物质量浓度的增加，倾向于摄食较小的颗粒。 6. 獐子岛海域四个航次的调查结果显示，叶绿素浓度在1.23～2.85mg.m-3范围内，均值为1.78±0.57 mg.m-3；初级生产力的变化范围为30.4～117.0 mg C. m-2.d-1，平均值为76.6±41.9 mg C. m-2.d-1。通过虾夷扇贝生物量断面调查，获得了虾夷扇贝的壳高频率分布情况，7月份的众数值出现在100 mm，10月份壳高的众数值为80 mm。利用以上测定的虾夷扇贝的滤水率等基本生物学特性，结合虾夷扇贝的年产量、海域面积和有关的水文状况等数据，计算了滤水效率、摄食压力、调节比率3个食物限制性指标参数，全年的均值分别为0.048, 0.31和 0.16，都小于1，说明目前该海域虾夷扇贝的养殖量未达到养殖容量。 7. 利用STELLA软件，建立的桑沟湾贝藻养殖的数值模型，模拟了叶绿素a浓度及氮磷营养盐的周年变化情况，及其对贝类养殖生物量变化的响应。以叶绿素a浓度为指标，初步探讨了桑沟湾贝类的生态容量。

模拟增温对短穗兔耳草生长特征的影响

[目的]探讨短穗兔耳草个体对模拟增温的响应。[方法]采用国际冻原计划（ITEX）模拟增温对植物影响的研究方法,将温棚从小到大的顺序依次设为A、B、C、D、E5个温度梯度,分析不同温度梯度下短穗兔耳草个体生长特征的变化,研究模拟增温对短穗兔耳草生长特征的影响。[结果]随着温棚直径的减小,温度（地表温度和土壤温长）逐渐升高。与对照相比,A、B、C、D、E5个处理分别提高了2.68、1.57、1.20、1.07和0.69℃（地表气温）,1.74、1.06、0.80、0.60和0.30℃（土壤温度）。短穗兔耳草从对照至A温室随着温度的升高,叶片数、叶片高度逐渐增加,而匍匐茎逐渐减少。[结论]叶片数变化与温度（地表温度和地温）呈正相关关系,增温促进了短穗兔耳草的营养生长,抑制了它的克隆繁殖能力。

Dissection of rye B chromosomes, and nondisjunction properties of the dissected segments in a common wheat background

The rye B chromosome is a supernumerary chromosome that increases in number in its host by directed postmeiotic drive. Two types of rye B chromosomes that had been introduced into common wheat were dissected into separate segments by the gametocidal system to produce a number of rearranged B chromosomes, such as telosomes, terminal deletions and translocations with wheat chromosomes. A total of 13 dissected B chromosomes were isolated in common wheat, and were investigated for their nondisjunction. properties. Rearranged B chromosomes, separated from their B-specific repetitive sequences on the distal part of the long arm, did not undergo nondisjunction, and neither did a translocated wheat chromosome carrying a long-arm distal segment containing the B-specific repetitive sequences. However, such rearranged B chromosomes, missing their B-specific sequences could undergo nondisjunction when they coexisted with the standard B chromosome or a wheat chromosome carrying the B-specific sequences. Deficiencies of the short arm did not completely abolish the nondisjunction properties of the B chromosome, but did reduce the frequency of nondisjunction. These results confirmed previous suggestions that the directed nondisjunction of the rye B chromosome is controlled by two elements, pericentromeric sticking sites and a trans-acting element carried at the distal region of the long arm of the B chromosome. Additionally, it is now shown that the distal region of the long arm of the B chromosome which provides this function is that which carries the B-specific repetitive sequences.

Mitochondrial and chloroplast phylogeography of Picea crassifolia Kom. (Pinaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent highlands

The disjunct distribution of forests in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent Helan Shan and Daqing Shan highlands provides an excellent model to examine vegetation shifts, glacial refugia and gene flow of key species in this complex landscape region in response to past climatic oscillations and human disturbance. In this study, we examined maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (nad1 intron b/c and nad5 intron 1) and paternally inherited chloroplast DNA (trnC-trnD) sequence variation within a dominant forest species, Picea crassifolia Kom. We recovered nine mitotypes and two chlorotypes in a survey of 442 individuals from 32 populations sampled throughout the species' range. Significant mitochondrial DNA population subdivision was detected (G(ST) = 0.512; N-ST = 0.679), suggesting low levels of recurrent gene flow through seeds among populations and significant phylogeographical structure (N-ST > GST, P < 0.05). Plateau haplotypes differed in sequence from those in the adjacent highlands, suggesting a long period of allopatric fragmentation between the species in the two regions and the presence of independent refugia in each region during Quaternary glaciations. On the QTP platform, all but one of the disjunct populations surveyed were fixed for the same mitotype, while most populations at the plateau edge contained more than one haplotype with the mitotype that was fixed in plateau platform populations always present at high frequency. This distribution pattern suggests that present-day disjunct populations on the QTP platform experienced a common recolonization history. The same phylogeographical pattern, however, was not detected for paternally inherited chloroplast DNA haplotypes. Two chlorotypes were distributed throughout the range of the species with little geographical population differentiation (G(ST) = N-ST = 0.093). This provides evidence for highly efficient pollen-mediated gene flow among isolated forest patches, both within and between the QTP and adjacent highland populations. A lack of isolation to pollen-mediated gene flow between forests on the QTP and adjacent highlands is surprising given that the Tengger Desert has been a geographical barrier between these two regions for approximately the last 1.8 million years.

济阳-昌潍坳陷火成岩油气藏体系形成机理和分布规律研究

Jiyang & Changwei depressions are two neighboring depressions in Bahai Bay Basin, the famous oil rich basin in East China. The exploration activities in the past 40 years has proved that, within the basins, there exists not only plentiful sandstone hydrocarbon reservoirs (conventional), but also abundant special reservoirs as igneous rock, mudstone and conglomerate ones which have been knowing as the unconventional in the past, and with the prospecting activity is getting more and more detailed, the unconventional reservoirs are also getting more and more important for further resources, among which, the igneous lithological reservoir be of significance as a new research and exploration area. The purpose of this paper is, with the historical researches and data as base, the System Theory, Practice Theory and Modern Comprehensive Petroleum Geology Theory as guide, the theoretical and practice break through as the goal, and the existing problems in the past as the break through direction, to explore and establish a valid reservoir formation and distribution models for igneous strata in the profile of the eastern faulted basins. After investigating the distribution of the igneous rocks and review the history of the igneous rocks reservoirs in basins, the author focused on the following issues and correspondingly the following progresses have been made: 1.Come to a new basin evolution and structure model named "Combined-Basin-bodies Model" for Jiyang even Eastern faulted basins based on the study on the origin and evolution of Jiyang & Changwei basins, depending on this model, every faulted basin in the Bo-hai Bay Basin is consisted of three Basin-Bodies including the Lower (Mesozoic), Middle (Early Tertiary) and the Upper (Late Tertiary) Bodies, each evolved in different geo-stress setting and with different basin trend, shape and igneous-sedimentary buildings system, and from this one to next one, the basin experienced a kind of process named "shape changing" and "Style changing". 2. Supposed a serious of new realizations as follows (1) There were "multi-level magma sources" including Upper mantel and the Lower, Middle and even the Upper Shell magma Chambers in the historical Magma Processes in the basins; (2) There were "multi-magma accessing or pass" from the first level (Mantel faults) to the second, third and fourth levels (that is the different levels of fault in the basin sediment strata) worked in the geo-historical and magma processes; (3) Three tectonic magma cycles and more periods have been recognized those are matched with the "Basin -body-Model" and (4)The geo-historical magma processes were non-homogeneous in time and space scale and so the magma rocks distributed in "zones" or "belts". 3. The study of magma process's effect on basin petroleum conditions have been made and the following new conclusions were reached: (1) the eruptive rocks were tend to be matched with the "caped source rock", and the magma process were favorable to the maturing of the source rocks. (2) The magma process were fruitful to the accumulation of the non-hydrocarbon reservoirs however a over magma process may damage the grade of resource rock; (3) Eruptive activity provided a fruitful environment for the formation of such new reservoir rocks as "co-eruptive turbidity sandstones" and "thermal water carbonate rocks" and the intrusive process can lead to the origin of "metamorphism rock reservoir"; (4) even if the intrusive process may cause the cap rock broken, the late Tertiary intrusive rocks may indeed provide the lateral seal and act as the cap rock locally even regionally. All above progresses are valuable for reconstructing the magma-sedimentary process history and enriching the theory system of modem petroleum geology. 4. A systematic classification system has been provided and the dominating factors for the origin and distribution of igneous rock reservoirs have been worked out based on the systematic case studies, which are as follows: (1) The classification is given based on multi-factors as the origin type, litho-phase, type of reservoir pore, reservoir ability etc., (2) Each type of reservoir was characterized in a detailed way; (3) There are 7 factors dominated the intrusive reservoir's characteristics including depth of intrusion, litho-facies of surrounding rocks, thickness of intrusive rock, intrusive facies, frequency and size of the working faults, shape and tectonic deformation of rock, erosion strength of the rock and the time of the intrusion ect., in the contrast, 4 factors are for eruptive rocks as volcanic facies, frequency and size of the working faults, strength of erosion and the thermal water processing. 5. Several new concept including "reservoir litho-facies", "composite-volcanic facies" and "reservoir system" ect. Were suggested, based on which the following models were established: (1) A seven reservoir belts model for a intrusive unit profile and further more, (2) a three layers cubic model consisted of three layer as "metamorphic roe layer", "marginal layer" and "the core"; (3) A five zones vertical reservoir sequence model consisted of five litho-facies named A, B, C, D and E for a original lava unit and furthermore three models respectively for a erosion, subsidence and faulted lava unit; (4) A composite volcanic face model for a lava cone or a composite cone that is consisted of three facies as "crater and nearby face", "middle slope" and "far slope", among which, the middle slope face is the most potential reservoir area and producible for oil & gas. 6. The concept of "igneous reservoir" was redefined as the igneous, and then a new concept of "igneous reservoir system" was supposed which means the reservoir system consisted of igneous and associated non-igneous reservoirs, with non-hydrocarbon reservoir included. 7. The origin and distribution of igneous reservoir system were probed and generalized for the exploration applications, and origin models of the main reservoir sub-systems have been established including those of igneous, related non-igneous and non-hydrocarbon. For intrusive rocks, two reservoir formation models have been suggested, one is called "Original or Primary Model", and the another one is "Secondary Model"; Similarly, the eruptive rock reservoirs were divided in three types including "Highly Produced", "Moderately Produced" and "Lowly Produced" and accordingly their formation models were given off; the related non-igneous reservoir system was considered combination of eight reservoirs, among which some ones like the Above Anticline Trap are highly produced; Also, the non-hydrocarbon. Trap system including five kinds of traps was discussed. 8. The concept models for four reservoir systems were suggested, which include the intrusive system consisted of 7 kinds of traps, the land eruptive system with 6 traps, the under water eruptive system including 6 kinds of traps and the non-hydrocarbon system combined by 5 kinds of traps. In this part, the techniques for exploration of igneous reservoir system were also generalized and probed, and based on which and the geological progresses of this paper, the potential resources and distributions of every reservoir system was evaluated and about 186 millions of reserves and eight most potential non-hydrocarbon areas were predicted and outlined. The author believe that the igneous reservoir system is a very important exploration area and its study is only in its early stage, the framework of this paper should be filled with more detailed studies, and only along way, the exploration of igneous reservoir system can go into it's really effective stage.

临沧锗矿床的微量元素地球化学

采用ICP—MS测定了临沧锗矿中51个含矿煤、5个无矿煤、9个硅质岩样品的微量元素含量，并与基底二云母花岗岩进行对比，探讨了含矿煤与无矿煤的微量元素地球化学及其与锗超常富集的关系，得出几点认识：a.含矿煤、无矿煤和硅质岩中的大多数微量元素来自基底的二云母花岗岩；b．热水携带了成矿所必需的锗；c．Nb可作为锗矿化的指示元素。

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳次生石英表面结构、裂变径迹测年及其指示意义

我国西南地区分布有广阔的亚热带潮湿区岩溶，以贵州为中心，总面积达50万km2，是世界上连片分布面积最大的岩溶区。贵州高原地处青藏高原东南缘,云贵高原的东翼，是中国大陆“西高东低”地貌格局中重要的过渡区段，对其新生代地质、地貌演化进行研究无疑具有重要的意义，不仅是对贵州薄弱的新生代地质、地貌研究的补充，而且可以直接通过夷平面展开与青藏高原的对比，探讨青藏高原隆升对贵州高原的直接影响。风化壳作为夷平面的组成部分，在过去没有引起足够的重视，但随着成功实例的不断出现，人们逐渐开始认识到风化壳是夷平面识别和重建的重要依据，也是夷平面环境信息的重要载体。贵州作为碳酸盐岩集中分布区，碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面广泛存在，尤其在黔中、黔北等地区各级夷平面上均发育有红色风化壳，利用碳酸盐岩红色风化壳能为夷平面的识别和形成时代的确立提供可靠的证据，特别是风化壳形成年龄的确定对夷平面时标的建立更具有积极意义。有关贵州地区红色风化壳形成时代的确定，多年来已有一些学者对此展开了研究，但贵州红色风化壳形成时代的确定存在着很大争论。虽然存在其它原因的可能性，但造成这种争论的根本原因在于贵州红色风化壳形成时代是依据其它资料(如夷平面、气候事件等)推断出来的，而不是根据直接测年数据界定的。因此，风化壳直接测年才是解决问题的关键。 本文在前人工作研究的基础之上，利用扫描电镜手段对贵州碳酸盐岩地区上覆风化壳土层中的石英颗粒进行观察、统计、分析，为风化壳成土的物质来源寻找新的证据；同时，经地球化学分析、测试等手段，判断风化壳土层中的晶体石英颗粒为风化壳形成初期的新生矿物——次生石英颗粒，并利用裂变径迹测年法对这种次生石英颗粒进行测年，最终探讨贵州碳酸盐岩地区上覆风化壳土层的形成年代。主要取得了以下几点认识： 一、石英颗粒蚀刻条件的优选 由于石英颗粒裂变径迹的长度和数量与晶格、铀含量、年龄等因素有关，所以不同地区的石英颗粒样品的裂变径迹蚀刻条件也存在差别；目前国际上有关石英颗粒的裂变径迹测年应用的实例较少，还没有统一的有关石英颗粒蚀刻条件的国际标准；现有的石英颗粒蚀刻条件有多种，但是缺乏对这些方法的优缺点进行对比评价。因此，我们要进行反复的条件实验，对比不同石英蚀刻剂的蚀刻效率，找寻适合石英颗粒的最佳蚀刻剂。实验结果表明，40%的HF溶液为最佳蚀刻剂，最佳蚀刻时间：温度在4℃左右（冬季）时为40min；温度在29℃左右（夏季）时为30min。 二、石英的外形、表面机械作用特征及其指示意义 我们利用扫描电镜对石英颗粒外形特征进行观察、统计、分析，结果表明本次研究的石英颗粒形态类型主要有两种：棱状-次棱状石英颗粒以及圆状、次圆状石英颗粒，其中棱状-次棱状石英颗粒包含了一部分晶体形态较为完整的石英颗粒。 根据石英颗粒表面机械作用特征分析结果，结合剖面区域地质特征，可初步判断剖面中的石英颗粒有三种物质来源：碳酸盐岩中的原生碎屑石英，有长时间长距离搬运特征；燧石团块石英，有短距离搬运或原位沉积特征；晶形较完整的次生石英，无搬运特征。三种石英均具有原位特征，前两种类型的石英是直接对基岩的继承，第三种类型的石英是风化壳剖面的次生矿物。 三、石英颗粒表面的化学作用特征及其风化强度指示意义 我们通过对石英颗粒表面化学作用形态的观察，发现大兴剖面、新蒲剖面和官坝剖面的石英颗粒表面化学溶解作用和化学沉淀作用都非常强烈，这表明三个剖面均处于湿、热环境中，均处于强烈的化学风化阶段。而且大兴剖面中石英颗粒表面的化学作用最强烈，气候较其他两个剖面更湿热，剖面的风化强度也最大，即各剖面的风化强度由强到弱排序为：大兴、新蒲、官坝。这一结果与矿物组成分析、化学风化强度、硅铝、铝铁硅风化系数比以及相对风化强度等的地球化学分析指标相一致，这也再次证明了我们采用石英颗粒表面形态特征分析手段的可行性和可靠性。 四、石英颗粒的裂变径迹年龄 三种类型石英颗粒的裂变径迹测年数据表明：a、同一样点石英颗粒裂变径年龄呈现一定的规律：F.T.AGE圆状、次圆状＞F.T.AGE不规则状（棱状、次棱状）＞F.T.AGE标准晶形（次生石英）。b、不同剖面的不规则状石英颗粒形成于同一个时期；不同剖面的圆状、次圆状石英颗粒形成于同一个时期。这两种石英颗粒不适于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的测年研究。c、不同剖面的标准晶形石英颗粒形成于不同时期，形成于碳酸盐岩酸不溶物原地堆积过程中，即与风化壳剖面同期形成，可用于贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的测年研究。这一测量结果与我们对石英颗粒表面形态特征的观察、统计、分析结果相一致。 五、风化壳物源的新证据 贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳中的石英颗粒表面形态的分析结果表明，贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的物质来源于碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物原地风化残积的产物，与其下伏基岩有着明显的继承性。这一分析结果与王世杰等人的碳酸盐岩酸不溶物的提取实验、地球化学、矿物学、粒度特征及区域地质背景等多方面的分析结果相一致，为贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳的物质来源及成因提供新的、更细致的证据。 六、贵州晚新生代地质-环境研究历史轮廓初建 由于目前对贵州及周边地区的风化-气候研究相对缺乏，数据资料较稀少，还没有形成完整的系统，我们本次研究也是建立在对风化壳中次生英颗粒年代学研究的基础上，研究还不是很透彻，因此只能对地质-环境研究历史轮廓进行初建。本文根据本次研究剖面土层中晶体次生石英颗粒的裂变径迹年龄分布情况，结合前人已有资料，对贵州25Ma以来的地质-环境演化历史的轮廓进行初建。从次生石英裂变径迹年龄值来看，中新世以来贵州主要经历了如下构造-风化期：25-19Ma、16-13Ma、10-6.5Ma、5-2Ma、1.7-1Ma。

广西银屏富硼花岗岩岩浆-热液演化地球化学研究

已有的研究表明，与富B花岗岩有关的岩浆-热液体系以富含电气石矿物为特征，B和其它挥发分一起参与了岩浆分异、流体演化、围岩蚀变以及金属迁移和沉积的一系列过程。但至今B与Sn-W矿床之间是否存在协同性仍是个不解之迷。 电气石是B的主要寄主矿物，并且电气石被认为是成岩成矿的良好指示剂。目前，国内外对富B岩浆体系性状以及B对成岩成矿的作用研究相对比较缺乏。广西银屏细粒花岗岩是花山复式岩体最晚期的侵入岩相，不仅花岗岩中结晶有大量的电气石，而且在发育的晶洞中含有大量的电气石矿物。本文通过对银屏细粒花岗岩和晶洞中电气石化学组成、石英中流体包裹体的系统研究，探讨富B花岗岩形成和岩浆-热液体系演化地球化学特征，并对B与Sn矿化是否存在耦合关系的潜在性进行评价。 通过对富B花岗岩的研究，我们得到以下几点重要结论： (1) 银屏细粒花岗岩以高硅、高钾、富碱、低磷、准铝质为特征，具有较高的FeO*/MgO，富集大离子亲石元素、高场强元素和稀土元素。银屏细粒花岗岩的全岩样品显示强烈的稀土“四重效应”及等价不相容元素对 (Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf、Sr-Eu)分异，表明花山花岗岩分异演化晚期阶段存在熔体-流体作用； (2) 细粒花岗岩和晶洞中电气石为富Fe的黑电气石，前者是岩浆成因的，后者是蒸汽相成因的。两种成因电气石化学组成非常一致，几乎不含有过剩Al，Fe/(Fe+Mg)比值集中分布于0.96～0.98之间。Al3+=Fe3+和R++R2+=R3++□是电气石中2个主要置换反应； (3) 花山A型花岗岩形成演化过程中不存在狭义的岩浆-热液过渡阶段，形成细粒花岗岩的岩浆具有极高的粘度，大量的饱和蒸汽相被高粘度的熔体捕获﹑圈闭，气泡生长是岩浆去气的主要方式；尽管岩浆在相对高的氧逸度条件下分异演化，但由于缺乏岩浆-热液演化过程，在银屏岩体范围内不太可能发生有规模的锡石-石英脉型矿化作用； (4) 晶洞石英显示仅含有气液包裹体，而无其他类型包裹体共存，表明岩浆流体演化晚期为均匀的单一相。晚期流体的温压范围在150～265 °C，41～72 MPa之间。

Application of capillary zone electrophoresis in the separation and determination of the curcuminoids in urine

The major components of the plant curcuma longa are the curcuminoids that include curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. It has been reported the curcuminoids have some important activities. A new CZE method with diode array detection has been developed for the separation and determination of the curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Three curcuminoids could be readily separated within 7 min with a 15 mM sodium tetraborate buffer containing 10% methanol (v/v) at pH 10.8, 25 kV and 30 degrees C. The method has been validated and shows good performance with respect to selectivity, reproducibility, linearity, limits of detection and recovery. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the curcuminoids in urine. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.